All Case Studies on Ethical theories, CSR Theories, Fair Trade, Future Trends in Corporate Social Responsibility

Case Study 1 Ethical theories and Commissioning of Student Essay
Introduction
In a world filled with different shades of dynamics, it has been identified that wherever people
interact in any form, it is largely consistent with Kaleidoscope of ethical issues arising from such
(Schlegelmilch and Oberseder, 2007). However, the question of ethics has been argued over
decades on its merits and application in the business world. Therefore, Elegido (1996) submit
that ethics in its original state, seeks to understand and to show the way that people should
behave and most essentially, the need to clarify such ways of behaving. In the context of the case
study on Commissioning of Student Essay, argument abound on the merits and demerits,
speaking from the perspective of plagiarism. The application of theories will show the difficulty
experienced in the use of the term ethics in business.
Argument
To address the case study, argument for and against using ethical theories, at best have been
found to be logical. The determination of what is good to students, providers of custom
essays/dissertation, Universities and organizations may differ in the quest to provide
understanding of ethics from the utilitarian perspective, which advocates the principle of utility
and the overall good to all parties involved (Gamlund, 2012). The utility of custom essays has
been argued to provide leading light to many university students who may need simpler
clarification such, as against the normal lectures obtained from lecturers. Plagiarism as it were,
has been placed to check undue usage of scholarly works. The interrelationship between what is
plagiarism and what is wrong with it has become the basis of argument (Helgesson and Eriksson,
2014). However, the quest for additional knowledge can be argued as one of the reasons for the
purchase of custom essays by students, for the furtherance of their reading, to enable better
grades and better understanding. Gren (2004) argues that in applying utilitarianism ethics, there
is need to ascertain the rightness of action. Since providers of custom essays say that it aids
students in further research and not for immediate consumption or replication for submission,
which supports plagiarism, it is therefore seen as utility for the parties involved – for example
(student, universities, organizations and the service providers themselves).
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Further argument from deontological ethical perspectives will advance discussion on the need for
duty delivery by all the parties involved (students, universities, custom essay providers and
organizations). It is expected that all the parties mentioned above owe a kind of duty to
themselves in this regards regardless of consequences that may result from various platforms of
actions. Deontology therefore seeks to achieve the activation of duty on circumstance (Gaus,
2001). It is the duty of students to pass their modules with good grades; it is the duty of
university authorities to churn out quality graduates; it is the duty of custom essay providers to
deliver simpler knowledge from which students can achieve further reading; and it is the duty of
organizations also to employ qualified employees into their workforce. According to Norman
(2013), there is no uncontroversial way of addressing problems that result from the intended
application of ethical theories (consequentialist and deontological).
The interjection of virtue ethics which seeks to appeal to good character of the agents involved in
the given case study, has been found to negate the positions of utilitarianism and consequentialist
divides of ethics (Norman, 2013). Virtue ethics has been observed to bring to mind the reality of
actions of virtue. Hursthouse (1999) claims that actions are right and only right if an action is
what a virtuous agent will do in a given circumstance. In the context of the case study in view, it
is expected that all the parties involved must lay claim to some form of virtue in their individual
dispositions. The argument as to what forms a virtue in the parties involved may throw up
another angle of argument. However, virtue ethics seeks to draw a measure of reason from the
parties as to their response to the question of plagiarism, as one of the bane of quality education
deliveries in universities around the world. The undue usage of scholarly works has been
identified as inhibiting the potentials of students. Virtue ethics in this regards will hold that
students must understand the value of education and more value as to how they put in effort in
gaining knowledge which is key. In the same vein, Kirsten (2017) argued that acting in a
virtuous way results in the happiness and emotional satisfaction of the agent. It goes to say that
universities must continue to develop checks on what students submit, to ensure that a good
percentage of their submissions are their personal academic contributions; that students must see
value in the need for improved studies; that organizations should do more in sourcing talents that
qualify for the available jobs; and that providers of custom essays must intimate students of the
need to use their products with utmost good-faith.
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As much as deontological and consequentialist ethical doctrines speak in different directions, one
of the need for duty to do the right and of the other to consider the consequence of actions, virtue
ethics provides the question of reason based on virtue, which should positive.
Case Study 2 Online Gambling/CSR Theories
The case of gambling and its recurrent nature of impacts on its players has taken a position of
interest in some literatures on social issues. Organizations that are into services have been known
to rake in huge profits at the expense of societal balance. According to Price Water Copper
(2015) gaming revenue from global casino got to $182.8 billion in the year 2015. This indicates
9.2% from year 2010 standing at $117.6 billion. This revenue position clearly supports Friedman
(1970) position that organizations generally are expected to show responsibility in generating
profits as returns to investment to investors.
Corporate social responsibility debates on gaming organizations remains an unstable discuss as
many view the activities of such firms as unethical in the first place. CSR for many reasons have
been seen as a seeming substitute for unethical practices in the business environment. However,
Carroll (1996) model of corporate social responsibility suggest the different levels of operations
of corporate social responsibility by organizations, no matter their type of operations.
Source: Carroll (1996).
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From bottom up economic responsibility is expected from gaming organizations in countries
where they are allowed to thrive. And as such they are expected to make profits which is of
importance in addressing the issues of welfare to workers and returns to investors (Carroll,
2016). Good revenue and profit margins brings about capacity for the delivery of many other
aspect of corporate social responsibilities. This aspect of Carroll’s submission finds connection
with Friedman (1970) position on the need for firms to show responsibility in profit making, and
without which their capacity to sustain organizational operations may fail.
On the other hand, the legal expectations from gaming companies in their countries of operations
is critical to their survival as well. Countries place laws and regulations to guide the operation of
companies. And since organizations are taken to be a person, it is relevant gaming firms align
their social compliance as corporate citizens that they are (Carroll, 2016), in order to effectively
articulate their operations. Since corporate social responsibility show friendly partnership with
society, it is reasonable also to expect that such companies abide by the law.
The ethical aspect of the pyramid may be addressed in different ways in different cultures. In
some countries they may be taxed in exchange for their operational license and are hugely
involved in philanthropy. This is a way of given back to the communities where they do
business. However, Reidenbach and Robin (1991) the moral development of an organization as
being the yard stick for judging them as responding to morality in the business environment.
Though similar in some ways to Carroll (1996) model of corporate social responsibility,
Reidenbach and Robin tried to moral growth development of firms including gaming to be
consistent with the profit assertion of Friedman (1970) thoughts on the importance of profit as
the first corporate social responsibility of firms to themselves and to their shareholders. The
present provision of counselling for gambling addicts in some climes indicates gradual
compliance to the moral development model of Reidenbach and Robin. This is consistent with
organizations realizing that some of their activities compromise sustenance of good society in the
long run. And as a good corporate citizen, it behooves on such companies to do the needful by
helping out people found to be in addiction to the practice. Also in the same vein, gambling
companies running commercials on the possible caveats in the game would be a step in the
direction in cautioning prospective players in the dangers that are inherent in such practice.
Developing into an ethical organization from the amoral stage of Reidenbach and Robin
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