Navigation Systems Assignment | Aircraft Navigation
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Added on 2020-05-16
Navigation Systems Assignment | Aircraft Navigation
Added on 2020-05-16
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Aircraft navigation 1TITLE OF THE PAPERAuthor’s namecourse nameTutors nameName of institutionCity/stateDate of submission
Aircraft navigation 21.Carry out a comparison between 2 types of radio navigation systems and justify the best fit for a particular aircraft.Various methods can be used to accomplish air navigation. The system or method that a pilot applies will depend on the navigation system installed on the plane, the type of flight (IFR or VFR), and the systems of navigation present in a certain area. The type picked aids the pilot in navigating accurately especially during low visibility situations. The types of navigation system discussed here are the; Instrument Landing System (ILS) and Distance Measuring Equipment (DME).Instrument landing system (ILS)Usually employed for flight landing when there is poor visibility. The plane is guided down a slope by the ILS to the runways touch down area. This navigation system involves a number of radio transmissions that efficiently work together to effect a proper landing [ CITATION And18 \l 1033 ]. Horizontal guidance (azimuth guidance) is ensured by the localizer (LOC) while vertical guidance is given by the glideslope (GS). Thedistance from the runway is given by marker beacons. Combined, these radio signals give a reliable ILS system for aircraft landing system.The localizer operates on odd frequencies in the lower VOR frequency range (109 MHz- 111.95 MHz) and its antennas that produce two modulated signals are positioned towards the runways end. Each of the signal slightly to both side of the runways centreline and later intersect to form the (on LOC) as in the figure below [ CITATION Lin17 \l 1033 ].
Aircraft navigation 3A VHF carrier wave is filled to the left side of the signal and modulated to 90 Hz while the one on the right side is modulated to 150 MHz the receiver of the aircrafts VOR is tuned to the VHF of the localizer that can be found aeronautical charts and publish approach plates. VOR reception becomes inactive because components and circuitry being used are common to the localizer and receiver. The course deviation indicator is then driven by the signals received. A signal of 150MHz causes a deviation to the left of the CDI implying that the runway is to the left and a 90Hz signal implies the runway is to the right and in both cases the pilot needs to centre the CDI with the runways centreline[CITATION Mah17 \l 1033 ]. Vertical assistance is taken care of by the glideslope antennae’s that are situated off the approach to the airway. They transmit two beams of vertical nature one on either side of the vertical profile. Point of intersection defines the ‘on GS’ as indicated below. The signals are projected at an angle f 3 degrees. Range of frequency transmission is UHF between 330-335 MHz the antenna is also polarized horizontally. The GS also works
Aircraft navigation 4like the LOC with frequencies of either 90 or 150 Hz. Its receiver breaks down the information to execute the appropriate vertical course deviation correction. Two types of antennas can be used for GS signals; blade type antennas and single dipole antenna. The former can be set inside the aircrafts nose [ CITATION Has17 \l 1033 ]. Compass locators used for the purposes of ILS interception found at different points on the runway with the outer marker being at 5 NM from touch-down, and middle marker beacon at around 3400 feet. The outer marker has a range of15 miles and conveys radio waves in the range of 191-530 Hz set with ILSs identifiers first two letters whereas the last two letters indicate the middle marker [ CITATION BoW17 \l 1033 ]. The pilot can thenglide down to the runway once located. Marker beacons are used to show the exact position down its glide path. The outer marker beacon positioned about 5 miles from the edge conveys in a series of dashes a carrier wave of frequency 75 MHz modulated with an audio tone of 400 Hz. this is usually pointed up and very narrow. The signal is received by marker beacon receiver and a blue light is put on the panel. The middle marker is also used and operates at 75 MHz. this is then couple with an audio modulation of 1300 Hz that come in series of dahs and dots which is different from the other. The receiver puts on an amber light upon receiving the signal. All these signals plus the glideslope and localizer provide a sure way of navigating towards the runway. Distance measuring equipment(DME)This is a navigation system that involves the use of a VOR beacon that is used as a reference point when measuring the aircrafts position [ CITATION Kha17 \l 1033 ]. A fixed delay is set by the ground DME which it uses to send back signals received from the oncoming plane. The distance between the flights to the beacon can be calculated using
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