Airport and Air Transport Management

The assignment provides a comprehensive analysis of airport capacity and air transport management strategies. It includes studies on the impact of high-speed rail investment on economic and environmental change in China, as well as research on airport capacity choice under airport-airline vertical arrangements. The assignment also explores the urban field concept and its relevance to transportation policy and planning. Additionally, it discusses the relationship between economic development and air transport, including the expansion of airport capacity under constraints in large urban areas. Overall, the assignment offers a thorough examination of various aspects of airport and air transport management.

Airport expansion and
its effects on the
social fabric

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................1
Title .................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview of research .......................................................................................................1
1.2 Rationale for the study......................................................................................................4
1.3 Research aims ..................................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Objectives.........................................................................................................5
1.5 Research Questions..........................................................................................................5
1.6 Chapter structure..............................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................8
2.1 The important of airport expansion on country................................................................8
2.2 The impact of airport expansion on social composition of country...............................10
2.3 Major challenges which are encountered by airport expansion in country....................12
2.4 Benefits that can be availed after airport expansion......................................................14
Type of investigation............................................................................................................16
Research design....................................................................................................................16
Research approach................................................................................................................17
Research philosophy.............................................................................................................17
Data collection method.........................................................................................................17
Sampling method..................................................................................................................18
Data analysis.........................................................................................................................18
Chapter 4: Data Analysis...............................................................................................................20
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations................................................................................7
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................7
5.2 Recommendations............................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

Chapter 1: Introduction
Title
“To ascertain the effectiveness of airport expansion and its impact on social
composition”.
1.1 Overview of research
The factors which are linked with expansion of airport are valuable for the growth and
development of the overall economy as people will not face any type of difficulty while
travelling from one location to another. The expansion is the most important factor as it results in
connecting people of different country together so they can utilise all the available resources in
effective and planned ways thus attaining growth and success of the overall country. Government
have also adopted measures in order to expand the airports so that country can easily progress in
their business operations (Leamer and Storper, 2014). The government adopted plans in order to
formulate documents in which rules and regulations have to be mentioned related with the
procedure of expanding the airports.
Local communities and aviation: It stress that some groups of people are affecting the
future prospects of airport development, either long term or short term. The Land Compensation
Act, 1973 part 1, implies that if there is depreciation of land by physical factors such as fumes,
smell, vibration and noise are cause by using a public works. Section of “ blight in the future of
air transport” take them into account. Development of airport have impact on value of property,
it is also called as generalised blight. The persons who are affected should access to a certain
form of redress, e.g. help in relocate. Exactly that route which BAA taken. No formal application
should be made for new runway, they had already purchased a property in their village
surroundings. The Property Market Support Bond step towards uncertainty reduce which are
faced by residents wish of selling a property. Prices are calculated which are linked to prices of
2002, valuations of two separate from two different agents of estate and take a average. Main
problems for communities around a airport is having pollution of noise and the regulations of
Europe-wide of noise seem set to a high remain on a agenda of makers of policy but present
policies had a little effect while reducing a pollution of noise. On other hand, aviation bring out
benefits of economy, other side having a negative environmental ans social impacts of expansion
of airport are borne exclusively by a communities of local and may led to increases a level of
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opposition to expand airport plans. Environmental and social externalities which have became a
life feature for communities closing of residing in major airports.
Managing airport noise and air quality impacts: Airport authorities ensures that residents
in their surrounding communities and they inform changes in relation to planning enquiries.
They will provide necessary information to surrounding people related to any change by
company operation. Company have established a committee for solving this problem, in this
committee they have 32 members (Airport authority and government officials) to set interface
between airport and their neighbouring committee. Company have discovered how they affect on
their surrounding environment and local residents. The airport have developed noise restriction
program for solve noise issue, but resident are still surviving and that is the biggest concern in
today environment. The Heathrow expansion strategies are different for every company resident
are survive form this new strategies. The noise problem are arise because airport authorities are
not permit for night flights. The expansion are not such problem outline that through flights
would be operated for 16 hour of the day. This noise problem are created by consumption of
fuel. Consumption mean increasing carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons. Those create impact on globe warming and climate change. Noise
are create negative impact on environment as well as on social culture. That is the people
responsibilities toward their environment that they have follow some rule and regulation for
making voice against their noise those create impact on overall organisation and society.
Airports are important factor for social development and regional accessibility: The air
transportation services for passengers and freight are an essential component for the growth &
development of the global economy. The social benefits which are derived from expansion of
airports are beneficial for all the people who are residing in the country as they can easily enjoy
their life they can travel from one location to another in order to spend their holidays. The
importance of expansion of Airports are related with introducing a system which is called as
Public service obligation and this is the most vital factor which ensures that services are properly
maintained in the economy. Thus ensuring growth and development of firms. Air transportation
helps in accessing the island and remote communities to participate in different programmes so
that people are connected with one another. As the airports are expanding thus their social and
economic impacts on the overall economy and people will also be employed because there there
are large number of jobs available in the economy and people will effectively utilise all the
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resources which are available in economy. The facilities of Airport services are also important
factors for making improvements in the quality of life of those people who are residing in the
remote or village areas (Hennessy and McCleary, 2011). The importance of regional and social
factors are most difficult factors to quantify but there are in turn valuable for the growth and the
development of the remote areas as facilities are available which they can easily use. If there
would not be expansion of airport that many regions of the country will not be able to participate
in the programmes which are organised in the modern world. This would have hindered the
quality of life of the people who are living in those regions. There will be opportunities for local
people as they can be employed and they can easily fulfil the basic necessities of their life as they
are earning money in order to easily sustain their life and fulfil all their demands.
The economic of the Heathrow Expansion: It gives economic contribution in UK's
economy as people prefer aviation service that others because it is less time consuming. Around
128 millions travel with this medium. Heathrow faces lot of competition with other airline
companies so as to stand in a better position. Approximately 35 percent of people who are
travelling are basically the one who are transfer passengers and they always contribute in
economy of UK. With in the close boundaries around 20 percent of flights are there due to which
there is less demand for third runway. They are adding around 220,000 flights in an year at the
site of west London.
Aviation Policy: Under section 3.1 of “Airport Policy 1986” following are the objectives
which are to be followed and they are as follows:
11 By providing enough equipments and facilities they can adopt a strong competition
between different airlines.11 Planning is important for implementing new plans for the benefit of aviation industry.
Environmental consequences should kept in mind before introducing this in a proper
manner.11 Should make best use of their facilities which they are having so that justify their
economy appropriately.11 There should be an increase in regional airports so that they can attract more and more
demands.11 Proper linkage between international airports is must which will support Heathrow and
Gatwick to rise in superior positions.
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1.2 Rationale for the study
The investigator is responsible in order to evaluate the overall working in which different
activities are executed in order to attain the objectives of research linked with expansion of
airport which are valuable factor for the growth and development of the overall economy. The
factors which are encompassed in the research are valuable by nature in order to serve valuable
purpose which are beneficial for the overall economy (Hawkins, 2013). The most important
factor for the researcher is related with identifying the purpose behind the overall research
operations. The main aim behind the research is related with expansion of Airport in order to
develop the overall country as there will be employment opportunities available for people as
business operations are expanded and resources will also be utilised in effective and planned
manner. In the modern era there is high competition in the economy and people are focused on
expanding business operations in order to earn high profitability and also welfare of the overall
economy. If there are measures adopted by government in order to expand airports then people
can be easily connected with one another, the businessman can travel easily from one location to
another in order to attend business meetings, these airport transportation facilities are also useful
for those individuals who want to travel to different locations.
There should be ideas generated in the overall research in order to analyse different ways
by which airports operations can be extended in the economy and according there should be
budgets formulates so that money can be executed in the projects and the areas can be easily
expended this is an important factor for all those populations who are residing in the remote or
village areas as it will help them in order to easily avail the facilities and travel from one location
to another thus making their life survive easily. The working of the researcher are helpful in
order to analyse the different ways by which exports can be developed and expanded in the
economy thus resulting in social growth of the overall economy.
1.3 Research aims
The research aims are formulated as they are beneficial in order to analyse all overall
research operations are carried out in right directions. The main aims of research operations are
linked with “To ascertain the effectiveness of airport expansion and its impact on social
composition”. This is the major factor for the researcher as they will develop various factors in
order to expanding airline industry thus achieving growth and development for the overall
economy.
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1.4 Research Objectives
The research objectives are formulated on the basis of the predetermined aims and these
are important factors as they are providing help to the researcher so they can develop effectual
findings and recommendation on the basis of the research data that have been gathered by them.
There are different components designed which are based on the topic which is selected for the
research study. The major research objectives are described below as:
 To identify the important of airport expansion on country.
 To evaluate the impact of airport expansion on social composition of country.
 To identify the major challenges which are encountered by airport expansion in country.
 To determine various benefits that can be availed after airport expansion.
 To recommand different ways enough which expansion can be carried out in a
sustainable manner.
1.5 Research Questions
The researcher is having the main responsibility in order to develop list of questions
according to which the overall research operations will be carried out. In this research the main
focus of investigator is linked with identifying solutions to the questions which have been
designed for the overall research.
1. How to identify the importance of airport expansion on country.
2. What is the impact of airport expansion on social and economic composition of country.
3. What are the ways by which major challenges which are encountered by airport
expansion in country.
4. How to determine various benefits that can be availed after airport expansion.
5. What are the different ways by which airport expansion can be carried out in a
sustainable manner.
1.6 Chapter structure
The working of the research which are executed should be carried out in a proper format.
There should be effective structures designed in which overall working had to be carried out. In
the current research the investigator is following the structures which are evaluated below as
Chapter 1: Introduction
The first and the foremost step of starting a research operation is known as introduction
and it provides a brief summary related with the research topic. The section also encompass of
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the objectives and aims which had to be achieved by the researcher in their overall research
operations. This is the first and the foremost steps taken by the research person while he is
involved in research operations.
Chapter 2: Literature review
This is the second factor of the research in which investigator examine various view of
point of authors in order to find informations related with expansion of airport as it results in
overall growth and development of the economy. The informations is gathered from various
sources such as journals, books and other articles which are published in magazines and
newspapers. It is the strong base for the overall research as the aims and objectives are
formulated which are beneficial for doing the in-depth study about the subject.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
The is the next very important chapter for the overall research operations and this is
stated after the literature review part. It contains various tools and techniques which helps in
collecting important data so that valuable outcomes can be easily attained.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
This is the most vital factor of research operations in which the gathered data are
analysed effectively in relations with the defined aims and business objectives. This is an
important chapter which is useful in order to make the readers understand the concept in most
effectual manner.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
This is the last chapter of the research study where conclusion is drawn in relation to the
whole research topic and the aims and objectives are formulated related with the research study.
There are recommendations drawn in order to make plans by which airline business operations
can be easily expanded thus the economy can easily achieve growth and success and provide
employment opportunities to large group of people.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review
The investigator had to carry out detail information about the data which are published
with the help of different sources and this mainly includes informations which are chosen from
the secondary source. The data which are collected by the researcher in the previous studies can
also be taken into consideration for analysing purpose. The previous studies are beneficial in
order to make proper recommendations about how the Heathrow airports can be expanded so that
economy can easily achieve growth and development in their overall business operations. This
part is valuable for the investigator as they can easily analyse the topic and this will help them in
achieving success in their research. With the help of literature review chapter the investigator is
able to generate reliable and the valuable outcomes which are beneficial for him in order to
achieve success in their overall business operations which are linked with their field work of
expansion of airports. In the present research analysis is made on analysing effectiveness of
airport expansion and its impact on social composition. The different ways of expanding airports
can be easily analysed with the help of data which were collected by other persons in the past
time. This is the foundation path for the researcher by which they can easily carry out all their
working on the basis of the studies. There are different type of modules and framework designed
which are related with the research field of expanding the airports. The literature gaps are easily
analysed and improvements can be made on the research work so that various factors can be
analysed on the basis of the which the overall project had to be completed. There is in-depth and
detail studies are conducted with the help of various model and theories and these are evaluated
below as:
2.1 The important of airport expansion on country
According to the studies of (Baporikar, (2016) it is analysed that airport expansion are
having huge importance on growth and development of the overall economy as it results in
generating employment opportunities for large group of population. While people are having
conversation about the development of Airports in UK then there main focus is on battle between
various airports as they are seeking for the support of government in order to develop new
runways. In the present time the issue have been changes in the favour of the expansion of
Heathrow airport and on the other hand all the politicians are involved in the election campaign
and this is the most vital factor in order to carry out the development of the UK airports as the
parties will spend money in order to win the elections. The views of (Giddens, (2013) have
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argued that expansion of the airports are valuable and important for the overall economy and also
businessman as they can easily travel from one place to another and can attend their important
business meetings. The other modes of transportation are also playing an important role in the
overall development and growth of the nation but the airports sector is having the major value in
social and economic development of the nations and also people can easily travel internationally
as the connectivity speed of airlines are higher and also they are unparalleled. The airports
expansion are useful for the overall economy as they have become the part of economic and
social fabric which are connected globally and people can easily access to them. While taking
about the remote areas these are most advantageous as it results in generating facilities which
people can easily access.
Airports are contributing to the overall growth and development across UK
The regional airports are beneficial for the economic development of the country as they
are providing growth and development of various regions, they are beneficial in connecting
people globally all around, employment in the country is enhanced as people are earning money
there is investment in the service sector which has grown up and the communities are growing
with the help of airport expansion. The airline sector is mainly supporting those firms which are
having the export business as it is analysed that UK is exporting their material with the help of
Airline industry. There is economic development as people are travelling by air in order to visit
different places thus they are spending money which in turn contributes to the overall economy
development. Example: The airports all around are important part of the regional strategies in
order to attract customers and retain investment so that firms can achieve growth and success in
their business operations. The business surveys are organised in order to retain those factors
which are useful for the overall development of aviation sector as views of all the people of the
economy are considered. In some of the remote areas of the country there are different types of
effective alternatives designed and these are providing access to various type of services which
are related with education and health sector and also the people of the community can easily
travel for leisure and business operations.
According to the research of (Jia, Yang, Wang, Hong and You, (2011)it is analysed that
liberalisation of the air traffic all around Europe and also the emergence factor of cost of
developing new airlines are helpful for the regional airports as they have achieved significant
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growth and success in their overall business operations from the past years. The airports are
constantly enhancing their shares at market places
Bold agenda of a new government
Company represents over 50 United Kingdom airports, is providing an opportunity of
summer campaign of general election for explaining to how candidates of parliaments get elected
then could help in government persuade for adopting a framework policies which are much
supportive airports of regional. They have to ignore one size fits are costly to all regulations
approaches and they want adoption of fair work of frame by governments for their growth for all
United Kingdom airports.
Agenda which are bold are calling for better supporting for using a capacity of existing, it
enables plan aviation for becoming much sustainable and give more support by strategies to the
airports which are smaller. It mean having a look closer at disproportionately by burden of a
large regulatory which airports are smaller much bear in a current. It seeks government building
on an success of regional air connectivity fund with a round of further investments in aid of start
ups.
Elections which are general traditionally are a time when their division of political
emphasis-but, unanimity provides across spectrum of political about important roles that airports
which are regional play, it will be so difficult for building a consensus politically that airport of
regional are having their policies friendly would be in a scenario of win-win for a whole country.
2.2 The impact of airport expansion on social composition of country
According to the views of (Schlembach, (2011) it is analysed that Expansion of airport in
country gives many impact on social factors of country because it will increase transportation
facilities. Gives employment opportunities various specialisation expertise. Below explained are
impact of airport expansion on social composition of country-
The Social importance of transportation- Development in country is mainly concern
with social, political and economical conditions. These improvement in economy helps in human
capital expansion also, like education and income level. On other hand, it will help in physical
capital like transportation facilities, telecommunication and utilities. In current scenario to
increase productivity of organisation and for better balance they have to include human capital
issues also. An efficient transportation system helps in providing social and economic
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opportunities and benefits that results in positive multipliers and market accessibility and
additional information.
Physical characteristics of airlines on the basis of their geographical and operational
dimensions
Core – Fundamental impact of airlines is mainly related with mobility of passengers and goods
which include a route among new and existing economic entities.
Operational – This factor involves performances in terms of reliability. It reduces the loss and
damages of passengers' luggage. Thus, airlines would achieve better utilisation of transportation
assert.
Geographical– Area of market space place where production , distribution and and consumption
level can be improved increased.
The importance of airline industry on basis of micro and macro environment:-
Microeconomic level- Airlines and mobility are linking with a level of output and
income in national economy. According to survey on airlines, it contributes as 6% to 12% in
GDP of developed country.
Microeconomic level- Airlines are directly related with consumer,producer and
production cost. For attaining greater income level, airlines are directly linked with higher share
of transportation.
Impact of airlines on economy – Production of input by airlines helps in adding value
and scope of employment in local economy. It has increased sources in direct and indirect
employment. As direct impact, this would has considered in improving the efficiency and
capacity where airlines tend to provide employment, added value, markets,cost improvement. On
the other hand, indirect impacts includes outcome from economic of scale an improved. Airlines
are responsible for employment effect and wide range of added value by linked it with other
economic structures. The outcome of employees include prices of commodities, goods and
services etc. comes in induce impact of airlines on economy.
Economic activities and airlines- Airlines are also linked with increasing economic
opportunities. In some phases of economic activity, there is subsequent rise of airline industry.
New sources of employment and opportunities in airlines arise due to the field of supply chain
management.
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Economic return of airline investments- Since, the rate of return is very high for
airlines including construction projects and infrastructure. It helps in generating up to 20% of
annual return but in longer terms they are expected to have a declining marginal return. They
have high return due to mobility, but as the system is developed the additional return will lead to
lower returns. In some cases it has been observed that the graph representation curve of its
economic return has gone beyond zero.
Accumulation of existing structure- In terms of accessibility, airlines network are
regarded as extensive ones. This will indicates that when infrastructure are lacking they shows its
marginal output.
Economic change- With development of economy, the functions shifts from primary to
secondary i.e. resource extraction to manufacturing part. It moves in direction of advanced
services, distribution and production. These changes are directly impacted by infrastructure
practices in airport and their orientations towards investment in urban and logistic transport.
Clusters- Due to agglomeration many location gain advantage which cannot be reversed
by enhancement and improvements of airlines' accessibility.
Transportation regarded as economic structure- In recent trends the economic trends are
depending on relation with across space instead of environmental resources.
Multinational airlines have include following significant markets-
Commodity market- Increase in efficiency results in buying raw material for
manufacturing as well as providing opportunities for selling commodities for manufacturing and
industrial system so that customers can user the facilities and this also results in overall growth
and development of economy.
Labour market- Involvement of labour results in decreasing of accessing costs.
2.3 Major challenges which are encountered by airport expansion in country
According to views of (Rice ed., (2013) it is identified that Airlines are more profitable
and safer than earlier times. Business must innovate new tools for securing its financial and
environmental viability in future. Airlines services are beneficial for people to meet with friends
and family and for the businessman to attend meetings. It provides freedom to people to be
anywhere within 24 hours. Some of major challenges are discussed below for Heathrow airport
expansion in a country:
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Safety: It is the most important concern for people while they plan to travel from one
location to another. Government have taken initiatives in order to organise safe travelling for
customers. If there is cooperation among all shareholders then it results in organising safe
travelling for customers.
Happening of accidents do. Parallel governments are calling for looking broadly and
internationals protocol are developing to design management, weapons development with
capability of anti-aircraft and manufacture.
Their are 36.4 millions people using airline facilities to travel. Flying in a jet craft there
are chances of accidents which can take place at any situation.11 Experience of passengers: Safety of passengers are taking into main consideration while
expanding the business of airport. During travel in airlines, experience gain by passengers
affect business of airlines directly. If they feel good experience and more secure than it
will prove beneficial for airport expansions. Thus, airlines mostly focuses on providing
best comfort level to its passengers so that they can gain good experience in their journey.11 Sustainability: In order to get much sustainability in businesses of airlines, government
has supported them economically. For better sustainability and expansion of business,
airlines also need good environment.11 Environment: Environmental factors also affect business of airport. It includes
challenges like availability of fuel particularly for Heathrow airport. Availability of fuel
will cope with growth of airport businesses. Emissions of these gases consists carbon-
neutral. Technology is a key driver for growth and expansion of all business sectors. In
today's modern world, with technological advancement, efficiencies of biofuels are also
developed.11 Profitability: Profitability is very important factor for an organisation to run their business
activities in an effective manner. Every company wants profits to operate their whole
business activities effectively. In Heathrow airport, employees are not able to gain
accurate profits thus create negative impact on their performance as well as quality of
services.
111 Smart integration: Passengers are overloaded and this is the major problem which is
addressed by constructing infrastructure. Most important issues are transformation
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digital, AGL lighting, increased functionality of airport, empowerment passenger
increased, integrated controlling in tower solutions and collaborations.
111 Ahead together: Demands are made that operators of Heathrow airport take step back
from operator of normal and take look on crucial at a bottlenecks and issues of
productivity that operations are existing.
111 Growing Expansions: Growth explosion is the most important factor. The current rate of
expansion are almost 9% and it is constantly raising per annum to some billions 2.5 in
2016. Company has opportunity to operate their businesses activities at international level
thus provide growth in long period of time. Through expansions company has gain high
profits and market share. Thus create positive impact on consumer's mind.
Opportunity Around: Heathrow airport have provided several opportunist to local
community like employment, education level, international exposure to business,
knowledges, foods, increase tour and travel business, hotel industries etc. They provide
various benefits to their passengers like time, money, distance etc. They run their
business operations in deficit of $ 100000 to $150000 which come form re looking,
cancellation, less number of passengers and many more. They upgrades their services on
a better way in order to increase numbers of passengers as well as benefits of whole
economic.
2.4 Benefits that can be availed after airport expansion
According to views of Tyler, (2013) UK government have executed an idea to build
third runway at Heathrow airport. There is high investment needed in order to make decision
which will affect whole UK economy but they also create impact on different economy, social
and environmental aspects. This decision about airport have to balance overall cost and benefits
of the government as they plan to spread out the operations across the country.
Form the perspective of social development airport are interested in geographical location
of their business unit. Firstly Heathrow are the worlds leading airport in the world that make
globally important centre of travel. Secondly airport create hug impact of their physical existence
in their surrounding. The society which are developed near airport have enjoy several benefits
like employment opportunists, Development of road lights, transportation etc. by government or
companies as well.
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On international scale, Heathrow developed runway to offer more airway facilities to
their consumers. The main reason to expend Heathrow to make big hub airport. Firstly they will
provide facilities so that people can easily travel from one location to another such as China and
London. They have provide long distance flight to their consumers. People are travelling form
Liverpool to Beijing on daily basis that justify expansion of facilities in economy.
Heathrow are the biggest hub airport those increase UK ability to conduct international
business, but increase in London dominance over rest of country. This decision of expansion are
not only about economy but also about political influence those are weak after leave EU. There
is information about outcomes of Brexit and leaving European Union would be, important for
UK to expend their airport . According to UK government airport expansion indicates
enlargement of business in economy. Brexit have created more challenges for people to visit
UK. Recession have reduced the demand of travelling and this result in less measures to expend
Heathrow airports. But government thinks that hub airport will bring UK nations together by
allowing Heathrow to focus on more domestic flights for people residing in UK. In an
organisation several type of expansion are done in order to achieve goals and objectives of the
government which help to full fill needs and wants of the people. This create impact on local
education and provide employment opportunist in society. UK airport commission have analysed
how people of the surrounding airport area are effected by noise pollution. Heathrow are the
world large airport because its located inside London rather then near by county. This is the key
reason for oppose Heathrow expansion by Mayor of London. Company have focused on these in
order to resolve the issues. All UK people are pay tax for make roads, houses, food, heath and
runways. So that, nation have indirectly receive various benefits form Heathrow expansion.
London will more investing in their local transportation infrastructures thus very help full for the
people. Thus increase job opportunist for many people in airport construction and operations.
But in the other hand, people are face various heath problem which arise due to pollution in each
one addition flight. That increase air traffic in same proportion to decrease rode traffic in London
city so that people are easily drive their own car on low traffic road.
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Chapter 3: Research Methodology
This is the most important and valuable section for the investigator as they are providing
guidelines so that all the research activities can be executed in effective and planned manner.
With the help of this chapter the investigator is able to analyse those tools and techniques which
are beneficial for drawing valid conclusions. Thus the investigator have to formulate designs in
order to carry out all operations of research in effectual and planned manner. The scholars from
fixed time durations are developing research models and methodologies in order to achieve
success in their research operations (Mayes, Pini and McDonald, 2013). In this sections the
important methods are evaluated below which are beneficial for the overall research working.
This section is beneficial in order to carry out proper analysis of the findings and informations
which are collected by them through research. It is thus stated that research methodologies are
valuable by nature. The investigator are setting guidelines in order to carry out all their
operations in effectual manner. The methodologies which are beneficial for the present research
are evaluated as:
Type of investigation
The major responsibility of the investigator is linked with evaluating the nature of the
research in order to execute proper tools and techniques for the research. The research by nature
can be qualitative or quantitative. In the qualitative nature the data is collected with the help of
qualitative means and these are beneficial for the purpose of analysing research activities. The
qualitative nature of research implies that al the research activities are dealing with human nature
and perceptions (Starkie, 2012). The quantitative nature of the research implies that facts and
figures are taken into considerations for the purpose of analysis. The study is related with
expansion of airports as they are beneficial for the growth and development of the overall
economy. The major focus of the researcher is on qualitative aspects as they are beneficial for
the analysing purpose.
Research design
The research design is described as the blueprint according to which different activities
will be carried out. The various type so designs which are used for the purpose of research are
known as exploratory, experimental and descriptive research design. The descriptive research
design mainly focuses on doing detailed study about the data which are already available, the
exploratory design focuses on evaluating new facts and figures which are beneficial for the
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research operations and the experimental design is based on analysing mathematical and
scientific calculations for proving theories and models. In the present research descriptive
designs are used as they are beneficial in order to carry out detailed analysis of different factors
by which airports can be expanded and this is an important factor for the growth and
development of the overall economy.
Research approach
There are mainly two types of research design which are used by the investigator in order
to carry out research operations in effective and planned manner. The research designs are
described as deductive and inductive. In deductive research designs new theories are executed on
the basis of assumptions and models and the result is based on facts and figures which are related
with research operations. On the other side deductive research is based on existing numerical
facts and figures and based on the observations the patterns are created for completing research
activities effectively (Trottier, 2016). The present studies are executed on airport expansion and
these are important factor for growth of economy by providing employment to people. In the
research inductive approaches are taken into consideration as they are useful in order to draw
valid and reliable outcomes for the research activities.
Research philosophy
The research philosophy indicates the patterns and beliefs which are followed by the
investigator in order to complete their business activities. It is the main responsibility of the
researcher in order to select the best philosophy which helps them in gaining effective outcomes.
The research should have the capability in order to judge and execute the best philosophy which
are beneficial for the research work. There are mainly two philosophy used one is positivism
and second is interpretivism. In the positivism philosophies the mathematics and scientific
models are used for analysing purpose and in the interpretivism philosophy the researcher is
mainly focused on using qualitative means of data for collecting valuable informations and
analysing them. The present studies are mainly focused towards expansion of airports for the
overall economy development. Thus the researcher uses interpretivism philosophy for the
current research and this is the best tool in order to achieve effective results for the overall
research operations.
16

Data collection method
This is the most vital factor which are involved in the research operations. The
informations are collected by the researcher with the help of primary and secondary sources. The
data which is collected for the first time is classified as the primary form of data and the
secondary form of informations are collected from various sources such as books, journals,
magazines it is evaluated as the data which is already available and is not collected for the first
time. The investigator focuses on both primary and secondary sources for collecting informations
thus they are able to conduct deep analysis thus executing reliable and valid outcomes for the
research. The secondary which are used for the resent research are mainly articles published in
books and magazines (Cao, 2016). In order to collect data from the primary sources sample of 30
employees are considered. The opinions of individuals are collected in order to support the
informations which are collected by them for the research activities.
Sampling method
The sampling method is related with selection of the sample which are representing the
total number of populations. The two major sampling tools which are used by the researcher are
probabilistic and non probabilistic sampling. The probabilistic sampling consist of the random
samples in which each samples are given equal opportunities. On the other way the non
probabilistic sampling method consist of purposive and convenience sampling. If the researcher
is choosing convenience sampling for the research then the sample size of the population is
chosen according to their convenience which are beneficial for the overall research activities.
The purposive sampling methods are used which are serving the purpose of research studies. In
the current research purposive sampling are used and these are useful in order to develop valid
outcomes for expanding exports for the overall growth of economy. The sample size of 30
customers is selected for the study and they are providing valuable outcomes for the research
work. This is the most vital factor in order to extract informations which are reliable and valid by
nature.
Data analysis
Analysis in-depth and consider evaluation are very much important component for
making their research work successful. For analysis conducting, research should adopt
quantitative and qualitative means. It is adopting a method which is suitable so that researcher
should able to draw a reliable and valid result. Considering of research is a nature of qualitative
17

which indicates application mean of qualitative. In current case collecting of data should analyse
for adopting analysis of thematic. It emphasizes a techniques on theme creating so as to analyse
and segregate data in a proper way. Data of segregation are collected into various themes help in
doing analysing of information in a vast range. It can claim that relevant information which is
analysed while adopting analysis of thematic for generating reliable and valid result. Relevant
information of segregation into various forms is generated and expected a valuable result.
Ethical issues
Considerations of ethical are regarded as most necessary component for research
conducting in an very proper way. Obligated research is to make sure that proper care should
involve in all parties which are considered in a work of research. It is a research responsibility
for keeping some information private in nature. Their should be no personal questions should
asked by an respondents. While doing a work of research, needs of research should ensure that
doing of research in accordance with their objectives of research. It is a research responsibility
for ensuring the objectives of research which are achieved while research conducting into
consideration. Researcher should be sure that their interest of personal should not effect to a
parties which is related. Accumulate of researcher need should all information should be relevant
with reliable and authentic sources. Research will be responsible because of work of research is
conducted according to established principles and guidelines. It is important for considering
research all prevalent norms while doing of a work of research.
18

Chapter 4: Data Analysis
This is the process of evaluating data by using several tools & techniques and analytical and
logical interpretation of each one components in data provided. Data analysis is a very important
for research work. Through this researcher has gather necessary information for drawing valid
conclusion. Researcher has achieve overall research aim by adopting appropriate strategies and
tool or techniques. Data are gather by primary and secondary sources. Through this data
interpretation researcher have first make goals and objectives of these analysis and gain
information related to current market situation accordingly to full fill predetermine goals and
objectives. For this researcher have use may techniques for gather information in surrounding
environment. Through data analysis firm has identify their problem area and accordingly gatther
information.
Thematic Analysis
QUESTIONNAIRE
Q1 The expansion of airports is valuable for the growth and development of
economy?
Frequency
 Agree 20
 Disagree 10
Q2 What are the major benefits of Heathrow airport expansion? Frequency
 Employment opportunity 15
 Development of utilities 5
 Education level of people increases 2
 International Footfall 8
Q3 What is the role of government in airport expansion? Frequency
 Domestic stability 10
 International exposure 8
 Political decision 12
Q4 What are the major challenges of airport expansion faced by country Frequency
19

 Safety and security 6
 Environment 12
 Profitability 4
 Sustainability 8
Q5 What is the major negative impacts of airport expansion on society? Frequency
 Noise Pollution 12
 Air Pollution 9
 Deforestation 4
 Water Pollution 5
Q6 Does airport management plays an important role for solving problems of
society?
Frequency
 Agree 28
 Disagree 2
Q7 What is major benefits which can be availed by the population living in
rural areas by airport expansion?
Frequency
 Convenience Facility 10
 Development of infrastructure 5
 Better mobility 8
 Availability of resources 7
Q8 What are the major economic changes on country Frequency
 Revenue generation 13
 New business opportunities 7
 Domestic growth 6
 International Appearance 4
Q9 What ratings will be provided to the air traffic by expansion of airlines Frequency
20

 Excellent 4
 Good 5
 Average 15
 Poor 6
Q10 What recommendations will be provided in order to expand airports for
the overall growth and development of economy
21

Theme1: Expansion of airports is valuable for the growth and development of economy
Q1 The expansion of airports is valuable for the growth and development of
economy?
Frequency
 Agree 20
 Disagree 10
Interpretation: In this research report researcher has analysis airport expansion and their
contribution toward growth & development. For this researcher have use 30 respondents. In this
10 respondents are disagree with their thought and 20 are agreed. 20 are agreed because they
think through airport expansion government are provide infrastructure, education level, business
opportunist and so on those area peoples. So that they have contribute taxation to government
and increase overall revenue of the country. 10 people are disagree they said through airport
expansion society have face many problem related to noise, air and water pollution. They also
said through this deforesting have create negative impact on their weather so that many unnatural
problem has arise. So that through airport expansion growth and development of economy can
22
20
10
Agree
Disagree

not possible and country has face negative impact on economy so that overall citizen are effected
by this decision.
23

Theme 2: The major benefits of Heathrow airport expansion
Q2 What are the major benefits of Heathrow airport expansion? Frequency
 Employment opportunity 15
 Development of utilities 5
 Education level of people increases 2
 International Footfall 12
Interpretation: In this section researcher have provide question to consumers related to
benefits of Heathrow airport expansion. They have selecting 30 respondents and ask same
question to each one of respondents. Form this 15 respondents said that they think through
airport expansion many employment opportunist are generating and increase living standard of
their airport surrounding area people. Only 5 people form 30 respondents are agree with
development of utilities, they said many intentional flights are run in these airport so that
government have increase utilities in those area so that international clients have receive world
class facilities at Heathrow airport. Though this decision only 2 people are said that education
level are increase by opportunist of international clients interaction. So that if education level are
not match with desire so that they effect environment like transportation system, quality food,
24
15
5
2
8
Employment opportunity
Development of utilities
Education level of people
increases
International Footfall

hospitality etc. In this section 8 people are agree through airport expansion footfall of
international clients have been increases.
25

Theme 3: Role of government in airport expansion
Q3 What is the role of government in airport expansion? Frequency
 Domestic stability 10
 International exposure 8
 Political decision 12
Interpretation: From the above graph it is concluded that government plays an important
role in expansion of airports as they results in growth of overall economy because people can
easily travel from one location to another in order to spend their holidays or attend business
meetings. From the above graph it has been concluded that if the airports are expanded then it
results in domestic stability as 10 out of 30 respondents were in favour of this 12 employees have
given their views that it helps in political decision making as they can easily judge who is best in
working , who has a good profile etc 8 employees were in favour that it helps people to travel
internationally from one location to another in order to spend their holidays or spend their
valuable time.
26
10
8
12
Domestic stability
International exposure
Political decision

Theme 4: Major benefits which can be availed by the population living in rural areas by airport
expansion?
Q4 What are the major challenges of airport expansion faced by country Frequency
 Safety and security 6
 Environment 12
 Profitability 4
 Sustainability 8
Interpretation: From the above graph it is analysed that if the areas of airport are
expanded that the overall economy had to face major challenges as the environment will be
harmed as tools will used for construction of airports this will degrade the environment as 12 out
of 30 customers were in favour of this 8 said that there will not be stability in the economy as
rules and regulations will be changes due to expansion of airports and this result sin overall
impact on economy 6 customers have given their views that the major challenges for the country
will be safety and security of people who are residing there and 4 were in the favour that it will
result in affecting profitability in the overall economy.
6
12
4
8
Safety and security
Environment
Profitability
Sustainability

Theme 5: Major negative impacts of airport expansion on society
Q5 What is the major negative impacts of airport expansion on society? Frequency
 Noise Pollution 12
 Air Pollution 9
 Deforestation 4
 Water Pollution 5
Interpretation: From the above graph it is analysed that if the airports areas are expanded
then it results in having some negative impact on the economy as 12 out of 30 customers said
that due to construction there will be noise pollution in the surroundings areas and people will be
affected by this activities 9 persons have given their views that expansion of airports result in air
pollution as the air we breath will be will affected in this is harmful for health of the person as
they will breath in an unhealthy environment 4 customers said that if the airports have to be
expanded then it results in cutting down of trees thus deforestation in the economy 5 customers
responded that there will be water pollution which results in harming the water bodies thus
affecting the economy.
2
12
9
4
5
Noise Pollution
Air Pollution
Deforestation
Water Pollution

Theme 6: Airport management plays an important role for solving problems of society
Q6 Does airport management plays an important role for solving problems of
society?
Frequency
 Agree 28
 Disagree 2
Interpretation: From the above graph it is analysed that Management are playing vital
roles in order solve the difficulties which are faced by the members of the society. According to
the feedback which was collected from customers it is analysed that if the areas of airports are
expanded then it results in solving problems of the public as they can travel from one location to
another, persons can easily attend their business meetings etc as 28 out of 30 employees were in
favour of this that airport management are not beneficial in solving problems of customers thus
it does not result in overall growth and development of the society.
3
28
2
Agree
Disagree

Theme 7: Major benefits which can be availed by the population living in rural areas by airport
expansion
Q7 What is major benefits which can be availed by the population living in
rural areas by airport expansion?
Frequency
 Convenience Facility 10
 Development of infrastructure 5
 Better mobility 8
 Availability of resources 7
Interpretation: From the above pie chart it is concluded that due to airport expansion the
rural population have availed the benefits as they can easily gain the facilities which are executed
by expanding areas of airports. According to the feedback which was taken by customers 10 out
of 30 respondents said that they were able to get easy convenience in order to travel from one
location to another thus the businessman can also easily attend their meetings. 8 respondents
have given their views that expansion helps in better mobility from one location to another 5
customers have given their views that there is development of infrastructure new buildings are
developed people can easily purchase different things according to their convenience this is the
most valuable factor for the overall growth and development of economy 7 customers said that
all the resources which are available in the economy are utilised in effective an planned ways so
that economy can easily achieve growth by expanding the airports.
4
10
5 8
7
Convenience Facility
Development of infrastructure
Better mobility
Availability of resources

Theme 8: Major economic changes on country by airport expansion
Q8 What are the major economic changes on country Frequency
 Revenue generation 13
 New business opportunities 7
 Domestic growth 6
 International Appearance 4
Interpretation: From the above report it has been concluded that if there was expansion of
airports then it results in changes on the overall economy. The most important change which was
noticed was generation of high revenues and this was the most vital factor for the overall
economy and there will be money flow in the economy. Employment opportunities will be
developed for people and they will earn money thus fulfilling the basic necessities of their life 6
customers said that there will be domestic growth due to new infrastructures and buildings and
this is the most beneficial which will help economy to grow in their ventures 4 customers said
that there will be international appearance as tourist from different countries will be visiting there
and this results in overall growth of economy as there will be flow of money in economy.
5
13
7
6
4
Revenue generation
New business opportunities
Domestic growth
International Appearance

Theme 9: Ratings will be provided to the air traffic by expansion of airlines
Q9 What ratings will be provided to the air traffic by expansion of airlines Frequency
 Excellent 4
 Good 5
 Average 15
 Poor 6
Interpretation: From the above pie it has been concluded that most of the individuals have
given average ratings to expansion of airlines as they think it is only beneficial for those who are
having money so they can spend them in order to travel to different tourist locations or attend
business meetings as 15 out of 30 employees were in favour of this aspect 4 individuals gave
excellent ratings to airport expansion as it results in proper convenience to travel from one place
to another 5 gave good ratings to the ideas of airport expansion for the growth and development
of the economy and 6 gave poor ratings as they were not in favour of this aspect.
6
4
5
15
6
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
It can be comprehended that airport expansion is a major debatable issues in the economy
of a country. The government of the country after evaluating has passed this expansion
programme which leads to expansion Heathrow airport in the United Kingdom. This has been a
much looked after programme as there was a need for expansion of services due to increase in
the travellers in that area. It is undeniable that this airport expansion will have an adverse impact
on the communities and societies nearby. The expansion of airport leads to erosion of their
homes which is termed as the biggest challenges for the government. The another issue which
have been encountered is that air noise and quality impacts the lifestyle of the communities
around in the most negative manner. It affects the social and personal aspects of an individual.
The exposure of such people towards hazardous gases is a major obstacle which is to be resolved
by the government. But the benefits which can be ascertained from this expansion cannot be
ignored. The benefits which can be identified are in terms of society and economy. The people
now possess a greater connectivity and move to the places they desire. The communities and
societies which were once secluded are now incorporated into development programme by the
organisation. The increase in the international travellers directly impacts the amount the foreign
currency reserves of the company. But it can not be carried out ignoring the communities and
societies which are affected by the expansion strategy. Therefore this only leaves government
with an option to pursue the plan in a sustainable manner. The economic and social growth can
not be pursued keeping life of so many communities at stake, government can provide the people
with places to move and employment opportunities so that better results could be achieved.
5.2 Recommendations
Cities in any states or countries are separated with distance, where a person can travel
through various transportation available there. Transportation connects people living at different
locations in a specific period of time. It has available in various forms depending on location and
preferences of people. Air travel generally connects people in short period of time. It not only
connects people but combines economies of two different countries which further develop at
global level also. In short, development or expansion of airport linked directly with increase in
economy of a country also. Many researcher has investigated this relationship of expansion of
airport with economic development by focusing on different cities or locations around the world.
7

They have founded that relationship in between them surrounds on- public finance, economic
development, transportation, collective economies and airports in general. Transportation
generally affects development of a region. Thus, Government of a country favours in expanding
airports as it is an important economic tool that connects a country with other ones. A researcher
has concluded some impacts of expansion of airport on social composition that can be described
as:
Expansion of Heathrow: It is mainly concerned on environment effectiveness. The UK
Government has to concentrate on Environmental policies related to emissions such as air
transport smokes out nitrous oxide gases much. These gases are so much impacted on green
house. Thus, expansion of air transportation makes situations worst. It raise global warming
also.
Residents' perception of runway: Residents living nearby airports, are so much affected
as they live in fear of vibrant community which can be destroyed their buildings as well as it
creates so much noise and air pollution too.
Managing Airports- noise and air quality impacts: Noise pollution is the biggest
concern that impacts on people living there. Expansion of airports causes on quality of air also.
Government has worked from many years on “development of an improved environmental
control programme” , which has proved failed as people are still affected from noise and air
pollution causes by air transport. Manchester airport having a committee of 32 members has
been set up as an interface between airport and communities. It has operated noise-restriction
programmes over so many years but didn't get successful result still.
On examining these, a researcher has concluded that air transport is an effective
economic tool that raise economy of a country in an effective manner. On expansion of airport in
a region can cause many problems for residents and all people too. Air-transport smokes out
poisonous gases that expand Heathrow and causes major ill-effects. Residents living on runway
of airport, concerned about noise pollution as well as most disastrous threat that is destruction.
8