Amygdala Dysfunction and Violence

This essay explores the relationship between amygdala dysfunction and violence, and the impact on society. It discusses the neural responses and brain abnormalities associated with aggression, highlighting the role of the amygdala. The essay concludes by emphasizing the need for further research to find ways to control and prevent violent behavior.

Running head: AMYGDALA DYSFUNCTION AND VIOLENCE
Amygdala Dysfunction and Violence
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Introduction:
Everyone in the society must have witnessed someone who loses his temper at the
slightest provocation or even with no provocation at all. Acts of violence causes around 1.4
million deaths worldwide in a year. While violence can occur due to many reasons, such act due
to aggressions is most common. Many types of psychiatric disorders are there along with
aggression and violence that are detrimental to both individuals and societies. Many people who
have joined terrorist groups usually have a history of violent behavior or mental disorder that
accelerated their becoming terrorists (Yang et al., 2013). While scientists are continuously doing
research to test various areas of brain to analyze their effects on brain, two parts are found to
regulate aggression. One is the amygdale area that creates the aggression, while another is
hypothalamus that does a regulatory role in aggression (Karlsson et al., 2010).
Discussion:
Violence in our society is a major problem worldwide. Scientists have found out through
research that damage to certain parts of brain specially the prefrontal cortex can result into
violent behavior (McLaughlin et al., 2014). Usually they have smaller and less active prefrontal
cortex. Existing neuro imaging studies in patient groups with high levels of aggression shows a
network of brain parts involved here that are amygdale, striatum, anterior cingulated and
orbitofrontal cortex (McCrory et al., 2013). In this essay, the neural responses to provocations
and aggressive behavior in violent offenders and in healthy non offenders using PSAP during
fMri (Leutgeb et al.,2016). The first observation is that during instigation and aggression, higher
blood-oxygen level dependant (BOLD) activity in the amygdale and the striatum and lower

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functional connectivity between amygdale and the prefrontal cortex are observed in violent
offenders. Again, aggression can also be viewed as an individually varying personal entity.
Higher responses of amygdale have been found in patients with personality disorder. In
more recent studies, increased activity in amygdale was observed in patients with borderline
personality disorder (Janak , & Tye, 2015). Super active responses to amygdale have been found in
traumatized patients (Yoder, Porges, & Decety, 2015). Activation in hypothalamus has also been
related with aggression in domestic violence perpetrators. Similar abnormalities are reported in
anti-social and violent persons.
In this context, it can be said that the violent people are not like that due to birth or due to
nature or upbringing. They are violent because of the abnormalities they have in their brain,
especially in amygdala (Gopal et al., 2013). The central part of brain’s limbic system, the
amygdale is liable for emotional learning, reaction to fear and other emotions (Pardini et al.,
2014). It has been a vibrant area of study in neurosciences; it is usually ignored in criminology.
Though the scientists have found out the reason behind violent and aggression, they are yet to
discover the way to control it (Wong et al., 2016).
Conclusion:
It is not clear to the scientists how such brain abnormalities appear. The result is known,
the cause is known too, but how to prevent such cause to result is not yet known. The violent
offenders show very high neural reactions to provocations within their amygdale and striatum,
and this sensitivity is related to aggressive behavior. Further studies and research have to be
conducted to find out a way to control it for the welfare of mankind.

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References:
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(2013). Dorsal/ventral parcellation of the amygdala: relevance to impulsivity and
aggression. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 211(1), 24-30.
Janak, P. H., & Tye, K. M. (2015). From circuits to behaviour in the
amygdala. Nature, 517(7534), 284.
Karlsson, K. A. E., Windischberger, C., Gerstl, F., Mayr, W., Siegel, J. M., & Moser, E. (2010).
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Leutgeb, V., Wabnegger, A., Leitner, M., Zussner, T., Scharmüller, W., Klug, D., & Schienle, A.
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Pardini, D. A., Raine, A., Erickson, K., & Loeber, R. (2014). Lower amygdala volume in men is
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