Value Added to Reconceptualization of Established Master Plan for Melbourne Airport

This paper evaluates the past and current master plans of Melbourne Airport, compares their performance with other airports, and suggests improvements for the future. The paper reviews the process of airport planning, standards of airport cargo facility designs, airport land use and requirements for access, financial requirements for operation, security measures, and environmental issues.

VALUE ADDED TO RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF ESTABLISHED MASTER PLAN
FOR MELBOURNE AIRPORT.
Student Name :
Student ID :
Supervisor’s Name :
1

ABSTRACT
An Airport Master is a planning tool that is utilized in establishing development plans of an
airport for longer periods of time.
The use of air transport has greatly evolved and there is a high demand in the air transport
services both for passengers and cargos. To meet all these demands, an airport management
should have viable and reliable plans which will be in a position to respond to the requirements.
Apart from having viable and efficient development plans, the master plan used by the airport
should provide a proper guideline which gives direction on the allocation and use of the available
resources within the industry to meet the demands effectively.
The Airport Master Plan should give an opportunity to the community and government to
participate in the developmental process of the industry. This is important because the impacts of
the industry affect them directly. Also, the state at some point will act as the funding organ at the
time of uncertainties.
The master plan despite providing the long-term development plans, it should also address the
immediate needs and the emerging issues in the industry.
It is a general requirement that the airport master plan of every aviation industry is updated after
a given period of time. This is aimed at ensuring that the industry meets the standard
requirements for the passenger safety and environmental conservation measures. This also
provides a clear picture of the ability of the industry to cope with the market and economic
demands both locally and internationally.
2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
3

DECLARATION
I would like to declare that:
-This report has no material which has been done for the award to any
candidate of any other degree, diploma or certificate except where due reference has been made
in the text of the examinable outcome;
-To the best of my knowledge, this work has no material that has been published previously apart
from except where due referencing has been made in the text of the examinable outcome;
-Where the work has been done jointly, the participants have been disclosed in relation to their
contributions to the research.
Sincerely Yours
4

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................................................................3
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................................4
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................................7
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................9
1.1 Background........................................................................................................................................9
1.2 Research objectives.........................................................................................................................10
1.3 Research scope................................................................................................................................10
1.4 Outline of the thesis........................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................12
2.1 Chapter overview............................................................................................................................12
2.2 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................13
2.2.1 Process of airport planning.......................................................................................................13
2.2.2 Standards of airport cargo facility designs................................................................................16
2.2.3 Airport land use and requirements for access..........................................................................16
2.2.4 Financial requirements for operation.......................................................................................17
2.2.5 Security measures.....................................................................................................................18
2.2.6 Environmental issues................................................................................................................18
2.3 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................20
3.1 Chapter overview............................................................................................................................20
3.2 Masterplan weakness......................................................................................................................21
3.3 Approaches for master plan improvement......................................................................................22
3.3.1 Strategic plan requirements.....................................................................................................22
3.3.2 Strategic deployment architecture...........................................................................................23
8.3.3 Evaluation of responses............................................................................................................24
3.3.4 Search technique......................................................................................................................25
3.3.5 Management of objectives and constraints complexities.........................................................26
3.3.6 Management of uncertainties..................................................................................................26
3.3.7 Balancing of domain knowledge...............................................................................................26
3.3.8 Preferences...............................................................................................................................27
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3.3.9 Decision Making........................................................................................................................27
3.3.10 Update Requirements.............................................................................................................27
3.4 Data analysis....................................................................................................................................28
3.4.1 Overview...................................................................................................................................28
3.4.2 Swot Analysis............................................................................................................................29
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS............................................................................................34
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................37
5.1 Conclusions......................................................................................................................................37
5.2 Recommendations for master plan adjustments.............................................................................37
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................39
6

LIST OF FIGURES.
Description Page no
Table 2.1. Issues and solutions related to the airport's
land use.
Figure 3.1 evolutionary algorithm for flight
path identification.
Figure 3.2 The positioning of transport means
at the Melbourne airport.
7

LIST OF TABLES.
Description
Page no
Table 2.1. Issues and solutions related to the airport's
land use.
Table 3.1. Weaknesses and strengths of
Melbourne’s airport master plan.
Table 4.1. Passenger movements for the year
2000 to 2017.
Table 4.2 Air Craft movements from the year
2000 to 2015 in Australia.
Table 4.3 Local and international passenger
revenue from 2014 to 2015.
8

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.
1.1 Background.
An airport master plan is a programme that gives a roadmap towards meeting aviation
requirements in a more efficient manner in future. The plan provides viable options in response
to the constant changes in the conditions of the aviation industry.
The airport master plan plays a great role in the aviation company. Among the purposes include;
it addresses issues on long period sustainable plans, identifying the necessary projects and
reasons for having them, maintaining harmony with the statutory regulations governing the
company’s operations, how to achieve the set objectives, outlines guidelines on land can be used
effectively for development, outlines parameters for establishing financial status and identify the
requirements of each facility within the company (Lyon 2018).
A good aviation master plan must capture consider some critical factors. It should be financially
reasonable, all plans made should achievable by the funds available, the plans should not have
any harmful effects on the environment once effected, the plans should meet the demands of both
the community and the airport itself, plans to be implemented are to comply with the laws and
regulations of the state and the development sector while considering its input and output factors
and finally, the plan should be in a position to adjust with ease to the constant changes in
demands and developments(Bardell & Ashton 2018).
Melbourne Airport has a schedule of preparing its master plan after a period of every five years
to ensure progressive development for a period of coming five years. The master plan is aimed at
providing future development plans of airport facilities in a clear and precise manner. This
master plan as well provides a link to various sectors working towards the development of
Melbourne airport, (Sografos, Sopoulos & Madas 2018).
A brief history and status of Melbourne airport act as a compass for developing its master plan. It
is the main hub for aviation in the country and ranked second in terms of passengers' increased
activity. Its 2013 master plan was aimed at meeting the higher aviation demand from the
community by developing three runways. Due to dynamic growth in the aviation services, the
Melbourne airport has to come up with a master plan that will respond to the demands. The
master plans aim at developing a fourth runway, improve on transportation and ground facilities,
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improve infrastructure and set measures that will ensure environmental friendliness, aviation
safety and flexibility for future developments (Burke & Welbes 2018).
The nature of the airport master plan determines its performance in the future. A poorly planned
master plan leads to losses due to its failure to meet the demands and inability to respond to
uncertainties. The use of air transport has greatly evolved and there is a high demand in the air
transport services both for passengers and cargos. To meet all these demands, an airport
management should have viable and reliable plans which will be in a position to respond to the
requirements.
Apart from having viable and efficient development plans, the master plan used by the airport
should provide a proper guideline which gives direction on the allocation and use of the available
resources within the industry to meet the demands effectively.
The Airport Master Plan should give an opportunity to the community and government to
participate in the developmental process of the industry. This is important because the impacts of
the industry affect them directly. Also, the state at some point will act as the funding organ at the
time of uncertainties.
The master plan despite providing the long-term development plans, it should also address the
immediate needs and the emerging issues in the industry.
It is a general requirement that the airport master plan of every aviation industry is updated after
a given period of time. This is aimed at ensuring that the industry meets the standard
requirements for the passenger safety and environmental conservation measures. This also
provides a clear picture of the ability of the industry to cope with the market and economic
demands both locally and internationally.
The purpose of this study is to critically evaluate the past master plans of Melbourne, compare
their performance with the current master plan for improvement purposes. In addition, different
airports are to be assessed to determine the performance of Melbourne on the basis of master
plan structure.
1.2 Research objectives.
Air transport has been on high demand due to the need for efficient and faster means for
transportation both in Australia and in the whole world at large. Due to constant rising
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demands in the air transportation services, the airports are being forced to meet the specific
needs of their customers as much as possible. This, therefore, forces the airports to come up
with appropriate plans that can be put in place to meet these demands in an effective and
sustainable manner. To achieve these development requirements, Melbourne came up with a
master plan. The objectives of this work are:
(i). To assess the features of the designed master plan by Melbourne airport.
(ii). To add some value to the designed master plan of Melbourne airport.
1.3 Research scope.
This research seeks to answer the questions on the features of the best airport plan, how long
can it be viable? How many stakeholders are to be involved in planning? This is answered by
analyzing the recent and current master plans and checking on the performance in
comparison with other airports. The information on master plans was obtained from
published works by several authors on the features of airport master plans.
Analysis of annual reports on airport performance was carried out and their features
pinpointed with aim of knowing the reasons behind the excellent performance of given
airports. The multi-criteria decision-making methodology considers different criteria in the
process of solution comparison and analysis, and these include comparison of real-time
information and the future expectations, evaluation of the present and expected architecture
after plans, evaluation of responses from the implemented solutions which include the
uncertainties, performance and efficiency of selected solution, evaluation of the solution
ability to achieve the set objectives, the ability of solution to adjust to the uncertainties that
come along, the information and knowledge available on the given solution both internally
and externally.
1.4 Outline of the thesis.
Chapter one of the paper provides a general research that has been done on the airport master
plan, how it is prepared, its features, its importance and how it can be improved. The chapter
gives a brief overview of the master plan requirements in terms of the length it can take
before it is updated to meet the future needs at the airport. The chapter also gives the
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objectives that were used as guides in the research and the extent to which the research was
to cover.
Chapter two of this paper covers the literature review that was employed in the research
process. It gives examples of similar research that has been done before by other researchers,
their features including strengths and weaknesses. It also contains a detailed description of
the features of a good airport master plan. The process followed in the development of the
airport master plan is also covered on this chapter. The chapter also has covered the basic
standard requirements of a master plan and has related these features to the master plan of
Melbourne airport.
Chapter three of the paper has covered the methodological approach that has been employed
in the evaluation process of the Melbourne airport master plan. An overview of the multi-
criteria decision making and its components have been covered in detail. The master plan of
Melbourne airport has been analyzed using the multi-criteria decision making to evaluate its
weaknesses, strength and possible adjustments that can be done on the master plan. Different
approaches for the master plan improvement well justified are also covered in this chapter. In
addition, the chapter contains the analysis method that was employed in analyzing the results
from a deep evaluation of the Melbourne airport master plan. The analysis method was based
on the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the adopted master plan.
Chapter four of the paper covers the discussion and the results on the research. The results
were based on comparison criteria of Melbourne airport and other airports on the basis of
their performance, ability to meet the local and international community demands, the master
plan sustainability and their contributions to the economic growth in their respective
territories.
Chapter five gives a conclusion and recommendations to be applied to the master plan of
Melbourne.
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.
2.1 Chapter overview.
There are various researches that have been carried out on airport master plan improvement,
this paper reviews some of the concepts, theories, methods and ideas that have been
suggested in order to come up with standard measures for airport master plan improvement.
A successful airport master plan concentrates more on planning than the implementation
stage. The planning follows several stages, first, the process used by the airports in their
strategic planning has been criticized internationally by the planning experts. There is an
element of rigidity and inadaptability. The master plans are not able to the urgent issues that
arise at the airport within the shortest time. This has led to the assumption that the industry
cannot achieve higher standards and thus leads to an establishment of low standard facilities.
The research on how to improve development plans at the airport is on higher call (Chudiniva
& Afonina 2018).
Secondly, the air transport security, as well as the environmental conversation, has been of
great concern over a longer period, there has been no sustainable method to improve air
transport security and environment conservation (Evans 2018).
Lastly, the rise in the demand for air transport calls for the extensive development of the
airport industry. This, in turn, demands an effective master plan that will put into
consideration the resources available while looking into the future returns.
The information from the literature will be employed in coming up with proper guidelines
that can be adopted in order to have effective planning and development of the airports. The
procedures and guidelines identified will play key roles while making decisions and policies
regarding business operation and management, development plans, security measures and
accountability (Gong & Ma 2018.).
With the review of related papers and articles as part of literature review, this paper obtains
the major ways that can be put in place in the airport industry to ensure cost-effective and
achievable master plan. The literature review explores several levels of master plan
improvement. The first level targets at the major alternative methods that can be used to
achieve an effective master plan. The second level pertains the micro developments which
include security, facility designs, developmental cost, environmental issues and statutory
regulations (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
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2.2 Introduction.
The master plan program for long period has been the normal approach to landing
field development. The master plan was invented for the purpose of continuous and
sustainable growth of air transport industries. However, in the past decades, the landing
field trade has gone through significant changes in their structure and mode of service
delivery. These constant changes are rendering the traditional airport masterplan useless as it
cannot cope with the market demands which are unpredictable. There is great demand for
flexible approaches which will provide alternatives with the capacity to fill the gaps present
in the traditional master plans. This research paper gives a review of the present literature
concerning an improvement of airport master plan with the major aim of flexibility and
sustainability (Hampson 2018).
2.2.1 Process of airport planning.
Airport master planning is the term used to refer to the procedure adopted in developing a
master plan for the airport. The master plan bears plan for future developments both those
that can be achieved immediately, after a relatively short period of time and those that will
take a longer time to be achieved. Various approaches have been used in strategic planning
and development of effective airport master plan (Liu &Liao 2018).
The main focus for master plan development should be on the planning process but not
decision-making. To have an effective airport master plan, there are important steps to be
followed, these are:
- Identification of the current conditions in the industry,
- Coming up with forecasts for aviation,
- Draw the resources required in the development,
- Identify and examine the available alternatives,
- Identify the most suitable development alternative in detail and incorporate it into the
master plan,
- Compilation and presentation of the finding in an airport layout plan format (Lyon 2018).
Airport master planning uses the existing airport conditions to forecast the aviation demands
in future. The forecasting may aim at the number of passengers, a number of trips to be made
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in a day to meet the demands and the nature of goods available for transportation. These
conditions will be used to determine whether there is a need for more improvement of a
given facility and to what extent the adjustment should be made (Magalhães, Reis & Macário
2018).
However, there are circumstances when aviation forecasting has failed to achieve the master
plan objectives. Among the causes are personal interests, where a forecaster makes the
projects attractive for funding purposes rather than for meeting the real existing demands.
This prejudices in the forecasting process may lead to under or over development and
therefore misuse of resources while not meeting the objectives (Zhang et al. 2018).
Forecasting may also fail due to wrong assumptions on the effects of political, social and
economic factors on mater plan outcome. Aviation forecasting majorly relies on the single
uncertainty and therefore the rise of any other uncertainty such as a change in demographics
and technology automatically leads to the failure of plans (Setiawan et al. 2018).
Alternative airport planning approaches have been proposed to accommodate a large
number of air traffic and a large number of passengers demands while observing the noise
regulation policies (Halpern & Graham 2018).
Among the proposed approaches are Dynamic Strategic Planning and Adaptive Policy
Approach. The Dynamic Strategic Planning entails the making of plans based on the real-
time existing conditions to address them. This approach is more flexible and can be adjusted
easily to meet immediate demands. The adaptive policymaking approach utilizes the policy
adoption criteria in the time of uncertainties. The possible uncertainties are identified during
the thinking phase of policy formulation and at any time in the future when the situation
presents itself, the respective formulated policy is applied for mitigation purposes (Shariff
2018).
For long-term master plan development, there are factors that should be put into
consideration, these factors include:
- Multiple uncertainties should be put into consideration during the planning process.
- The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed plans should be weighed.
- The universality of the developed plan. It should cover a variety of diverse future.
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- The flexibility of the plan should be high (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
Another approach used in the development of the airport master plan is Flexible Strategic
Planning. Flexible Strategic Planning has few similarities with Dynamic Strategic Planning
except that Flexible Strategic Planning uses experimentation and diversification approach to
test the viability and suitability of the proposed plan. The results from the experiment are
then used as the basis of formulating the suitable plans for future uncertainties (Stevens et al
2018).
Finally, in master planning process improvement, another approach known as Adaptive
Airport Strategic Planning which combines several approaches has been employed in many
airports for future development plans. This approach follows specific steps in the process of
plan development (Poomchalit, Suzuki and Suzuki 2018). The first step involves the setting of
the stage. This involves identification and analysis of current conditions at the airport,
identification of projects that need to be initiated and their requirements as well as the
policies inaction regarding the projects. The second step involves a collection of fundamental
policies regarding the project and conditions required for their success (Sharaf, Serra & Saurí
2018). The third step entails the establishment of the soundness of the plan. This looks into
susceptibilities and favors regarding a selected policy as well as suitable actions that shall be
taken in the case of uncertainty. The fourth step is contingency planning where the selected
policy is propagated and analyzed further to ensure that any action taken in the line of
implementation suit to the desired needs (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018).
The final step is the implementation stage where the set policy is put into action and
monitored. The performance of the policy is adjusted accordingly while taking record of the
changes in the output (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018).
Airport facility planning and design process.
The literature review looked into various existing and future effective methods for airport
planning and facility design.
The major areas covered under airport facility planning and design are:
- Standards of facility designs
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- Airport access needs and use of land.
- Financial requirements for operation.
- Safety issues.
- Environmental policies (Xiong, Beckmann & Tan2018).
2.2.2 Standards of airport cargo facility designs.
The airports deal mostly with cargo transportation. This is due to the growth in the
manufacturing industries which produce products that require international transportation.
The volume and type of cargo differ as well as the timeframe for delivery. This difference in
cargo needs presents the need for different standards. In the literature review, there are
several issues that were identified regarding the cargo facility for air transportation while
planning and designing (McDonald et al. 2018). The planning should put into consideration the
road system, containers, and trucks used for transporting cargo to the airports for their
sources and vice versa. To achieve this, proper forecasting should be done by use of on total
weight of cargo, origin and final destination of the cargo, time of departure and arrival as
well as the flight details. This data will be used in gauging whether there is a need for
expanding and improving a certain facility size and standards (Yang, Zhang & Hu 2010).
Certain recommendations were given in cargo facility at the airports based on the technology
advancement, commodity type, and client demands. The changes that were adopted include:
- Use of diverse transport containers to accommodate all sizes of cargo.
- Use of high-speed logistics such as enhancement of quick transportation by building
storage facilities near the airport to make the cargo easily available for transportation by
the air.
- Improvement in aircraft technology by creating of aircraft with widebodies to
accommodate wide cargos.
- An increase of the truck terminals to facilitate the quicker collection of cargos from the
original sources to the airport.
- Use of integrated carriers such as trucks, rails, and water in combination for cargo
delivery to the airport.
- Use of electronic data interchange to clear business transactions between the clients and
air transport company will minimize on time wastage for cargo delivery.
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- Improvement of security measures to prevent terrorist activities and facilitate smooth
cargo transportation by the air (Yang, Zhang & Hu 2010).
2.2.3 Airport land use and requirements for access.
The literature review has extracted issues to be put into consideration airport access and
land use while designing the airport master plan (Zhao 2018).
The main issues and solutions are covered in table 2.1 below:
Table 2.1. Issues and solutions related to the airport's land use.
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2.2.4 Financial requirements for operation.
The airport transportation requires effective financial performance for continual proper returns.
To achieve this, the operation costs on fuel, security, and fines have to be minimized as much as
possible (Zhu 2018).
There should be also a proper aviation forecast in order to determine the best departure time so
as to avoid carrying out the empty flight. The schedule should match the time when there is a
high availability of clients and cargo for transportation. To achieve this, the flight time and
booking information should be made available to the customers, information on the cargo is to be
provided in advance including the type, size, and location in order for the proper arrangements to
be made. Invest in areas with higher revenue returns (Zhu 2018).
2.2.5 Security measures.
The customer and cargo security affect majorly the transport operations and facilities of an
airline.
A system for cargo and customer screening before transportation is to be put in place and a total
screening should be carried out before any item or individual is allowed to the airport.
The development of blast-resistant containers for ferrying cargos to prevent any cases of aircraft
explosions during flight (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018).
2.2.6 Environmental issues.
There are numerous environmental policies that give guidance on the measures of environment
conservation. Therefore, during master plan development, there should a consideration on the
measures that will be put in place both in the infrastructure and the aircraft to ensure adherence
to environment conservation rules and regulations (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
Among the measures include:
- The use of air crafts that strictly meet the noise standards use of landing and taking off and
landing procedures that divert noise from reaching inhabited areas.
- Use of aircraft engines that meet the Environmental protection agency standards which emit
harmless substances to the atmosphere, thus preventing air pollution.
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- Use of fuel-efficient aircraft to reduce fuel consumption. This reduction will, in turn, lead to
low levels of emissions.
- The ground vehicles for cargo transportation use electricity which is a clean fuel that does not
have emissions.
- Use of environmentally friendly washing agents and dry-washing machines to wash aircraft to
minimize water pollution (Fox & Loope 2018).
2.3 Conclusion.
In reviewing the past and current literature, the master plan of an airport for sustainable future
developments significantly rely on effective strategic planning rather than decision making
(Rosenow & Fricke 2018).
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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
3.1 Chapter overview.
To gather and analyze information on airport master plan improvement, this research project uses
multi-criteria decision-making and SWOT techniques in an evaluation of the master plan of
Melbourne airport for the purpose of identifying adjustments to be made to improve the master
plan's value. The study is set to investigate the master plan of Melbourne airport.
The multi-criteria decision-making approach evaluates the diverse conflicting approaches used
while making decisions in daily activities and business plans. Among the conflicting issues are
the cost, quality, and flexibility of criteria under evaluation (Tiwale, Rusca & Zwarteveen 2018.). In
this research, Melbourne airport has a developed master plan for its future development. The
multi-criteria decision-making technique has been employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the
made decisions in relation to the desired outcomes and in comparison, with master plans of other
prominent airports worldwide. The results from the evaluation process are examined and changes
made in order to come up with a more effective and practical master plan (Stephenson, Lohmann
& Spasojevic 2018).
The main areas assessed in the master plan include the defects in the planning criteria, conditions
ground transport facilities including the size, accessibility and their efficiency in performance.
The recommendations are made on the basis of customer demands and cost-effectiveness (Shariff
2018).
The multi-criteria decision making uses three main approaches in the evaluation of conflicting
issues. These include the search, preference aggregation, and tradeoff and finally, interactive
visualization (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
In the search approach, a viable solution is identified among the pool of choices, the Pareto set.
Various factors such as the validity and flexibility to the demands are put into consideration
while selecting a suitable solution (Shariff 2018).
In preference aggregation and tradeoff, the views of multiple individuals involved in decision
making are subjected to deep evaluation and analysis in order to come up with a more preferable
idea that will suit the prevailing situation and meet the demands. The interactive visualization
involves an active and continuous decision making on a given issue of conflict. The proposed
solutions are continuously tested and the outcomes examined and analyzed, the final solution
21

will be reached once the desired expectations are met by the criteria under the test (Constantin &
Stough 2018).
The multi-criteria decision-making methodology considers different criteria in the process of
solution comparison and analysis, and these include comparison of real-time information and the
future expectations, evaluation of the present and expected architecture after plans, evaluation of
responses from the implemented solutions which include the uncertainties, performance and
efficiency of selected solution, evaluation of the solution ability to achieve the set objectives, the
ability of solution to adjust to the uncertainties that come along, the information and knowledge
available on the given solution both internally and externally, the preferences of stakeholders and
finally, the requirements of the chosen solution(Shariff 2018).
3.2 Masterplan weakness.
The Melbourne airport air transport system is operating along edge of its capabilities, working on
the real-time scheduling and coordination of large number of flights in a single day, as it is
indicated that over 239,000 flights arrived to and departed from the Airport in a period of one
year over 2017 which is over 650 flights per day on average and two flights at every minute. The
continuous use of this flight schedule will worsen the flight conditions in coming few years since
there is a higher expectation of air traffic growth due to an increase in the number of passengers
and expanded connectivity to other aviation industries such as Asia and America. There is an
urgent need to raise capacity to accommodate the high service demands both at the present and in
future on carriage capacity, safety measures, performance efficiency and flexibility in service
delivery and in response to uncertainties at the airport (Everett, Simpson & Wayne 2018).
The newly formulated master plan of Melbourne airport consists of the airport transport
management system with some limitations that inhibit its capability to meet future
developmental demands. These limitations include inflexible airspace as well as air routes that
reduce the number of air traffic that can be managed at a time, misuse of available resources as a
result of insufficient collaboration amid the stakeholders, and more importantly, there is more
limitation in the level of system planning towards the reconciling air of the demands of air traffic
with thee airspaces available for operation (Horsfield et al. 2018). Due to these limitations, there is
a need to create a more advanced and comprehensive master plan that will utilize to maximize
the available airspace capacity while meeting the growing demands of air transport in the future.
22

3.3 Approaches for master plan improvement.
The evolutionary algorithms and heuristics approach can be used by Melbourne in its master plan
development to resolve the prevailing challenges and meet the demands of different parties of
interest (Renn 2018). The refreshing of this Airport Master Plan is essential for an advantageous
reconsideration of the airplane terminals general and particular execution such the capacity to
meet the nearby and global requests, neighborhood financial prerequisite, consistent changes of
the innovation in air transport industry and its capacity to acclimate to any vulnerabilities
(Stephenson, Lohmann and Spasojevic 2018).
Melbourne has utilized the air terminal Master Plan built up to survey the Airport's abilities and
obligations, to viewpoint future avionics needs, and to conspire for the foundation of new or
augmentation of existing offices that might be expected to meet the up and coming aeronautics
showcase requests. The primary purpose behind ground breaking strategy advancement is to give
practical rules to be connected for the Airport's general support, development, and execution
inside an earth and financially responsible mode while adhering to proper avionics guidelines set
out by different state organs
3.3.1 Strategic plan requirements
Figure three below shows a typical example of an architecture of the planning system. The
Melbourne airport is experiencing a flight path challenge due to poor architecture. The type of
architecture deter4mines the flight time spent from one destination and the other (Zografos,
Androutsopoulos & Madas 2018). The poor the flight architecture, the higher the flight risks of
accidents and high flight costs and therefore profit value will decline. The use of an evolutionary
algorithm approach in combination with real-world simulation tool can be used to obtain an
appropriate and perfect cost-effective flight plan (Chen et al. 2018). This will maximize utilization
of the limited air traffic capacity while meeting the demands of its customers in service delivery,
comfort and safety. The use of an evolutionary algorithm also provides an opportunity for using
hybrid heuristic algorithms. The heuristics methodologies are based on the application of new
inventions to provide solutions to the future flight challenges by forecasting on the possible
solutions. This serves as a means of responding effectively to the future uncertainties while
reducing the cost and maximizing on the production. Particularly, heuristics methodologies are in
a position of balancing the basic knowledge on a given issue and provide a specific solution to
the present or possible future challenging situation. Heuristics are put in use to find the proper
portfolios to combine in order to develop the flight path (Croese 2018.).
23

In search of heuristic space flight paths, the hybrid algorithm framework and a multi-objective
evolutionary algorithm are applied systematically at the meta-level. This method of flight path
determination is highly effective and efficient as it has the quickest computational capabilities in
geometry (Zhu &Tang 2018). The use of this technique will enhance the flight performance of
airspace traffic managers and flight operators.
Figure 3.1 evolutionary algorithm for flight path identification.
3.3.2 Strategic deployment architecture
The resources and information in an airport are to be centralized for the ease in access and use by
the service deliverers and service consumers. The airline flights, railway lines and highways
leading to the airport should have a common point for conversion so as to minimize on the time
wastage in the access of services (Shakeela & Weaver 2018). The structure of Melbourne airport
still has scattered transportation networks (figure 3.2) which need to adjust further towards the
central business point.
24

Figure 3.2The positioning of transport means at Melbourne airport.
8.3.3 Evaluation of responses.
The air traffic uses all the possible solutions towards achieving the efficiency of its flight
services. The capabilities of the air traffic facilities are monitored constantly in order to
determine their performance levels. The order of flight plans has to be evaluated to and
appropriate flight paths located for the specific aircraft (Everett 2018). This evaluation process is
done by the use of the hybrid heuristic-evolutionary planning algorithms. This ensures that there
is no point at which a flight path of a given aircraft will interfere with the flight path of another
aircraft hence decrease on the air traffics, (Zhu 2018).
25

The constant checking of the flight paths promotes the correlation of different flight sectors as it
leads to the harmonious use of the limited airspace (Jacquillat & Odoni 2018).
The estimation gives an opportunity for an extensive and effective search of the airspace
solutions.
Another response evaluation technique for airspace performance is the use of four-dimensional
computational geometry to examine the aircraft flight path in the space. This technique identifies
the flight paths of various aircraft and the conditions regarding its safety and convergences. The
information obtained from this method can be used in making the flight schedules by
determining the departure time of a given aircraft from a given airport so as to ensure that there
are no obstacles in the flight path (Guo & Wang 2018). The information on correlation amid the
flights is also useful in establishing the flight path with the highest demand and therefore flight
paths with low demands can be used by the flight management in order to avoid air traffics while
utilizing the limited airspace resources, and in addition, the information will be utilized in
scheduling the flight time.
The Melbourne aircraft transport management needs to adopt the three-dimensional airspace
calculation technique in order to have effective flight operation in the near future when there will
be an increase in the air traffic due increase in population for air transport. The constant
evaluation of space responses will make it easy to adjust to any future uncertainties.
3.3.4 Search technique.
While formulating a master plan for the airport, a proper and efficient search method should be
identified (Tan 2018.). These techniques must be able to generate all the information required for
effective and safe flight operation in the space. Among the flight information required is the
flight path portfolio, weather conditions and congestion state of the NAS system. The common
search method used is the heuristic algorithm. This technique constructs the perfect flight path
portfolio when the necessary and suitable parameters are well set. The multi-objective
evolutionary algorithm is used to produce airspace solutions on the equilibria state of different
objects in the space. Another search method is a hybrid algorithm which simulates the air traffic
to validate the performance of the flight path portfolios generated by heuristic algorithm
methods.
The weather forecasting station at the airport is a search method that provides information on the
atmospheric conditions which in return play a critical role when scheduling the flights. The state
26

of atmosphere determines the visibility and therefore the flight safety. Proper weather forecasting
facilitates proper flight planning (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
The past and current master plan of Melbourne airport have no weather forecasting search
method which is more important in-flight safety. Some adjustments should be made on the
master plan to incorporate weather forecasting programme which will be able to provide the
reliable weather conditions for the purpose of flight scheduling and to avoid any accidents and
losses related to dangerous weather conditions (Gong & Ma 2018).
3.3.5 Management of objectives and constraints complexities
Objective and constraints complexity is handled by the production of meta-objectives, this means
that the general number of related goals are minimized via the specification of higher-level goals
that represent a single or more important system objective. In line with this, the airlines require
just a single factor of the airspace stakeholder unit. The related objectives are passed on to using
the preferable and effective communication route to the air traffic system (Gong & Ma 2018).
In the master plan of Melbourne airport, there is a need to formulate a proper guideline and
channel for communicating the basic issues to the management. This will ensure that the services
are delivered effectively within the shortest time possible while reducing the workload and time
wastage. In addition, the related issues are to be categorized and the person to deal with them is
to be identified so as to enhance the smooth performance of the company (Shuchi, Drogemuller
and Buys 2018)
3.3.6 Management of uncertainties.
There are a number of unpredictable events at the air traffic such as weather disturbances, failure
in the facility operational which may happen in the form of mechanical breakdown.it is therefore
of much great importance to have means of handling such expectations in more effective manner
and timely (Martin 2018). To provide the effective solution, the sufficient information about the
problem must be made available and therefore there is a need to improve on the information
forecasting and recording techniques. To minimize on the uncertainties, there should be thorough
forecasting before any aircraft takes off, this is to ensure that the flight path is clear and safe for
use (Mashayekhi 2018).
The Melbourne airport should, therefore, invest in the forecasting methods to ensure that
accurate information is generated each and every time the flight is scheduled to take place.
27

3.3.7 Balancing of domain knowledge
The basic knowledge should be balanced in the entire planning process. The stakeholders such as
craft operators are to be consulted while making any flight plans. This is important because their
opinions are important in determining their performance abilities and preferences. The traffic
flow managers should be consulted to give their view on the best ways that the infrastructure can
be made to reduce any traffics and facilitate quick service delivery (Kim & Choi 2018)
3.3.8 Preferences
The different options are weighed regarding the airline operation and the best methods that suit
the demands are selected. Most airlines resolve airline traffics by rescheduling their flight plans
to the different flight time or topless busy flight paths (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
The ground traffics are solved by the use of multiple transportations means such as the use of
water, pipeline, and road transport systems to connect customers to the airport.
The master plan, therefore, should first identify the existing problem and look for the viable
solution which is cost effective and efficient to the prevailing problem (Gong & Ma 2018).
3.3.9 Decision Making
The decisions made by the stakeholders should have a direct reflection of the expected end
results. Before choosing a given flight path, a proper forecast should be performed to ensure that
the path is safe enough and free of any obstacles (Shimizu 2018.). The decision to locate the
airport at a given position should ensure that there is no congestion that will cause craft accidents
of pollution to the environment such as emission of dirty fluids to water or exposure of loud
noise to the residents (Freestone & Baker 2018.).
The decision of airport location should also consider its ability for future expansion to meet the
transport demands and also ground the ability to sustain the wait for airport facilities
(Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
3.3.10 Update Requirements
The planning framework should put into consideration the constant changes in the demands,
environment and operation expenses. The planning process should, therefore, provide a room for
future adjustments by updating the facilities to suit the uncertainties (Stephenson, Lohmann &
Spasojevic 2018).
28

3.3.10.1 Features to be modified in the Melbourne master plan.
Due to the rapid population growth and air service demands, there is a need for more runways at
Melbourne airport. There are only three runways and therefore more runways are to be added
(Gong & Ma 2018).
There is a need for adjustment of Melbourne master plan in several important areas which
include:
Runway- the runway should be increased in length, width and number to accommodate many
and large aircraft.
Terminal-should be positioned strategically to allow ease in access. It should be spacious
enough for aircraft and cargo carriers.
Car parking area- It should be extended to accommodate a large number of vehicles and well
designed to allow entry and exit without difficulties.
Public transportation- Use of electric trains and shuttle vehicles from the cities and other
reserve areas to the airport to facilitate ease of access.
Service automation- services such as customer identification should be automated by use of
facial recognition techniques, use of electronic services to clear customer bills and bookings.
This will promote efficiency.
Power backup- sometimes the supplied electricity is unreliable due to changing seasons,
therefore more reliable and sustainable alternative power sources to be installed such as solar
power and windmills which will sustain the airport services.
The addition of runways requires more land and therefore there is an urgent need for land
expansion in order to provide more space for runaway construction.
There is also a need for large size aircraft to meet the demands for larger cargo transportation
and stable ground to sustain the vast aircraft (Burke & Welbes 2018).
There is a need to move further the industries and objects such as the tall building near the
airport which pose the greater risks to the landing aircraft.
For security purposes, client identification techniques should be improved to facilitate the
identification process. Such methods include the use of facial detection techniques which are
quicker compared to the paper documents (Tsui, Yuen & Fung 2018).
29

There is also a great need to improve in road transportation such as taxi and truck system to
facilitate movement of the passengers and cargo to the airport for easy transportation.
The road traffic should be minimized by creating the exit and entry points at different locations
on the highways to avoid any collisions (Burke & Welbes 2018).
3.4 Data analysis.
3.4.1 Overview
A Master Plan gives an appraisal of an airport’s aviation needs and a general survey of the
systematic development that will most efficiently encounter those demands. An airport’s Master
Plan sets up advancement objectives and gives a detailed plan for long-term development on a
rationale for several study elements comprising of airfield arrangement, facility growth,
suggestions on the manner of airport land use, and sustenance facilities at the airport (Hampson
2018).
The master plan also acts as a significant tool for setting up the airport’s improvement
preferences and vindicating the requirements for government and other state organ funding aid,
(Rana & Bhatti 2018).
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) advised that airports bring up to date their airport
Master Plan after a period of ten years on maximum, or as demands necessitate early plan, to
give directions on local demands and changes at the airport. The last Master Plan for Melbourne
airport was compiled and finished in 2013. More lately, an Airport Layout Plan has been updated
and completed in 2018, after a reasonable period of five years (Hampson 2018).
The updating of this Airport Master Plan is important for a convenient reevaluation of the
airports general and specific performance such the ability to meet the local and international
demands, local economic requirement, constant changes of the technology in air transport
industry and its ability to adjust to any uncertainties (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
Melbourne has used the airport Master Plan established to assess the Airport’s capabilities and
duties, to outlook future aviation needs, and to scheme for the establishment of new or extension
of existing facilities that may be needed to meet the upcoming aviation market demands. The
main reason for master plan development is to provide viable guidelines to be applied for the
Airport’s general maintenance, growth, and performance within an environmentally and fiscally
accountable mode while sticking to appropriate aviation standards set out by various state organs
(Komninos 2018).
30

3.4.2 SWOT Analysis
A SWOT analysis is a well-designed business planning method utilized in identifying Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats connected with a given action or scheme in an
organization. The SWOT analysis entails identification of an event, goals, or fundamental factor,
and then recognizing the internal and external strengths that are dearly and negatively
influencing that event, goal, or a factor in a stated setting. For this research paper, the SWOT
analysis elements are being applied to Melbourne airport within the boundaries of its Master
Plan. As a result, it gives a progressive insight and guidance for the improvement of the airport’s
Master Plan (Hampson 2018).
3.4.2.1 Swot definitions
As covered earlier on, the SWOT analysis divides information into two major classes: external
and internal.
(i) Internal
This relates features of the Airport and market domain which can be thought as the source of
strengths or weaknesses to the event, goals, or factors.
(ii) External
This refers to the characteristics of the aviation industry which can rise as favor or danger to the
event, goals, or factors.
The SWOT, in addition, divides information into subclasses as strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats.
(a) Strengths
This refers to the internal features of the Airport which are beneficial to attaining the anticipated
events, goals, or factors.
(b) Weaknesses
This refers to the internal features of the Airport which are setbacks in attaining the anticipated
events, goals, or factors.
(c) Opportunities
31

This refers to the external characteristics of the industry which are of great help in achieving the
anticipated events, goals, or factors.
(d) Threats
This refers to the external characteristics of the industry which are barriers to attaining the
anticipated events, goals, or factors (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
3.4.2.2 SWOT analysis exercise
The SWOT analysis for Melbourne airport is on the basis of information collected in
communication and information channels such as community meetings, websites, social media
and the media release which give the information on the activities, plans, consultation periods
and plans for the future conducted in 2018 (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
The Melbourne consists of different stakeholders, government agencies as well as the
community leaders which make up the Planning Advisory Committee and Technical Advisory
Committee. These committees play a significant role in presenting different interests in the
Airport. A SWOT analysis was carried out with these diverse groups to locate fundamental
factors that are to be addressed and adjusted in the airport’s Master Plan. Shown in table two is
an outline of the findings from the SWOT analysis exercise (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018). These
results were applied to recommend for adjustments on the objectives and plans of the processing
of the airport’s Master Plan (Towfiqi 2018).
Strength Weaknesses.
Internal (features of the
airport market domain)
-Sufficient length of the
runway.
- Availability of the land for
extensive facility
development and expansion.
- Close location and strong
connections to corporate
markets which uses aviation
services.
- Strategic location to the
-insufficiency in the number
of runways to accommodate
the growing number of
aircraft.
-Communication barriers
between the stakeholders,
customers and aircraft
operators due to diverse
communication channels.
- The taxi and truck traffic
32

major highways and railway
lines for easy accessibility.
-Advanced air navigation
promotes proper air traffic
control for good navigation.
- Presence of airport traffic
control tower to monitor and
give directions to the landings
and takeoffs.
-Availability of ground
transport instruments on the
runways to facilitate easy
movements and off-loading
process.
- Qualified Airport staff for
aircraft control and for
administrative issues to
promote proper operations of
the airport.
-Convenient aviation services
are given to customers such
as air medical service,
periodical flight training to
ensure competency to the
crew, proper aircraft and
facility timely maintenance,
and proper service
management.
-Monetary and advisory
support from states and
federals.
due to the limited number of
highways, exits and let ins
slows down movements.
- Limitation in the operation
of the Airport Traffic Control
Tower. Towers work only on
daytime. Need for night
operation.
-The close proximity of local
residents near the airport
leads to noise pollution.
-The close proximity of
factories and structures near
the airport pose a risk of an
aircraft crash.
- Short runway length for
future heavy aircraft that
require a longer runway.
- Limited land space for
future airport expansion due
to close proximity on local
residences.
-Hangar availability (based
and transient aircraft).
- Insufficient fire stations –
not strategically located to the
active operation areas.
-Insufficient advanced
technology and facilities for
aircraft monitoring and
maintenance.
33

- Good working relationships
between the different
stakeholders within an airport
and between the airport’s
administration and the state
and other external aviation
industries internationally.
- Educational services to the
staff such as flight training to
have efficient operations
manpower.
- Positive economic influence
to the state at large and the
surrounding regions.
-The capability of
incorporating the airport with
the local and national
economic standards.
- Sufficient manual workers
for daily service provision.
-Insufficient roads that lead to
and from the Airport.
- Long periods before the
airport facilities are replaced.
May lead to malfunctioning.
- Expensive fuel due to poor
aircraft engines.
- Inadequate housing facilities
for the staff.
-Inadequate storage facilities
for the cargo.
- Lack of guidelines and
policies on the surrounding
land use.
Opportunity Threat
External (characteristics of
the airport industry)
-High opportunities for
education improvement
(flight training)
-Programmed commercial
services.
-The strategic position of
Melbourne Airport in
relationship to other airport
provides effective aviation
services.
-Airport’s capability to
expand the tenant base.
-Airport’s capability to
improve the local tax base.
-Diversification of the
-High competition from other
airports such as Sydney
airport, Brisbane airport, and
Adelaide airport.
-High demand worldwide for
fuel.
-The decline in farming
activities affects negatively
on cargo transportation.
-Activities such as structure
construction around the
airport pose accident risks.
-The uncertainty of future
funding from the sponsors
and investors.
34

economy in the state provides
an opportunity for service
delivery.
-Land acquisition potential
-A multitude of aviation
services that can be offered at
the Airport
-There is an improvement of
the roadway network.
-Improvement of the
communication network.
-Growth in the population
increases the aviation
demands.
-Introduction of drones as a
means for monitoring the
navigation services.
-Good links to large transit
systems.
-Good communication
relationship with the local
authorities and airports.
Table 3.1. Weaknesses and strengths of Melbourne’s airport master plan.
35

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.
This chapter gives a comparison between different airports found in Australia and justifications
on the claim that Melbourne airport has the best features that makes it outstanding among the
other airports. The superiority of an airport is based on its ability to have proper planning and
development of an effective and efficient master plan (Chudiniva & Afonina 2018).
Below are tables showing ranks of different airports with the respective parameters.
Ran
k
airport location 2000-
2001
2005-
2006
2010-
2011
2012-
2013
2014-
2015
2015-
2016
2016-
2017
1 Melbourn
e
Melbourne
Victoria
21,041 27,96
3
29,492 31,936 33,705 33,70
5
34,878
2 Brisbane Brisbane
Queenslan
d
12,467 16,01
6
19,975 21,145 21,918 22,32
0
22,653
3 Perth Perth,
Western
Australia
5,162 7,005 10,890 12,832 12,730 12,55
8
12,453
4 Adelaide Adelaide,
South
Australia
4,443 5,767 7,279 7,171 7,670 7,778 8,090
5 Gold coast Gold coast,
Queenslan
d
1,888 3,515 5,486 5,805 5,867 6,273 6,457
Table 4.1. Passenger movements for the year 2000 to 2017. (source: Bureau of
Infrastructure, Transport, and Regional Economics). Melbourne has the highest number of
passengers. This is due to the quality and efficient services offered. The structure of the master
36

plan provides proper guidelines that facilitate the efficiency of the company in service
delivery(Yang, Zhang & Hu 2010).
Rank Airport Location 2000 2005 2010 2015
1 Melbourne Melbourne,
Victoria
174,462 180,278 205,202 235,314
2 Jandakot Perth,
Western
Australia
265,700 372,300 295,516 222,874
3 Bankstown Sydney,
New South
Wales
298,798 275,846 275,978 220,166
4 Brisbane Brisbane,
Queensland
169,198 164,538 187,956 220,154
5 Perth Perth,
Western
Australia
103,198 101,648 124,640 138,728
Table 4.2 Air Craft movements from the year 2000 to 2015 in Australia. (source: Air
services Australia). Melbourne airport makes the highest number of air trips. The master plan
has a proper and organized schedule for its aircraft. The navigation safety is high due to effective
forecasting system that facilitates smooth navigation. (Chudiniva & Afonina 2018).
Rank Airport location State Domestic
revenue of
passengers
International
revenue of
passengers
Total
revenue of
passengers
1 Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 23,524,659 8,410,941 31,935,600
2 Brisbane Brisbane Queensland 16,775,021 5,143,336 21,918,357
3 Perth Perth Western
Australia
8,535,765 4,187,270 12,723,035
4 Gold coast Gold coast Queensland 4,988,337 878,957 5,867,294
5 Cairns Cairns Queensland 3,902,635 488,379 4,391,014
Table 4.3 Local and international passenger revenue from 2014 to 2015. ( source: Bureau of
Infrastructure, Transport, and Regional Economics).
37

Melbourne airport has the highest revenue return. This is due to the effective financial
management system which majors on the opportunities while minimizing on the risks (Chudiniva
& Afonina 2018).
From the results above, it is evident that the performance of an airport depends on the structure
of its master plan. An effective master plan majors on the opportunities available while reducing
the risks and losses. Melbourne airport used opportunity oh high population to increase its
aircraft and terminal capacity to meet the demands.
38

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
5.1 Conclusions.
An airport master plan is a significant tool to use for proper planning of the airport management
and development.
It provides a guideline that can be put in place for the long-term development of the airport and
thus avoiding any losses that normally result from uncertainties (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018).
Melbourne airport used master plan for its operations which resulted in its efficiency. A properly
developed master plan provides a solution to the future anticipated challenges by using the
current situations, master plan and also by use of information technologies to forecast future
events (Burke & Welbes 2018). Among the solutions provided by the master plan to Melbourne
aviation industry is on the improvement of the ground facility such as highway transportation,
storage facilities, navigation monitoring, proper guidelines on land use, proper communication
channels within the staff and between the industry and other local industries as well as the
international airports, strategic plans for security measures such as intensive and advanced
persons identification techniques such as passenger facial identification and aircraft safety by
intense cargo and customer scanning, (Stevens et al 2018).
5.2 Recommendations for master plan adjustments.
From the findings of this research, it is evident that a good aviation master plan must include
critical factors related to future airport development needs. It should be financially reasonable
where all plans are achievable by the funds available. The plans should meet the demands of
both the community and the airport itself, be able to comply with the laws and regulations and
the development sector while considering its input and output factors and finally, and be flexible
to meet demands and developments that arise (Rana & Bhatti 2018). The updating of this Airport
Master Plan is important for a convenient reevaluation of the airports general and specific
performance such the ability to meet the local and international demands, local economic
requirement, constant changes of the technology in air transport industry and its ability to adjust
to any uncertainties, (Chen et al 2018).
39

Melbourne has used the airport Master Plan established to assess the Airport’s capabilities and
duties, to outlook future aviation needs, and to scheme for the establishment of new or extension
of existing facilities that may be needed to meet the upcoming aviation market demands. The
main reason for master plan development is to provide viable guidelines to be applied for the
Airport’s general maintenance, growth, and performance within an environmentally and fiscally
accountable mode while sticking to appropriate aviation standards set out by various state
organs,( Komninos & Choi 2018).
Adjustments recommended on the 2018 master plan of Melbourne airport:
The master plan of Melbourne should make adjustments to meet the above requirements in order
to be able to achieve its development needs such as improvement of road transport network
towards the airport, expanding number and length of its runways to accommodate large aircrafts,
automation in identification techniques, use of electronic methods for service provision such as
online booking, proper land use by having proper structure for facility positioning, use of
alternative sources of power such solar energy, expansion of airport terminals to accommodate
aircrafts, provide proper communication channels, proper training of staff to ensure high quality
service delivery, establishment of strong networks with other international airports, use of latest
technology for space navigation and forecasting and insurance of its facilities to take care of any
risks and uncertainties, (Evans, 2018).
40

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