Alzheimer’s Disease: Symptoms, Stages, Diagnosis and Treatment

This educational brochure provides an overview of Alzheimer’s Disease, including its symptoms, stages, diagnosis and treatment options. It also delves into the pathophysiology and bio physiology of the disease. The brochure is a valuable resource for anyone seeking to understand Alzheimer’s Disease.

Educational Brochure:
Alzheimer’s Disease
Name of the Student
Name of the University

What is Alzheimer’s Disease ?

What is Alzheimer’s Disease ?
• Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease in the
brain that has the characteristics of impairment in the
memory
• It leads to disturbances and imbalance in planning,
reasoning, perception and language
• It has been supported by most scientists that
accumulation of the beta-amyloid protein in human
brain is one of the main responsible reasons
• It results in the nerve cell death that leads to the
impairment of body functions

Stages of Alzheimer's disease

Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease

Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease
Abnormal and extra deposition of the folded A-beta and tau proteins (Beta-amyloid )
Pharmaceutical Treatments
Donepizel (under the brand name of Aricept for all stages of disease)
Galantamine (Razadyne) , for mild to moderate stages
Rivastigmine (Exelon), for mild to moderate stages
Non- Pharmaceutical Treatments
Reality orientation treatments
Behavioural Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Multisensory Therapy
Aromatherapy
Emotion-oriented interventions
Caregiver training programs

Diagnostic tests
• The different levels of Diagnostic tests for Alzheimer’s disease are as followed,
• Neurological exam (valuating the signal brain disorder, fluid accumulation in brain
and illness of impair memory. Apart from this, reflexes, muscle tone coordination,
speech and sensation are tested)
• Home screening tests for dementia
• Neuropsychological Screening Tests
• Mental status tests (The symptom, date and time, memory power ability)
• Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the Mini-Cog test
• Computerised Bran mapping test
• Mood assessment
• Genetic testing based on computerised mechanisms
• Brain imaging
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Tests
• Positron Emission Tomography

Bio physiology of the Alzheimer's disease
The fibrous deposits over accumulation of Beta-amyloid protein

Bio physiology of the Alzheimer's disease
• Due to the formation of the clumps there is
onset of abnormal behavioural pattern in the
human brain
• The individual with the disease face problems in
planning, reasoning, perception and language
understanding
• In severe cases, the abnormal biochemical
reactions also lead to hallucinations due to
destruction of the frontal lobe in the brain

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
This PET scan detects the abnormality in the brain due to Alzheimer's
disease detecting loss of function in brain’s temporal lobe

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
• There are both medicinal and non-drug based
approaches for the treatment of the Alzheimer's
disease
• Namenda (memantine) is prescribed for regulating
glutamate in brain
• Razadyne is also prescribed for preventing the
breaking down of the acetylcholine in brain.
• Razadyne capsule or tablet intake can delay the onset
of Alzheimer's disease by at least 12 months as well as
minimise its effect.

References
Alzheimer’s, A. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's &
dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 11(3), 332.
Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Jacova, C., Hampel, H., Molinuevo, J. L., Blennow, K., ... &
Cappa, S. (2014). Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease:
the IWG-2 criteria. The Lancet Neurology, 13(6), 614-629.
https://alzheimer-recherche.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Lancet-Neuro-B.D
ubois-2014.pdf
Kumar, A., & Singh, A. (2015). A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and
its management: an update. Pharmacological Reports, 67(2), 195-203.
Selkoe, D. J., & Hardy, J. (2016). The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25
years. EMBO molecular medicine, 8(6), 595-608.
http://embomolmed.embopress.org/content/8/6/595.abstract
Winblad, B., Amouyel, P., Andrieu, S., Ballard, C., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., ... &
Fratiglioni, L. (2016). Defeating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a
priority for European science and society. The Lancet Neurology, 15(5), 455-532.
https://www.alzheimer.dk/media/194511/lancet-neurology-comm-paper_april20
16_p455_532.pdf

Thank You!