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AML1001/1101 DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS

AML1001/1101 DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS
Table of Contents
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................2
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................4
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................9
Reference List................................................................................................................................13
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AML1001/1101 DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS
Task 1
1. a. CVCCVCC
1. b. CCVCCVC
1. c. VCCVC
1. d. VC
1. e. CVC
1. f. CCVC
1. g. CVC
1. h. CVCVCVC
1. i. VCCVCCVCVC
1. j. VCCVC
2. a. The symbol /əʊ/ is mostly used as a vowel sound and can have various utilizations where
the pronunciations differ (Liberman, 2018). These are:
 on like in the word boat
 oe like in the word toe
 ow like in the word flow
 ou like in the word soul
 Where "o" is an anomaly with a double consonant like the poll
2. b. Five spellings of the word /k/ is:
 c can be used as cat
 k can be used as sky
 -ck can be used as the lock
 ch can be used as the character
 -que can be used as the technique
2. c. /u/ can have the following five spellings:
 ew as in the word screw
 ue as in the word blue
 ou as in the word soup
 oe as in the word shoe
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AML1001/1101 DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS
 oo as in the word spoon
Different pronunciations of the letter “o” along with specific examples are:
 O as in /ʌ/ used in a word like some
 O as in /ɑ/ used in a word like not
 O as in /ow/ used in a word like loan
 O as in /uw/ used in a word like the fool
 O as in /ʊ/ used in a word like wood
The word “some” and “sum” have different spellings but have the same pronunciation. Same is
the case with the word "not" and the word "naught". "Loan" and "lone" have similar sounds but
different meanings as well (McCarthy, 2018). The word “fool” and the word “full” may sound
similar but are written in different ways. Lastly, the word “wood” is a noun but sounds similar to
“would” which is a modal verb. All these can be called homophones as they sound similar but
have different meanings as well as are written in different ways. The reason for these variations
takes us back to hundreds of years when the first term of the English language came into
existence (Mitterer et al. 2018). The language has evolved extensively from the first made
English language because, the people, time, and culture have largely influenced it as it had
passed hundreds of years to come to the standardized form it has today (Bouma et al. 2015). It
has emerged from various dialects like Scandinavian, Latin, French, West Germanic, and many
more and has reformed completely from the ‘Old English’ structure. The effect of time and
influence of culture have made it a language with variations and certain illogical aspects as well,
examples of which have been provided already (Munro, 2016).
3. a. Xenophobia
3. b. Yoke
3. c. Human condition
3. d. Babies time
3. e. Isn’t transcribing fun
3. f. Pneumatic drill
3. g. Have you got a goat
3. h. A night in his knavish trick
3. i. Sit in that seat
3. j. The shut the door on my foot
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AML1001/1101 DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS
Task 2
The transcript that has been presented is a conversation between Alex Jones (AJ) and Matt Baker
(MB) who are the presenters of BBC’s The One Show, in this show, the Prime Minister of
United Kingdom Theresa May (TM) and her husband Philip May (PM) has been invited.
AJ: hɛˈləʊ ænd ˈwɛlkəm tuː ðə wʌn ʃəʊ, wɪð mæt ˈbeɪkə
MB: ænd ˈæləks ʤəʊnz. naʊ wɪð ʌs təˈnaɪt ɪz ˈsʌmwʌn huːz ˈfeɪməsli biːn kɔːld "ə ˈdɪfɪkəlt
ˈwʊmən." ænd ðæts ðə priː-ˈwɔːtəʃɛd ˈvɜːʃən
AJ: naʊ, ɪz ɪt ə feə dɪsˈkrɪpʃən? wɛl, lɛts ɑːsk ðə mæn huː nəʊz hɜː bɛst, bɪˈkɒz ˈaʊə gɛsts təˈnaɪt
ɑː ðə praɪm ˈmɪnɪstə, təˈreɪzə meɪ, ænd hɜː ˈhʌzbənd, ˈfɪlɪp
AJ: ˈlʌvli tuː hæv juː bəʊθ
MB: ˈwɛlkəm tuː ðə wʌn ʃəʊ!
AJ: wɛl, lɛts gɛt daʊn tuː ðə ˈnɪti-ˈgrɪti ðɛn ˈfɪlɪp, aɪ miːn haʊ hɑːd ɪz ɪt tuː wɪn ə nɪˌgəʊʃɪˈeɪʃən
wɪð jɔː waɪf?
PM:əʊ ðæts ə gʊd ˈkwɛsʧən. wɛl ðeəz gɪv ænd teɪk ɪn ˈɛvri ˈmærɪʤ ˈɪznt ðeə?
AJ:ɒv kɔːs!
MB: jeə.
PM: aɪ gɛt tuː dɪˈsaɪd wɛn aɪ teɪk ðə bɪnz aʊt, nɒt ɪf aɪ teɪk ðə bɪnz aʊt
MB: aɪ miːn…
TM: ðeəz bɔɪ ʤɒbz ænd gɜːl ʤɒbz juː siː.
MB:əʊ ˈrɪəli, huː jeə… wɒt bɔɪ ænd gɜːl ʤɒbz?
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PM:aɪ aɪ ˈdɛfɪnɪtli duː ðə ˈteɪkɪŋ ðə bɪnz aʊt, aɪ duː ðə trəˈdɪʃənl bɔɪ ʤɒbz baɪ ænd lɑːʤ.
MB:jeə, jeə. naʊ ɒv kɔːs praɪm ˈmɪnɪstə juː erm ˈfeɪməsli juːzd ðə biː wɜːd wɛn juː wɜː dɪs
ˈkraɪbɪŋ haʊ ˈdɪfɪkəlt juː kæn biː. səʊ ðɪs ɪz ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈɒbvɪəsli ðæt juː duː ˈrɛkəgnaɪz, æz fɑːr æz
nɪˌgəʊʃɪˈeɪʃənz ɑː kənˈsɜːnd?
TM:əʊ aɪ aɪ aɪ wɒz erm wɛl wɛn aɪ juːzd ɪt aɪ wɒz ɒv kɔːs ˈjuːzɪŋ ə dɪsˈkrɪpʃən ðæt ˈsʌmbədi ɛls,
ə ˈkɒliːg, hæd juːzd ɒv miː bʌt aɪm ʤʌst sɔːt ɒv ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə pɔɪnt ðæt ˈækʧʊəli juː nəʊ wɛn juː ɑːr
ɪn nɪˌgəʊʃɪˈeɪʃənz juː niːd tuː biː tʌf ænd ˈækʧʊəli ɪts raɪt tuː biː tʌf ˈsʌmtaɪmz, pəˈtɪkjʊləli wɛn
jʊə ˈdu(ː)ɪŋ ˈsʌmθɪŋ fɔː ðə ˈkʌntri.
AJ:jɛs, jɛs ænd ˈriːsntli juː wɛnt ɒn ə ˈlʌvli ˈwɔːkɪŋ ˈhɒlədeɪ ɪn Snowdonia
PM:ˈæbsəluːtli
AJ:ænd juː keɪm bæk ænd dɪˈsaɪdɪd ðæt juː wʊd kɔːl ən ɪˈlɛkʃən. naʊ əˈrɪʤɪnəli juː sɛd ðæt juː
ˈwʊdnt duː ðæt ənˈtɪl 2020 bʌt ˈɒbvɪəsli juːd hæd ə ʧeɪnʤ ɒv maɪnd. wɒt wɒz ðə ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃən
ðɛn ðæt lɛd ʌp tuː ðæt pɔɪnt ænd ˈfɪlɪp, dɪd juː θɪŋk, hæŋ ɒn wɪər ɒn ˈhɒlədeɪ hɪə, wɒt ɑː wiː
ˈhævɪŋ ðɪs ʧæt əˈbaʊt naʊ fɔː?
PM:wɛn juː ɑː ˈmærɪd tuː ðə piː-ɛm ɒv kɔːs wɜːk ɪnˈɛvɪtəbli ɪnˈtruːdz bʌt…
TM:aɪ miːn ɪt wɒz aɪ hæd sɛd æz juː sɛd ðæt aɪ ˈwʊdnt hæv ən ɪˈlɛkʃən ənˈtɪl 2020 bɪˈkɒz wɛn aɪ
bɪˈkeɪm piː-ɛm lɑːst jɪər aɪ θɪŋk ðə məʊst ɪmˈpɔːtənt θɪŋ wɒz stəˈbɪlɪti.
AJ:jɛs.
TM:ænd aɪ ˈwɒntɪd tuː gɪv ðə ˈkʌntri ðæt stəˈbɪlɪti ænd ʃəʊ ðæt wiː wɜː ˈgɛtɪŋ ɒn wɪð ðə ˈbrɛgzɪt
ˈprəʊsɛs. bʌt wɛn wiː wɜː ˈgəʊɪŋ θruː ðə ˈprəʊsɛs ɒv ˈtrɪgərɪŋ ˈɑːtɪkl 50 ɪt ʤʌst bɪˈkeɪm klɪə ðæt
ˈʌðə ˈpɑːtiz wɜː ˈlʊkɪŋ əˈhɛd tuː dɪsˈrʌpt nɪˌgəʊʃɪˈeɪʃənz ænd aɪ ʤʌst fɛlt ɪt wɒz ɪmˈpɔːtənt tuː
hæv ən ɪˈlɛkʃən, tuː gɛt ə klɪə ˈmændeɪt, eə tuː…ænd ðɛn teɪk ðæt ˈfɔːwəd ænd ˈstrɛŋθən ðə juː-
keɪz hænd ɪn nɪˈgəʊʃɪeɪtɪŋ. bɪˈkɒz ɪt ɪz ˈgəʊɪŋ tuː biː tʌf.
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MB:jeə səʊ wɪð ðæt pəˈtɪkjʊlə ˈwɔːkɪŋ ˈhɒlədeɪ ðɛn, dɪd juː gəʊ tuː klɪə jɔː maɪnd səʊ ðæt juː
wʊd gɛt ˈsɔːtɪd ɔːr ɪz ɪt ˈsʌmθɪŋ ðæt ʤʌst kaɪnd ɒv ˈhæpənd wɛn juː wɜː ðeə?
PM:wiː gəʊ bɪˈkɒz wiː lʌv ˈwɔːkɪŋ ɪn ðə wɛlʃ ˈmaʊntɪnz. aɪ miːn ðæt ɪz ðə ˈriːzn.
AJ:əʊ gʊd ʧɔɪs!
PM:ðæt ɪz ðə ˈriːzn wiː gəʊ. wiː duː. wiː duː lʌv ɪt.
TM:ɪt ɪz aɪ miːn ɪts greɪt.
AJ:<<ʌnˈklɪə>> ɪz ˈbjuːtəfʊl ˈɪznt ɪt?
TM:…ɪt ɪz ˈbjuːtəfʊl
PM:wɛn wiː ɪˈvɛnʧəli gɛt tuː ðə tɒp aɪl aɪl...biː ˈeɪbl tuː tɛl juː…
TM:nəʊ wiː hæv biːn ʌp wʌns
PM:wiːv biːn ʌp wʌns?
TM:jɛs.
MB:wɒt wɒz ðə draɪv bæk tuː ˈlʌndən laɪk wɛn juːv juː nəʊ wʌns juːv dɪˈsaɪdɪd?
TM:Erm wɛl aɪ dəʊnt θɪŋk ɪt wɒz ˈɛni ˈdɪfrənt…aɪ miːn ðə pɔɪnt ɪz ðæt juː nəʊ ɪn ðɪs rəʊl frɒm
taɪm juː ɑː ˈmeɪkɪŋ tʌf dɪˈsɪʒənz. aɪm ˈmeɪkɪŋ tʌf dɪˈsɪʒənz frɒm taɪm tuː taɪm. ænd aɪ θɪŋk ði ɪm
ˈpɔːtənt θɪŋ ɪz ðæt wɒtˈɛvə juː ɑː ˈlʊkɪŋ æt, wɒtˈɛvə jʊə ˈdu(ː)ɪŋ, duː wɒt juː θɪŋk ɪz raɪt. ænd ænd
juː nəʊ wɛn juːv dɪˈsaɪdɪd wɒt juː θɪŋk ɪz raɪt, ðɛn ʤʌst gɛt ɒn wɪð ðə ʤɒb ænd gɛt ɒn wɪð ɪt.
AJ:ænd hɛd daʊn. wɛl wiː ɑː nɒt ˈgəʊɪŋ tuː biː dɪsˈkʌsɪŋ ˈpɒlɪtɪks wɪð ə ˈkæpɪtl piː təˈnaɪt, bɪˈkɒz
ðə praɪm ˈmɪnɪstə wɪl biː ˈfeɪsɪŋ ə ˈgrɪlɪŋ frɒm ˈændruː niːl ɪn ðɪs taɪm slɒt ɪn ə ˈkʌpl ɒv wiːks.
səʊ wɪə ˈgəʊɪŋ tuː biː ˈteɪkɪŋ ə ˈdɪfrənt tæk, ɑːnt wiː, ˈlʊkɪŋ æt hɜː kɔː bɪˈliːfs, hɜː kəˈrɪər ænd ɒv
kɔːs hɜː ˈpɑːtnəʃɪp wɪð hɜː ˈhʌzbənd.
MB: jɛs, ˈʤɛrɪmi Corbyn wɪl biː hɪə ʤʌst bɪˈfɔː ði ɪˈlɛkʃən æz wɛl ænd wiː ɑː ˈgənə biː ˈfɪlmɪŋ
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wɪð faɪv ˈʌðə ˈpɑːti ˈliːdəz æz wɛl bʌt wiː ɑː ˈstɑːtɪŋ θɪŋz ɒf.
AJ:jɛs, naʊ wʌn ˌjʊərəˈpi(ː)ən ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən aɪm ʃʊə ðə meɪz ɑː ˈfɜːmli bɪˈhaɪnd ɪz ˈjʊərəʊˌvɪʒən -
naʊ wɪə nɒt ˈliːvɪŋ ðæt æz wɛl ɑː wiː?
TM:nəʊ. ɔːlˈðəʊ aɪm ˈtɛmptɪd tuː seɪ ɪn ˈkʌrənt ˈsɜːkəmstənsɪz, aɪm nɒt ʃʊə haʊ ˈmɛni vəʊts wiːl
gɛt!
MB:jeə wɛl…
AJ:nɪl pɔɪnts.
MB:ðæts ˈgəʊɪŋ tuː biː ˈvɛri ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ kʌm ˈsætədeɪ, ˈvɛri ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ ɪnˈdiːd.
AJ:wɛl, ɪts stɪl ˈhæpnɪŋ ænd mɛl Giedroyc ɪz ˈrɪəli pliːzd əˈbaʊt ðæt.
ʃiː ænd ˈaʊə ˈhəʊpfʊl kənˈtɛstənt Lucie ʤəʊnz wɪl biː ˈtɔːkɪŋ tuː ʌs frɒm ˈkiːɛf ə bɪt ˈleɪtər ɒn.
MB:naʊ ðə biː-biː-siː ænd ˈʌðə ˈbrɔːdkɑːstəz, ˈiːvən ˈfeɪsˌbʊk, ɑː ˈbiːfɪŋ ʌp ðeə fækt-ˈʧɛkɪŋ
ˈdjʊərɪŋ ði ɪˈlɛkʃən bɪˈkɒz ɒv ðə raɪz ɒv feɪk njuːz.
AJ:jʌŋ ˈpiːpl ɑː ˈgrəʊɪŋ ʌp ɪn ə wɜːld weə ˈsjuːdəʊ fækt, ˈruːmər ænd ˈdaʊnraɪt ɪnˈvɛnʃən ɑː prɪ
ˈzɛntɪd æz ðə truːθ səʊ wɒt kæn biː dʌn əˈbaʊt ɪt? wɛl wiːv hæd ə fjuː aɪˈdɪəz.
The differences in speech and accent may occur due to the geographical location of a person.
Here there are four people conversing with each other, and all of them have the varied way of
talking (van, and Aroyo, 2018). The reason behind that is they belong from different countries or
areas and have different accents, which have developed because of the environment that they
grew up. The variation in accent might occur due to the influence of culture as well as the
influence of other individuals on a certain person (Treiman et al. 2015). The four people present
in the interview have different origins. Theresa May was born in Sussex, and her husband is
originally from Norwich. The talk show host Matt Baker is from Easington and his partner Alex
Jones is from Ammanford. Although all the people present in the given situation are from the
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AML1001/1101 DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS
same place that is the United Kingdom and uses the same language for communication, which is
English, they differ a lot in the way they pronounce the words (Singh et al. 2015).
The transcript above shows clearly how these individuals use their ways of communicating in
English with each other but sound very different doing so (Ronquest and Rao, 2018). The accent
variation is different from dialect variation and accent may vary because of geographical or
social reasons as well. However, dialect variation brings about changes in the language as a
whole, with differences in the basic structure and grammar of a language. Here the differences in
accent are obvious from the conversation between the four people. The use of diphthongs is more
popular amongst the people of UK, and they tend to stress on the first letters of a word, which is
different in the American form of English (Popescu, 2016). While AJ's accent differs clearly
from the rest of the members present in the interview, the Mays have an almost similar accent.
AJ pronounces her words with a slight pause between them and between the words itself. TM, on
the other hand, uses connected speeches like "gonna" or “ˈgənə” in her sentences. AJ tends to
lose the “g” sounds in words like “leaving” and pronounces it like “ˈliːvɪŋ” and her words seem
incomplete. The variations like this prove the difference in the accent of the four individuals,
which is obvious to the ears of the listeners. The pauses made by AJ and the ellipses by TM are
the examples of the difference in the way the words are presented by them (Ohala, 2017). MB
pronounces London with a “u” sound while PM’s pronunciation of the word “walking” can
easily be heard as “waking” that makes it an allophonic representation of the term.
Therefore, the various words spoken by these four people on The One Show bring us examples
with a variety of accents and pronunciations of similar words in different ways (Nishibayashi and
Nazzi, 2016). It opens up greater areas of investigation and understanding of the phonetics of
language, specifically the English language in this context. To understand the variations in
accent through the proper focus on the video, which is an interview involving four different
persons, helps us further down the paper to get a hold of the different aspects of phonetics, some
of which have been discussed already in the sections above (Nazzi et al. 2016).
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AML1001/1101 DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS
Task 3
This paper presents a clear understanding of the term phonetics and all the aspects related to it
(Kibrik, 2017). Although the term is short and simple, it has greater technical aspects as the
structure of a language depends on phonetics. Phonetics is an important part of linguistics and
deals with the sounds made or created by human beings while speaking. In case a person is mute
and he is using sign language then the aspects equivalent to the sounds are considered the
phonetics of sign language. The concept of phonetics is a very physical approach to the language
used by us humans. The various properties of speech like the acoustic and physiological
production, auditory perception as well as the neurophysiologic status form a significant part of
phonetics (Khansir and Pakdel, 2016). The sections above where there is a transcript that has
been provided for a certain interview, the use of all the varied aspects of phonetics can be seen.
The interview shows the aspects of articulatory phonetics or the use of organs for proper speech
by the person who is speaking. For example, it can be described as the use of the tongue and the
lips to pronounce a specific word or letter. Then there is the acoustic phonetics, which is kind of
a transmission of sounds of speech from the person who is speaking to the person who is
listening. It is like the word "sit", and the word "seat" that are uttered by TM in the interview and
understanding the variation of the words from the sound of the it defines what the word means in
a specific sentence (Jared and Bainbridge, 2017). Finally, there is the auditory phonetics, which
is how a listener perceives or receives certain words or speeches and their sounds. This involves
various allophonic letters and words that can have its correct meaning when the listener can
perceive it in the right way. For example, the letters g and k can sound similar in words like
"think" and "thing" where the first word is pronounced by TM and has to be understood by the
audience of the interview to properly decipher what she wants to say (Khansir and Pakdel, 2016).
The presence of homophones has been described in the sections above. They are part of the
phonetics of language and form an irreplaceable segment of the dialect that the individuals
present in the interview are using (Jared and Bainbridge, 2017). The variations of speech can be
well understood between the different accents that are in action. The standard accent of the
people whose mother tongue is English is the Received Pronunciation, which is also referred to
as the “Queen’s English” or the “Oxford English” and it forms a part of the dictionary that
denotes the Standard English language. It is an accent used by the posh and rich people like the
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Mays, and then there is the cockney accent used by the working class of London, where the
physicality of the roundness of the lips is used as part of the phonetics (Hirose, 2016). The other
form of accent used in the interview is the Welsh accent that is being spoken by AJ mostly, and it
is very clear from the way she uses her vowels and consonants. She is stressing her vowels out
and is producing the double sound effect (like “oo”) to pronounce her words or the vowels to be
specific. As stated above she also tends to change the suffix of certain "ing" words to "en" only,
which is not the case for the other three persons present in the room of interview. PM here
portrays a tendency of slurring out certain letters as part of the connector speech process, and the
letter "h" that is a consonant goes silent at times when there is a vowel present next to it
(Haspelmath, 2016). For example, the word “her” becomes “er” while using it in a spoken
context of the phonetics. MB also has a tendency of using the "u" sound in words like "much"
that have been used later in the interview. All the members present in the interview have a
common thing, which is they stress the beginning of their words and not the ends. They also
have a stress pattern involving the letter "r" that repeatedly comes in the context of the interview,
and it is always stressed upon on a double or triple “r” basis (Harley, 2017).
However, that is done when the letter “r” is present if the beginning of a word and not towards
the end for example, in the word “rumour” used by AJ where the “r” in the beginning is stressed
while the one at the end is dropped, thus, elongating the vowel sound (Han and Kim, 2017). For
other words like "Saturday", "important", "leaders", and many more, the "r" sound becomes
silent allowing the vowels sounds to linger for a little while longer than it is meant to be. These
kinds of variations forms a part of the interview here, and other phonemic contrasts or
differences are present in the whole conversation if listened closely and attentively. Words like
“walking” can be mistaken and misheard as “waking” and it represents a proper phonemic style
(Everett, 2016). Next is the point of intonation that is present in the complete conversational
transcript. The level of intonation falls as it comes to the end of a sentence or paragraph and is
presented better as a statement rather than a question. The pronunciation of the letter /r/ is more
with the tongue being a flattened surface rather than a curl back to the back of the mouth. The
stressed letter and the source of variation is in the use of the alphabets and specifically the letter
“r“. It is spoken with the tongue going up towards the surface of the mouth but not touching the
surface, as that will change the way in which it is pronounced. The lips are shaped roundly while
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using this formula (Embick et al. 2016). Therefore, the conversation above shows proper
variations in accents, which can be identified and have been involved in this paper as the work of
research on which this information is based.
The whole conversation provides this paper with proper understanding and notions regarding the
phonetics of the English language. It has been able to bring in the variation, which is crucial to
understand when the language of various people comes as a context (Dikilitaş and Erten, 2018).
For another example, we can also consider the omission of the /t/ sound that is visible from the
speeches given by the individual people. The Received Punctuation accent of the words, which is
used specifically by the Mays pronounces the /t/ as it is in words like "interesting", "tempted",
"partnership", and many more (Coulthard, 2016). The hosts AJ and MB do the same with their /t/
sound. All the four individuals as stated above tend to leave their vowels open and pronounce it
for a longer period, thus, stressing their importance in the figures of speech and as part of
phonetics. The use of the diphthong /əʊ/ or [ɛʊ] starts from the front of the mouth for examples,
in words like “process”, “forward”, “occasion”, etc., and not from deep back the mouth. The use
of /ɪə/ is more amongst the people of UK and the English folks. In words, like "were" the
sound /eə/ is used, and the "r" is dropped (Comesaña et al. 2016). While the accent used by the
four different individuals from four different places and four different social backgrounds have
some common turf because all four of them are from some part of the United Kingdom and have
retained the accent of the place. However, there still are variations in the way certain words are
spoken by these people like the use of stress in most of the words by AJ. Both MB and AJ have a
greater stress on the consonant sounds like “d”, “t”, “r”, and many more while TM and PM
mostly stressed on the /ɪə/ sounds, the /eə/ sounds, the /æ/ sounds, and many more vowel sounds,
which became quite evident from their speech itself (Bridges, 2018).
Lastly, the use of the deletion of certain sounds and then create a connected speech out of that
like using the word “gonna” shows the influence of the social aspects on the accent of an
individual (Bouchon et al. 2015). Dropping allophonic words like "h", "d", and "r" is also part of
the connected processes of speech, and that research is being used in this paper to find out the
impact of phonetics and discuss the aspects of the term in details. The unpreparedness of the
guests to answer certain questions led them to a disruption of the morphological structure, while
the hosts of the show were prepared and did not halter once while asking questions (Aoyama and
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Davis, 2017). There were certain syntax errors in the conversation too, for example, at those
times when TM broke into PM’s speech and continued the conversation from there onwards.
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