Bacterial pneumonia is a lung disorder affected by bacterial infection. Amoxicillin is one of the effective medications from penicillin group of medication that helps to relieve from such disorders. Learn about its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and precautions.
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Running head: AMOXICILLIN FOR PNEUMONIA AMOXICILLIN FOR PNEUMONIA Name of the student: Name of the incident: Author note:
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1 AMOXICILLIN FOR PNEUMONIA Bacterial infection: Bacterial pneumonia can be defined as the common lung infection where the air sacks of the lungs become inflamed. These sacs are then seen to get filled with fluid, pus as well as cellular debris. Bacterial pneumonia can result in affecting one portion of the lung or as the full lung as a whole (Nascimento-Carvalho et al., 2017). This disorder mainly affects the capacity of the body to get enough oxygen for the blood and therefore the cells are seen to failseverely to work properly. Microorganism that causes the disorder: Streptococcus pneumoniais mainly the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia that enter the lungs through inhalation or can also enter through the bloodstream.Haemophilus influenzais the second type of bacterial organisms that mainly stay in the upper respiratory tract of the individuals and only affects the body when the immune system is weakened (Xiang et al., 2016). Smoking, working in an environment with lot of pollution as well as living or working in hospitals increases the chance of the infection. Pathophysiology and mechanism leading to the disorder: From the evidence based articles that are found, it is seen that once the microorganisms enter inside the alveoli, they are seen to travel to the spaces between the cells and even between the adjacent alveoli by the creation of pores. This invasion is mainly seen to trigger the immune response of the body by sending the WBC to attack the bacteria. These neutrophils are then sent engulf the bacteria and thereby releasing the cytokines that result in general activation of the immune system causing various symptoms like fever, child and fatigue (Biedenbach et al., 2015). Researchers have stated that these neutrophils, bacteria along with fluid that is leaked
2 AMOXICILLIN FOR PNEUMONIA from the surrounding blood vessels results in the filling of the alveoli and therefore impairment in the oxygen transportation takes place. Mucus production is increased and therefore leaky capillaries may tinge the mucus with the blood. Mucus plugs further decreases the efficiency of the gas exchange in the lung (Barrera et al., 2016). Drug that is used: Amoxicillin is one the widely used antibiotic drug that mainly belongs to the group of the penicillin. They are mainly helpful in treating various kinds of bacterial infections like that of bacterial pneumonia. It mainly works by preventing the growth of the bacteria and thereby killing them. Some of the side effects that are included are diarrhea, tooth discoloration and candidiasis (Rajapakse et al., 2016). Mechanism of action: Amoxicillin is a derivative of ampicillin and is of the members of the same family like that of the penicillins. They are actuallyβ-lactam antibiotic. This is mainly seen to inhibit the cross linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that are mainly responsible for the making up of the major component of the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria and some gram negative bacteria (Tshefu et al., 2015). Thereby there is inhibition in the third as well as the last stage of bacterial wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then seen to take place by the autolytic enzymes of the bacterial cells walls like that of the autolysins. Many researchers are of the opinion that this medication mainly interferes with the autolysin inhibitor. Pharmacokinetics:
3 AMOXICILLIN FOR PNEUMONIA Amoxicillin absorption is mainly not known to interact with any food that is taken in. however, it has the capability to cross the placenta and small amounts are seen to be distributed in the breast milk. The half-life of the amoxicillin is seen to be 61.3 minutes and is mainly seen to be excreted by the kidney and by hepatic metabolism (Wayne te al., 2017). However, in many cases, it is seen that their excretion may get delayed by the concomitant administration of the probenecid. Route of administration: I have learnt that Amoxicillin can be taken as the dry tablet orally as well as a chewable tablet, a capsule, a suspension or even by the procedure of the liquid preparation as well as by the drops for the children. This medication is normally advised to be taken either twice a day in every 12 hours. It may be also taken thrice a day at every 8 hours depending u[on the instruction of the doctors. If one of the doses get missed, it should be immediately taken unless it is nearly the time for the next dose but it can be never taken together for making up a missed dose. The patient should continue the medication until the time of the prescribed dose as stopping it before that might result in recurrence of the organisms (Rajapakse et al., 2016). Side effects/ precautions and others: I have researched many new books where I have learnt that doctors should check whether the patient is allergic for penicillin or not as it may result in fatal anaphylactic reactions. Signs and symptoms of such reaction may be difficulty in breathing, chest tightness, itchiness, rash as well as swelling of throat and face. Patients may be seen to suffer from stomach upset as well as vomiting and diarrhea. Less common but severe effects may include severe rashes, seizures, pale skin, fatigue, yellowing of the eyes or skin or dark colored or bloody urine. Interactions with
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4 AMOXICILLIN FOR PNEUMONIA other drugs may result in increasing or decreasing the effectiveness of the other drugs. It also may result n increasing the toxicity within the body by reducing the ability of the body to reduce the drug after use. It reduces effectiveness of the birth control pills (Tshefu et al., 2015). Precautionsshould be taken when the patientshave asthma, hay fever, kidney diseases, mononucleosis, hives as well as phenylketonuria. Relevance to practice: They are extremely important in the nursing profession in both the primary as well as the secondary healthcare services. The disorder affects a huge number of patients often and therefore it is of extreme significance in the healthcare industry. Risks factors are mainly the people with age over 65 or below 2 who have chronic medical conditions like lung disease, alcohol and smoking issues, neurological problems and many others. Therefore, treating those requires this medication besides hospital and community acquired pneumonia. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it becomes clear that bacterial pneumonia is a lung disorder affected by bacterial infection. Amoxicillin is one of the effective medications from penicillin group of medication that helps to relive from such disorders.
5 AMOXICILLIN FOR PNEUMONIA References: Barrera, C. M., Mykietiuk, A., Metev, H., Nitu, M. F., Karimjee, N., Doreski, P. A., ... & Van Rensburg,D.J.(2016).Efficacyandsafetyoforalsolithromycinversusoral moxifloxacinfortreatmentofcommunity-acquiredbacterialpneumonia:aglobal, double-blind,multicentre,randomised,active-controlled,non-inferioritytrial (SOLITAIRE-ORAL).The Lancet Infectious Diseases,16(4), 421-430.
6 AMOXICILLIN FOR PNEUMONIA Biedenbach, D. J., Farrell, D. J., Sader, H. S., & Jones, R. N. (2015). Antimicrobial Activity of a New Fluoroketolide Solithromycin (CEM-101) Tested Against Fastidious Gram-negative Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia Pathogens. Nascimento-Carvalho, C. M., Xavier-Souza, G., Vilas-Boas, A. L., Fontoura, M. S. H., Barral, A., Puolakkainen, M., ... & PNEUMOPAC-Efficacy Study Group. (2017). Evolution of acute infection with atypical bacteria in a prospective cohort of children with community- acquiredpneumoniareceivingamoxicillin.JournalofAntimicrobial Chemotherapy,72(8), 2378-2384. Rajapakse, N. S., Vayalumkal, J. V., Vanderkooi, O. G., Ricketson, L. J., & Kellner, J. D. (2016).Timetoreconsiderroutinehigh-doseamoxicillinforcommunity-acquired pneumonia in all Canadian children.Paediatrics & child health,21(2), 65-66. Tshefu, A., Lokangaka, A., Ngaima, S., Engmann, C., Esamai, F., Gisore, P., ... & Wammanda, R. D. (2015). Oral amoxicillin compared with injectable procaine benzylpenicillin plus gentamicin for treatment of neonates and young infants with fast breathing when referral is not possible: a randomised, open-label, equivalence trial.The Lancet,385(9979), 1758- 1766. Wayne,A.,Davis,M.,Sinnott,V.B.,&Bracker,K.(2017).Outcomesindogswith uncomplicated, presumptive bacterial pneumonia treated with short or long course antibiotics.The Canadian Veterinary Journal,58(6), 610. Xiang, Y., Wang, Z. H., Cai, P., & Zhang, Z. (2016). Effect of β-lactamase detection on reducing theincidenceofantibiotic-associateddiarrheainchildrenwithseverebacterial
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