An exploration of the health effect of human trafficking among women from Romania

This study explores the impact of human trafficking on the health of women from Romania. It examines the different types of trafficking and their relationship with women's health. The study aims to create awareness and recommend ways to minimize this issue.

AN EXPLORATION OF
THE HEALTH EFFECT OF
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
AMONG WOMEN FROM
ROMANIA INCLUDING 6
ARTICLES

Abstract
Introduction
The current study creates an awareness related to the issue from which people are
suffering i.e. Human trafficking. The study main purpose is to highlight the the main cause and
impact of human trafficking upon the people and how the life changes. For that Romania is
choose because the women trafficking related crime is especially found in this region. Also,
research main aim is to examine the the relationship between women health and human
trafficking.
Methodology
For the study, researcher chooses qualitative study and with the help of secondary
research (books, articles and journals as a data source) are chosen. Also, under primary data
collection methods, only secondary research is perform that will help to determine the views of
different authors which in turn assist to meet the define aim.
Discussion
Under this section, with the help of define objectives, researcher describe the theme and
determine different types of women trafficking i.e. forced marriage, domestic slavery and
prostitution. Also, with the help of secondary research, scholar also determine the there is a
negative relationship between women health due to human trafficking.
Conclusion and recommendations
The section summarizes that women go through physical, emotional and mental illness
and majority of the impact upon physical health such that due to disorder in eating, most of the
women got affected and may leads to death as well. Section also recommend the ways through
which the issue is minimized and this in turn leads to prevent women from human trafficking as
well.

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor for providing me this opportunity to
conduct the research on this. I could not have imagines having a better advisor and mentor for
my study.
Next I would like to thank my teacher and committee who are always ready to provide their
important time for any discussion. Without you, I cannot think I successfully complete the
project in such a good manner.
Also, I would like to thank my parents who support me morally and economically. They also
support me spirituality throughout my life and motivate me to conduct the study.
Thanking you.

Abbreviation:
THB: Trafficking in human being

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction of the Research..........................................................................................7
1.0 Introduction of the chapters..............................................................................................7
1.1 Background of the problem..............................................................................................8
1.2 Aims and objectives of the research.................................................................................9
1.3 Rationale of the research .................................................................................................9
1.4 Significance of the research...........................................................................................10
1.5 Summary of the chapter.................................................................................................10
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................12
2.0 Introduction of chapter ..................................................................................................12
2.1 Broad literature on the topic ..........................................................................................12
2.2 Theoretical framework...................................................................................................14
2.3 Gaps in Literature...........................................................................................................16
2.4 Summary of the chapter.................................................................................................17
Chapter 3: Research Methodology.................................................................................................18
3.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................18
3.1 Philosophical aspect of research.....................................................................................18
3.2 Data collection Method..................................................................................................18
3.3 Data Sources...................................................................................................................19
3.4 Inclusion and exclusion criteria......................................................................................19
3.5 Data Analysis..................................................................................................................20
3.6 Research Ethics..............................................................................................................20
3.7 Limitation of research....................................................................................................21
3.8 Summary of the chapter.................................................................................................21
Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion..............................................................................................23
4.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................23
4.1 Objective one: concept of human trafficking................................................................23
4.2 Objective two: different types of human trafficking among women ...........................24
4.3 Objective three: relationship between human trafficking and health of women...........26

4.4 Summary........................................................................................................................28
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations..............................................................................30
5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................30
5.2 Conclusion......................................................................................................................30
5.3 Recommendations..........................................................................................................31
5.4 Summary........................................................................................................................32
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................33
Appendix........................................................................................................................................35

Title: An exploration of the health effect of human trafficking among women from Romania
Chapter 1: Introduction of the Research
1.0 Introduction of the chapters
Chapter 1: Introduction, Under this chapter, researcher provide the background of the
study and provide basic information of Human trafficking in Romania. Also, this chapter
provide aim and objectives of a study and provide a reason of choosing this topic with proper
justification. Further, chapter consist of significance of the research in which researcher provide
the importance of a study.
Chapter 2: Literature review, this is a second chapter of the dissertation which is
completely based upon secondary research. Under this chapter, researcher develop themes in
which relevant books, articles and Journals are selected in order to answer the research
questions. In this chapter, researcher also uses theoretical framework which further attain the
define aim and objective of the research.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology, this chapter provide a specific procedure and
technique which is used to determine the information related to topic. Thus, under this chapter,
researcher uses Saunder's research onion framework in which different element of the research
are used which assist to make the research proper and in concise manner. Also, researcher
chooses qualitative study in order to develop outcomes that clearly met the research objectives.
Chapter 4: Results, another important chapter of a study in which researcher perform
thematic data analysis. Under this section, researcher interpret the views of selected respondents
in order to answer the question which directly assist to answer the research questions. Further,
this chapter of a study also reveals how human trafficking creates a direct impact upon the
health of women in Romania.
Chapter 5: Findings, discussion and conclusion, last chapter of dissertation, in which
researcher discussed the things in such a way that helps scholar to accomplish the define aim and
objectives in better manner. Further, in this section, researcher also summarize the entire
dissertation chapter in short form. Also, in this section, researcher also recommend ways on the
basis of results which in turn assist the readers and country to follow the same in order to
minimize the issue up to some level.

1.1 Background of the problem
Human trafficking has a devastating impact on the individual victims, who offer suffer
physical and emotional abuse and may also lead to death as well. Earlier it is determine that
human trafficking is all about focused almost solely on sex trafficking of women and girls, but
actually it is the wide concept, such that low wage labor foster many opportunity for labor
exploitation. Moreover, women are trafficked for various purpose like, domestic work,
agriculture and plantation work etc. These types of abusive work situations are actually viable
for low and middle income countries where low cost labor is in high standards.
In accordance with the above, it is stated that majority of the women trafficking is related
to sexual abuse and this in turn affect the country's image as well. Even the data shows that
authorities open 675 new trafficking cases in 2017 within Romania which is quite lower as
compared to past years. This in turn creates direct impact upon the women health i.e.
emotionally, physically and social- cognitive. On the other hand, as per the reported over the
past five years, Romania is a source and destination country for women which is subjected to
force labor and women for human trafficking. So, Romania is in top 15 at EU level in the term
of citizenship of registered victims of trafficking of human beings and number of prosecution.
Illustration 1: Women trafficking in Romania

Not only this, Romania also rank first in the terms of number of reported person suspected as
well as arrested. And that is why, in 2010-2012 interval, the country is found the most affected
trafficking in human being (THB) (Sion, SCHWARTZ and TOMITA, 2017). Thus, with the
development of technology, refugee crisis and migration, these all determine the new dynamic of
trafficking and this in turn increase THB. Also, in 2009 the majority of trafficking victims was
also identified within a country were victims of forced labor.
Thus, it is analyzed that trafficked women and girls actually encounter high rates of
physical and sexual violence and this further includes homicide and torture. Also, sometimes,
this cause negative impact upon the women health and lead to cause serious mental health
problem such that anxiety and depression. Further it also lead to affect physical symptoms and
this includes neurological issue, gastrointestinal disturbance (Buzatu, 2018). The data from the
secondary study also reveals that females are the most vulnerable to exploitation and this in turn
affect them emotionally ill and social-cognitive behavior. In the same way, current research
report is assist to answer the research question i.e. human trafficking among women from
Romania and its impact upon health (emotionally, physically, mentally and social- cognitive).
1.2 Aims and objectives of the research
Aim: “To investigate the impact of human trafficking upon the health of women: A study on
Romania”
Objectives:
 To determine the concept of human trafficking
 To analyze different types of human trafficking among women
 To examine the relationship between human trafficking and health of women.
 To recommend the ways through which human trafficking is avoided.
Research questions:
 What is the health impact of human trafficking among Romania women?
 What is the psycho-social impact of the women which have been human trafficking in
Romania?
 What is the behavioral impact of the women which have been human trafficking in
Romania?

1.3 Rationale of the research
The rationale for choosing this topic is such that human trafficking is the biggest issue in
the world such that almost more than half of the public is suffering from this issue and this cause
negative impact upon the country's image as well. Also, another reason for conducting the
research is such that it help scholar to enhance the current knowledge and describe the impact of
human trafficking among upon the health. Through this study, researcher also determine
different types of human trafficking in Romanian women and this in turn assist to examine the
ways though which this problem is minimized up to some level. I am also passionate about this
topic because of meeting people in my past that have shared their experience with me and that is
why I feel I could find the gaps in a system that I can fill to minimize the amount of human
being trafficked for such purpose.
On the other side, the reason behind choosing this topic is to create awareness and focus
on this issue which affect the overall image of country in negative manner. Also, study provide a
broad view of different types of human trafficking within Romania, even scholar chooses this
state because it is ranked as 5th position in trafficking of human being. Thus, it is stated that
through the study, scholar wants to create awareness among people of Romania in order to
analyze the ways through which it is minimized.
1.4 Significance of the research
The significance of the study is such that it will help other scholars and society because it
is a huge problem which affect the entire country. So this study provide benefit to society and
provide a way through which the issue is minimized up to some level. On the other hand, it is
also beneficial to the group of people who will be used this work in their research. So, it is
evaluated that the study also beneficial to government because it suggested the ways through
which the issue is minimize. That is why it can be stated that the current study contribute its best
for the development of society and provide new insight to society with regards to women
trafficking and its impact upon the health of women.
In recent years, the visibility of migrant women has increases and that is why, it is
increase the number of problem within human trafficking. This also lead to increase the human
trafficking at global level which is further characterized by the economic exploitation through
force, fraud and coercion. It is not only about women, but men an children are also victims as
well. So, the significance of the study is such that it will help the readers to understand different

types of women trafficking held in Romania and this in turn affect the entire system of the
country in negative manner.
1.5 Summary of the chapter
Through the chapter it is summarizes that women and children from Romania are victims
of forced prostitution in Italy, Spain and Netherlands and that is why, it is ranked under 5th
position. Also, this section summarizes the aim of a study in which the study is completely based
upon. Apart from this, the rationale for conducting the research is such that researcher have their
own interest to study on this topic so that it will help the researcher to enhance the current
knowledge and examine how this problem creates a direct impact upon women health.
On the other hand, the section also summarizes the significance of the study in which it is
identified that with an increasing human trafficking, the image of country is affected and also, it
leads to decrease the social development of people as well. That is why, there is a need to take
correct action by the government of Romania which help to cope up the issue and start
preventing the health of women from this human trafficking issue.

Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction of chapter
The literature review is an activity with which the researcher try to research and analyse
different secondary sources relating to the research topic. These secondary sources include the
review of different types of books, journals, articles and other published data and sources. The
current literature will outline the concept of human trafficking along with the different types of
human trafficking which can take place among women. Also, this literature will review the
relation among the trafficking oh human and health of the women. In the end the literature will
try to suggest some ways in which human trafficking can be removed or eradicated. The
literature review will assist the researcher in getting a deeper and broad understanding relating to
the topic of human trafficking and related aspects.
2.1 Broad literature on the topic
Theme 1: Concept of human trafficking.
As per the views of Jong (2019) trafficking of human is referred to as an action through
which the people are illegally transporting the person from one country to another or from one
area to another. The major purpose behind the trafficking of people are either forced labour or
the sexual exploitation of women or slavery. This can also be referred to as the modern day
slavery and this also include the different type of fraud, or labour, or even coercion. For the
purpose of human trafficking the traffickers can use many different measures like, threatening,
violence, enforcement of some law in wrong manner and many other manipulating activities.
In the words of Murray and Smith (2019) the human trafficking is a crime which exploits
the men, women and children and many other different types of people in many different ways.
The human trafficking is at increase and also this is very dangerous for the people and the
society and its development. Under this the people try to influence other people that they will get
much better opportunities if they will go to other country and then when they agree then they use
these people for wrongful purpose. These purposes can be of many different types like labour,
sexual exploitation, selling the person, forcing them to commit crime, forceful marriage,
begging, domestic servitude and may other different purposes.
In the words of Yakushko and Rajan (2017) the health impact of human trafficking among the
women in Romania is very negative. This is majorly because of the reason that when the women
are trafficked then this affects the health of them both in physical and mental way. Thus, this is

the most important effect which the trafficking creates on the health and mind of the women in
Romania.
Theme 2: Various types of human trafficking among women.
In the opinion of Sidun and Hume (2019) states that there are many different types of
trafficking which can take place among women for their exploitation. The major type of
exploitation which causes the trafficking of women is the forced criminal activities. Under this
type of trafficking the women are taken to another country, and then they are forced to commit
some crime or assist other people in doing crime. Under this the trafficker uses the women and
traps them to perform some crime or be part of some of the criminal activity. Here the trafficker
either forces the women by giving some greed or by blackmailing the women or by threatening
them they get the work done by those women who are brought from some other place. The
psycho- social impact of the women suffering from trafficking for purpose of criminal activities
is decrease in the morale of the women and this affects the working and the mental condition of
the employees to a great extent.
On the other hand, Cockbain and Bowers (2019) stated that in the era of digital
technology, people of Romania also uses Internet for women trafficking. Such that Internet is
changing the way that sex is sold, leading fresh models of exploitation and that is why, it is
stated that Internet and digital technology are also fueling a worldwide growth human sex
trafficking.
Quek (2018) also argued that there are many situation, where people are coerced to work
for little or no remuneration, under threat of punishment. So women were forced to work within
a houses, where they are not treated better and this arrangement becomes exploitative when there
are restriction on domestic worker's movement and also, they are forced to work long hours for
little pay. Also, Acharya (2019) provide their views and stated that there forced marriage are
also consider another type of women trafficking in which women are forced to marry someone,
also they may be threatened with physical and sexual violence and also places under emotional
or psychological distress in order to attain the aim.
Not only this, sex trafficking is also consider another type of Human trafficking among
women and Allain (2019) present their opinion by stating that women in many countries are sold
to another country for exploitation. Such that sex trafficking is when an individual engages in
some commercial sex act and this in turn results of force as well as fraud. This is consider crime

when a women is under 18 and they are forcefully sold in market. Hence, it is stated that most of
the women are sexual exploited in various setting such that private homes, massage parlors,
clubs etc. Thus, it is analyzed that human trafficking is consider the major issue in the country
and even most of the country is also develop acts in order to minimize the same but actually,
there is no results found.
Theme 3: Relationship between human trafficking and health of women.
Jong (2019) share their opinion that there is an adverse impact upon the women health
when a girl and women is facing any type of human trafficking. Such that article stated that
majority of the female victims of sex trafficking end up in the forced prostitution and that is
why, it had a devastating impact upon the women's health as well. As a result, psychological
impact upon women such that exhaustion like, frequent vial illness, STDs, vaginal infection,
back aches, sleeplessness, depression, headaches, stomach aches as well as eating disorder. Not
only this, it also affect the mental health of women in negative manner such that it leads to
psychological trauma from daily mental abuse and torture which includes depression and some
panic attacks, which somehow decline the mental status of a women. Hill (2018) also stated that
the impact upon health from the pre- departure stage, which define the basic mental and physical
health characteristic which in turn will affect that person's health and health related behavior
throughout the trafficking process.
In addition to this, it is also realized by Swanson (2016) that human trafficking is not
only creates a direct impact upon the health of women but it also creates a direct impact upon the
society which In turn leads a person towards death sometimes. So, the basic impact upon women
is related to behavioral changes like, many victims experience physical injury and those who are
sexually exploited like, they may be raped, beaten and subject to abuse from long time, then it
leads to changes of behavior among women. Also, a lack of proper medical care also allow these
conditions to spread and worsen which somehow affect the individual's health in negative
manner. On the other hand, Yakushko and Rajan (2017) stated that ostracism is another health
cause in which women start isolated from friends, family and other social circles. This is all
because of their personal feeling of guilt and shame.
This, clearly reflected that there is a positive relationship between the women health and
human trafficking such that many victims who escape a trafficking situation lack advanced
education and the resources which are needed to live independently. Such that women

trafficking leads to cause psycho- social impact and behavioral impact upon women. As a result,
women do not live independently because they always think that they are threatened by someone
and this situation is not understandable by anyone. Burke (2017) also explain that human
trafficking is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world and there is a need to stop such
things because it affect the overall industry in opposite manner which in turn affect entire society
and women's health in negative manner.
2.2 Theoretical framework
Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory
It is considered to be as one of the most basic theory associated with the social work and
tends to effectively inform key practices on the field. It is considered to be as a pyramid which
helps in showcasing the importance of needs which has to be effectively meet in order to attain
optimal degree of wellness. Safety and psychological needs tends to effectively make up the
bottom phase and is considered to be as the basic needs of the individual. Belongingness, esteem
needs and love tends to fall in middle tier of the pyramid. Finally, self- actualization needs top
the Maslow pyramid which acts as a key component for the attainment of the self- fulfilment
needs. Psychological and human most basic physical needs must be met first such as hunger,
shelter, food, home, etc. Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory is one of the key significant model
because it helps in developing greater set of understanding ensuring how neurological impact
relies on psychological well-being (FitzGerald, 2016). This is one of the key conceptual model
where the individuals tends to highly focus on meeting the immediate and basic needs of the
victim which h mainly includes basic needs, safety, social, self-esteem and self-actualization
needs. The psychological needs mainly includes clothes, food, drink, shelter, sleep and warmth.
The safety needs mainly includes protection, freedom from any fear, well-being, stability, law,
safety, etc. The social needs among the individual mainly tends to effectively comply with the
love, belongingness, trust, relationship, acceptance, trust, being part of the group, etc. The next
level is associated with the Self- esteem needs which mainly includes achievement, dignity,
industry, independence, respect, etc. The last level associated with the human needs is self-
actualization. It is linked with attaining personal potential, seeking personal development, self-
fulfilment, desire to thrive. This level is useful because it helps in achieving full potential of
oneself.

Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory is considered to be highly significant because it is
useful for the practitioners in understanding why victims tend to draw and control traffickers
(Brodie and et.al., 2018). The key and significant risk factor mainly comprises of homelessness,
abuse, prior neglect, poverty and abuse. However, a lack of food, clothing, housing, financial
security, safety, etc. is considered to be as one of the key aspects associated with meeting the
basic financial needs of the person. Traffickers tends to offer all these things to the victims
which in turn helps in drawing more victims towards the trafficker. Moreover, trafficker also
tends to offer intimate friendship and relationship tends to meet some sort of psychological
needs. This eventually results in creating more strong bond (Chapter 3: Theories and Human
Trafficking, 2020). The human trafficking service provider must in turn tends to highly focus on
working up within the Maslow hierarchy needs in order to recover and heal human trafficking
victims. Every service provider must tends to effectively work up within the pyramid in order to
effectively address the key basic needs such as food, clothing, housing, safety from trafficker,
sense of security, etc. Hence, once the basic needs of the individual has been met the key focus
will be on meeting the psychological needs. However, psychological needs can be effectively
addressed by complying with the group setting, trauma therapy, therapeutic intervention and also
sense of accomplishment. Application of this theory is significant because it helps in helping the
victim to attain their full potential and reduce women trafficking.
Another theory is Labeling Theory which is sociological theory that is based in
understanding the criminal behavior. Such that the theory explain behavior of criminals in which
the labeling of an individual with a mental illness often have a negative impact upon the women.
For instance, some forms of human trafficking related to women are involve criminal activity on
victim's part and in this type of cases, victims are actually fit into the traditional model of
labeling theory because they think that this is a lifestyle which they chose. Hopper (2017) also
highlighted that the notion of an “ideal” victim through a definition of trafficking which is exist
in the real world.
Also, the theory stated that the power of self- perception and perception of law
enforcement as well as service agencies are also ensuring the victims which are correctly
highlights in order to receive best services. In addition to this, it is also analyzed through the
theory that there is a link between the mental illness of women with human trafficking because it
analyze the behavior of criminal as well as victim. That is why, when a women is suffering from

the physical injury, then the theory help to analyze that it cause opposite impact upon the women
and this in turn creates many neurological disorder and sometimes, people may lead to death.
Hence, labeling theory has also been applied to mental illness where the theory is known as
modified labeling theory.
2.3 Gaps in Literature
The first theme of the literature review tends to highly focus on analysing the key
concept of the human trafficking. However, this theme needs to include the key terms and
terminologies related with the human trafficking in order to provide a clear base for the study.
The next theme tends to mainly comprise of evaluating the different types of human trafficking
among women (Brodie and et.al., 2018). The key significant gap is to identify the key
relationship between the various different types of human trafficking among women and also
find out the major cause of women trafficking. The third theme of the study will effectively
examine the key relevant relationship between health of women and human trafficking. The key
significant gap associated with the study is to identify significant correlation between the health
of women and human trafficking using quantitative analysis method in order to gain better
conclusive results and outcomes.
2.4 Summary of the chapter
This chapter helps in summarizing that, human trafficking is linked with the illegal
transportation of the people from one country to another for forced labour or the sexual
exploitation of women or slavery. It is a crime which exploits women and affect their personal
development. Human trafficking is carried out for different purposes which h includes labour,
selling the person, sexual exploitation, forcing them to commit crime, begging, domestic
servitude, forceful marriage, etc. It has been summarized that, there are different types of human
trafficking among the women which mainly includes carrying out of criminal activities, forced
to commit crime, blackmailing the women, human sex trafficking using digital technologies,
threat of punishment, forced marriage, sexual or physical violence, etc. are considered to be as
the types associated with the women trafficking which eventually leads to emotional or
psychological distress among women. There seems to be significant relationship associated with
the health of women and human trafficking. Female victims of sex trafficking end up in the
forced prostitution (Bick and et.al., 2016). This eventually leads to impact the health of the
women. It also leads to various health problems which mainly includes frequent vial illness,

STDs, vaginal infection, back aches, sleeplessness, depression, headaches, stomach aches as well
as eating disorder. Depression and panic attacks, mental problems, psychological trauma, etc. in
turn states that there is a high degree of significant relationship between human trafficking and
health of women. It has been concluded that, Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory is useful for the
practitioners in understanding why victims tend to draw and control traffickers.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction
The research methods are the various types of methods which are being used by the
research in order to complete the research in successful manner. These research methods help in
attaining the aims and objectives of the research in very clear and understandable manner. The
research methods are decided in advance that is what methods will be used by the researcher in
order to complete the whole research (Long, 2016). Thus, this assist the researcher in deciding
and completing the research in much easier and effective manner. The present chapter will
outline the different types of research methods like philosophy, collection and analysis of data
and the reason why they have been selected. Further, section also define the ways through which
research is conduct in proper manner, also define the limitation which a research face while
conducting the research methods.
3.1 Philosophical aspect of research
The philosophy is defined as the beliefs and the attitude and the values which are
underlying behind the whole research. It is very essential for the researcher to make sure that the
philosophy which is being used in the research. The most important assumption which are
present in research philosophy helps to explain about the researcher's view with regards to the
interpreting the key element from the world. There are of two different types of philosophy that
is interpretivism and positivism. The interpretivism is a philosophy which try to analyses all the
qualitative information and integrate human interest within the study. On the other side the
positivism is philosophy which undertakes the analysis of all the factual information and facts
and figures. Thus, for the completion of the current study over health effect of human trafficking
over women from Romania is the interpretivism. The major reason underlying the selection of
interpretivism as a philosophy is that this will bring in the interest of the human within the study
and will make it more interesting. Another major reason behind the selection of interpretivism is
that this is more suitable with the qualitative type of research.
3.2 Data collection Method
Data is referred to as the set of information relating to the research topic. For the
completion of the research the most important thing is the proper collection of data. This is
essential because of the reason that if the data will not be collected in proper manner then the

research will not be good and successful. Also, for the success of the research it is very much
important to collect all the relevant and reliable data so that the research can be conducted in
proper and effective manner. With the help of effective methods of data collection methods,
researcher is able to answer the question and in the same way, by review already conducted
research in books and article, researcher is able to answer the question. The data can be collected
from the combination of primary and secondary sources. The primary collection of data, which
is a first handed research in which survey and questionnaire is used. On the flip side, for this
current study, researcher uses secondary source of data collection, in which scholar review
different types of secondary source was made (Lourie and Rata, 2017). This included the
analysis of the different types of articles, books, journals and other type of published sources of
data. This combination was used as this provided a much better and reliable and relevant source
of data which assisted in the research in more good and effective manner. Thus, this resulted in
the successful completion of the research as the data is collected from good and reliable sources.
3.3 Data Sources
In the current study, researcher chooses Journals and books, articles as a data source
which are already published from 2015 onward. The data sources used in literature review
section are articles related to women trafficking and their impact upon the women's health. Also,
by review the selected articles, books, Journals, newspaper article and magazines, researcher
determine the relationship between women trafficking and its impact upon their health. Such that
in every country, human trafficking is consider the major problem and that is why, with the help
of chosen article, literature review is conducted in well manner (O'Cathain, 2020). Also,
researcher chosen six different articles related to human trafficking and its impact upon women's
health upon people of Romania. Hence, with effective data sources, scholar may conduct the
research in such a manner through which aim and objectives are met.
3.4 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
In the current study, researcher uses both inclusion and exclusion criteria for deciding the
best article selected. As this criteria help the researcher to determine which articles, Journals and
books will be included in he research study or which is excluded. For the present study,
researcher, researcher select the articles where primary research is also done and also the sample
size is reliable and provide proper conclusion. In addition to this, around 14 articles selected in
which 6 articles are chosen by considering inclusion criteria that identify study population in a

consistent, reliable and objective manner (Voorhees and Howell Smith, 2020). While other 8 are
excluded because of many factors such that the small number of participants are selected in the
study which did not provide proper conclusion. That is why, these articles are disqualify and as a
result, researcher select the best article in order to meet the define aim and objectives.
On the other side, researcher select the articles for literature review and another reason
for disqualify the article is because these articles are based upon systematic review and that is
why, they did not provide proper information related to impact of human trafficking upon
women health, rather they only based upon the human trafficking and their impact upon the
overall public. That is why, it is analyzed that the chosen articles are select on the basis of
ensuring homogeneity of sample population under article and sample size also provide their own
views which in turn leads to answer question and accomplish the define aim and objectives as
well.
3.5 Data Analysis
Data analysis is all about a process of cleaning, transforming and modeling the collected
information in order to discover the useful information for business decision making. So, the
purpose of data analysis is to extract the useful information from data and taking decision which
is based upon data analysis (Washington and et.al., 2020). Also, data analysis is organize,
interprets and presents the information into a useful data so that it will help to meet the define
aim. Basically, it is used to extract the raw material into a statistical tool in order to discover best
information. There are two types of data analysis method such that qualitative and quantitative.
Between these types, thematic analysis under qualitative study has been chosen by the researcher
in order to determine the exact results and with the help of tables and diagrammatically
presentation, researcher is able to meet the define aim and objectives. Through this method,
scholar easily analyze about human trafficking and its impact upon women health. On the other
hand, the current study is also based upon the qualitative study in which researcher chooses best
articles in order to get the answer of research questions.
3.6 Research Ethics
Research ethics plays an important role in the success of a entire dissertation. Such that
in the current study is completely based upon the secondary research and that is why, researcher
has to make sure that data confidentiality is maintained and data sharing is not allowed because
it may affect the results in opposite manner. Also, researcher may use advance technologies and

tools in order to makes sure that proper confidentiality is maintained. In addition to this,
researcher should also make sure that selected articles has their own patent or mark so that it will
not affect the results in opposite manner.
Moreover, research ethics are the moral principles which govern how researcher should
carry out the work and that is why, it is the duty of a researcher to make sure there is no error
and also avoiding the deceptive practices as well (Ess, 2020). As there are five principle which
are consider while developing any research, which needs to be keep in mind in order to conduct
the research in better manner which in turn help to generate best outcomes related to human
trafficking. In addition to this, it is also analyzed that researcher should also comply with
principle one, i.e. minimize the risk of harm in which researcher should make effective planning
with proper justification so that it it will not cause any negative impact upon the research.
3.7 Limitation of research
In this current study, time constraint is the biggest limitation of the study because in
Internet, there is a wide range of material available and that is why, it is quite difficult for the
researcher to select the best out of many. On the other side, there are many articles where
information is not reliable and author did not conclude the best result. So, scholar takes time to
cross check the sources of data so that it assist to answer the research question in effective
manner.
Beside this, the selected articles are mostly based upon the qualitative study and even the
same used to generate the secondary data is also small. That is why, it creates confusion because
most of the time, the generated data is not reliable on the article's question and this in turn
creates negative impact upon the outcomes as well. As in the present study, no primary study is
conducted and that is why, the entire results are completely relied upon the secondary study. So,
this may also affect the results in opposite manner. It is so because through primary research,
scholar got a great chance to analyze the views from the selected sample size in order to
determine the relationship between human trafficking and its impact upon the women's health.
3.8 Summary of the chapter
From the above, it is summarizes that researcher chooses interpretivism research
philosophy and because it is integrate the key element from a study and this in turn assist the
scholar to meet the define aim and objectives in better manner. Further, through the above, it is
also analyzed that by using secondary data collection methods, scholar further chooses different

sources such that books, articles, Journals and magazine's article that help to analyze the impact
of human trafficking upon the women health. Even the chosen article for secondary research also
be published latest and also make sure that the sources provide valuable information.
Further as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria, researcher chooses 6 articles from 14
which is highly reliable and assist to determine the types of human trafficking which is further
cause direct impact upon the women health such that physical and metal issue. Also, the section
summarizes that in order to conduct the research in proper manner, it is necessary to follow all
the ethics so that it will not cause nay negative impact upon the research, otherwise it may also
delay the project as well. In addition to this, it is also summarizes that there are many limitation
faced by the researcher while choosing article such that time constraint, low sample size form
the selected articles etc. Also for data analysis, researcher further uses thematic data analysis
under qualitative study in which researcher generate the results and present in such a better
manner that helps to easily analyze the results which are easily understood and further leads to
present entire report in concise manner as well. So, the section able to provide the methods
through which the researcher is able to answer the questions and accomplish the define aim and
objectives as well. Through the study, it is summarizes that with research ethics, researcher
focused on all the important material and took best data collection methods in order to
accomplish the goals so that it will help to conduct the research methods in better way.

Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion
4.0 Introduction
The current section interpret and describe the significance of the findings of what was
already known about a research problem which is being investigated. Through this section,
researcher is able to explain new understanding or a fresh insight about the problem so that it
will be helpful to reach at least some conclusion. Through this section, researcher uses secondary
resources and also obtain the exact results in a discussion format. Under this chapter, researcher
discuss all three objectives in such a manner that will help to determine exact outcome.
Moreover, in this chapter, researcher also review many article and then link the same with the
define aim in order to analyze whether there is any impact upon the women health or not.
4.1 Objective one: concept of human trafficking
Human trafficking is all about to use of force, fraud and obtain some type of labor, but
actually the concept is different. Such that it refers to the process through which an individual
are placed or maintained in an exploitative situation for an economic gain. There are different
types of human trafficking involved such that men, children and women. Among all, women
trafficking is consider one of the most dangerous and highly used in Romania (Stoian, 2020).
Such that data reveals that at the beginning of year, 2000 around 1 lac 20 thousand women were
trafficked for the purpose of prostitution and sex exploitation in Europe. During that time,
women are kidnapped and convince by force and more than 60% family are agreed with a deal
while small minority claim to be cheated by smart methods like sham marriage. On the other
hand, as per International Labor Organization alone generates more than 150 billion dollar as a
profit from 2014 onward and year by year, this profit is increased so that is clearly reflected that
human slavery is also increases which is another concept of human trafficking.
This is also supported under the literature review section that human trafficking is a
complex phenomenon and trafficking of human being is determine as a transnational crime and
can only be tackled through more integrated and super national structure. It is also supported by
Şoitu (2020) that the Report of Human Traffic released by National Agency against Trafficking
in Persons of Romania, 2018 (ANITP) registered that there were around 497 victims of
trafficking and most of them are young women and 36% of them are minors. These types of
girls are majorly come from poor family by a method of sham marriage and also have a low

education level because they are easily manipulated by others (Human Trafficking in Romania:
an integrated approach needed in the era of open boarders, 2020).
It is not that government do not take any action but actually government of Romania
decreased its effort to protect and assist victims. So they hire many NGO and many other
organization, also invest amount for the safety of women, men and children but still the
measures did not provide good data and as a result, Romania is stand in 5th position in the world
for human trafficking (especially in women). People of Romania started taking action and
maintain its efforts to raise awareness such that government conducted a public campaign to
enhance awareness about sex trafficking names as “The Two- Faced Man” and there were more
than 6 lac audience who attended and it was ran for three months, the target people are 30
thousand school children and more than 500 teachers.
So, it can be stated that people suffer a lot in Romania because of human trafficking and
even the situations are not control by government so people take steps by their own in order to
ensure that they are aware with human trafficking. That is why, human trafficking is known to
be one of the fastest growing activity of transnational criminal organization.
4.2 Objective two: different types of human trafficking among women
It has been significantly analyzed that, One of the most significant form of human
trafficking among women is mainly associated with the sexual exploitation. The key significant
victims of the sexual exploitation are mainly girls and women. 30% of the countries who in turn
tends to effectively state that the women and girls make the high degree of proportion associated
with trafficking. Like, domestic servitude is another type of slavery among women in which
they are forcefully worked within someone's private homes into serving fradulently and also
convinced them in such a manner that they have no other options. While, on the other side,
forced marriage is another type of human trafficking in which people actually faces many
problem because the parents forcefully married many women whose age is below 18 which also
creates a direct effect upon their health. This shows that there are many types of women human
trafficking within Romania.
It has been significantly analyzed that, the major type of exploitation which causes the
trafficking of women is the forced criminal activities. The women are taken to another country,
and then they are forced to commit some crime or assist other people in doing crime. The
trafficker uses the women and traps them to perform some crime or be part of some of the

criminal activity (Yakushko and Rajan, 2017). The trafficker either forces the women by giving
some greed or by blackmailing the women or by threatening them they get the work done by
those women who are brought from some other place. Human trafficking is usually carried out
for carrying out various set of criminal activities. It is very useful in reaping high degree of
profit by carrying out wide set of illicit activities. Women victims in turn has been highly forced
to conduct illegal activities which in turn tends to mainly comprise of drug, selling of the
counterfeit goods, theft, forced begging, etc. Victims in turn tends to face high degree of
punishments in case they do not perform their duties adequately.
It has been significantly analyzed that, another key significant type of trafficking in turn
tends to mainly evolved because of the emergence of the new digital technology. Internet has
resulted in hacking of the personal photos and information of the person can be easily copied by
hacking the personal accounts of the individual (Washington. and et.al., 2020). Internet has been
changing the way sex has been sold. This leads fresh models towards exploitation and this is the
key considerable reason where internet and digital technology are also fueling a worldwide
growth human sex trafficking. Women has been forced to work long hours with little or no
remuneration. They have been asked to get married to someone else. Sex trafficking is when an
individual engages in some commercial sex act and this in turn results of force as well as fraud.
In this, women has been forcedly sold within the market. Most of the women has been forcefully
sold within the market. Women are sexual exploited in various setting such that massage parlors,
private homes, clubs etc. Women and children from the developing countries has been used for
carrying out sexual exploitation. Individuals has been exploited sexually and transport them to
the country with constant terror and inhumane conditions. Human trafficking of the women is
considered to be one of the key significant issue and in turn has eventually resulted in high
degree of significant loss to the women. Human trafficking is also done for the removal of the
organs and body parts among the individual person. With the high degree of increased
requirement of the organ transplant in turn has made the crime more lucrative.
It has been significantly analyzed that, In Romania there seems to be high degree of
decrease in the number of women trafficking and it has fallen down to 12%. The Romania
citizens in turn tends to represent the majority of women trafficking victims (Voorhees and
Howell Smith, 2020). Trafficking of women tends to leave both invisible as well as a visible
scars.

It has been significantly analyzed that, The women has been also asked to significantly work
with little or no remuneration which eventually leads to exploitation of the women. Women has
been forced to work within the houses and this arrangement in turn tends to exploit the women
community. Women has forced to marry someone and also they are highly threatened with
sexual and physical violence. This in turn eventually leads to high degree of under emotional or
psychological distress among the women. There are high degree of physical symptoms which in
turn are mainly associated with the trafficking victims which mainly includes respiratory disease,
sexually transmitted disease, dental problems, traumatic brain injury, suicidal ideation, alcohol
addiction, psychological abuse, extreme deprivation, etc. which in turn largely affects the
women because of human trafficking (Stoian, 2020). Women in turn has been forced into
prostitution and has been exploited by wide number of means. They are enslaved and are forced
to work under threatening condition and violence. All ethnic groups and nationality in turn are
highly vulnerable to human trafficking. Smugglers also tends to highly force the women to be a
part of the forced labor. Women are forced to work under inhumane conditions and has resulted
in illegal passage across the borders. The sex trade, domestic servitude and forced labor in turn
are considered to be as the most significant type of human trafficking. China is considered to be
on the top rank list who tends to come across the high rate in human trafficking of women which
in turn can largely influence the women. 79% of the human trafficking of women is mainly
because of sexual exploitation. The economic sectors which in turn tends to benefit at large from
the human trafficking are agriculture, domestic work, entertainment, restaurants, manufacturing,
hospitality and the commercial sex industry.
4.3 Objective three: relationship between human trafficking and health of women.
It has been significantly analyzed that, Trafficking involves restriction on freedom of
movement. Victims of trafficking are usually kept in isolation in a very unhealthy environment
with poor hygiene and degrading living conditions that lead to degraded physical as well as
mental health.
Most of the female victims trafficking are abused sexually. They usually end up as
prostitutes or in the porn industry. Their procurer is the main source of physical abuse. Victims
are beaten and are inhumanly treated with little or food and water if they do not comply with

them. This leads to many problems like back aches, sleeplessness, depression and other
disorders.
It has been significantly analyzed that, Women sex trafficking victims have to also deal with
sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS and vaginal infections and some frequent viral illnesses
with limited or no medical treatment (Hill, 2018). This also leads to spread of these diseases in
the community which could have been easily avoided with modern medical facilities.
It has been significantly analyzed that, Trafficking puts a lot of psychological trauma on
a person which adversely affects the mental health. Since most trafficking victims are abused
and kept in very degrading conditions, they develop many serious mental problems like
depression, dissociation and suicidal impulses. Evaluation and addressing of these problems is a
must in the very early stages of freedom. Even when freed, most women develop PTSD and are
addicted to alcohol and other intoxicants in order to cope with the circumstances.
It has been significantly analyzed that, Most women victims are not able to access healthcare as
they also have financial problems as most of their earnings go to their procurer and are
financially weak (Sion, SCHWARTZ and TOMITA, 2017). Most women also are afraid of
treatment as they constantly receive threats and intimation from their procurer if they try to
closely contact any person from the outside world. Hence seeing a medical professional could be
a risky and life threatening task.
Many victims come from other countries and do not know the culture or even the
language of the place that they are trafficked. They do not get any community support or are
very hesitant to contact any local in the fear of deportation. Since they had been brought
illegally, they fear the local police for being arrested. Most are not even aware of their legal
rights. In many countries government gives protection and support to trafficked people but they
are not able to utilize them due to lack of proper knowledge of their rights and legal support.
Community integration of such people is very important. They need help from others to
know their immigration status and steps to escape from their procurers. They should be
encouraged to legally fight against their exploitation for their mental well being. It has been
significantly analyzed that, Survivors must aid each other in forming their own community in
which they can fully access healthcare treat their mental conditions from repetitive work related
injuries (2018 Trafficking in person Report, 2018). They should care for their safety as they are
at a high risk of being murdered. Trafficking injures the dignity of an individual and the victims

could face lifelong health issues. Collective collaborative efforts of the community, doctors and
the officials is needed to curb this problem. It takes a long time to completely recover from their
trauma hence continuous post support is essential. Hence a clear need for establishment of
medical institutions that address the problem of health of women trafficking victims is needed
that would aid the recovery of these highly vulnerable people.
It has been significantly analyzed that, Sex trafficking end up in the forced prostitution
which tends to have high degree of impact on the health of the women (Voorhees and Howell
Smith, 2020). It eventually leads to various set of health problems which mainly comprises of
exhaustion like, STDs, vaginal infection, back aches, frequent vial illness, sleeplessness,
depression, headaches, stomach aches as well as eating disorder. Women trafficking also tends
to have high degree of negative impact on the individual person which leads to mental abuse,
panic attacks and psychological trauma. It has been significantly analyzed that, there seems to be
a direct set of relationship between the human trafficking and health of the women. Many
victims experience physical trauma, physical injury such as rape, beat and subject to abuse from
long time, then chances of physical injury is high. There seems to be a high degree of positive
relationship which leads to growth of human trafficking and abuse among the women.
In addition to this, Stoian (2020) also stated that poor mental health is a dominant and
adverse health effect which is directly associated with human trafficking. Such that post
traumatic disorder and other anxiety disorders like thoughts of suicide and some somatic
conditions that includes the physical pain. So it is clearly reflected that there is a direct
relationship between human trafficking and health of women. On the other side, imposed social
isolation like preventive of family contact and restriction of person's movement is also leads to
affect the emotional health of the women and this in turn leads to exploit own lives. So it is
stated that with the help of effective measurement there is a need to manage the problem because
it may leads to economic as well as legal insecurities. That is why, it is analyzed that trafficked
women who return home may also go back to same difficulties which they left with new health
problems that leads to affect their health such that stigma.
4.4 Summary
From the above section it is summarized that the concept of Human trafficking is
completely illegal and it is all about to exploit the human being whether they are men, child or

women. Also, it is clearly reflected from objective 1, that human trafficking is increased in
Romania like people within a country are harassed by many ways and government did not took
enough action to support public and prevent from this illegal things. Among all sections, women
highly suffered and this in turn creates wrong impact upon their physical and mental health as
well. From the above section it is summarized that, human trafficking is usually carried out for
carrying out various set of criminal activities. 30% of the countries who in turn tends to
effectively state that the women and girls make the high degree of proportion associated with
trafficking. Internet has been changing the way sex has been sold. The economic sectors who
benefit at large from the human trafficking mainly includes agriculture, restaurants,
manufacturing, hospitality, domestic work, entertainment and the commercial sex industry. In
Romania there seems to be high degree of decrease in the number of women trafficking and it
has fallen down to 12%. They are enslaved and are forced to work under threatening condition
and violence. They have been asked to get married to someone else. The government must take
necessary measure which in turn helps in the prevention of the rising issues of human trafficking
in women. This tends to largely impact all ethnics and nationality and eventually affects the
heath of the women.
From the above section it is summarized that, Sex trafficking end up in the forced
prostitution which tends to have high degree of impact on the health of the women. Community
integration of such people is very important. Most women develop PTSD and are addicted to
alcohol and other intoxicants in order to cope with the circumstances. This eventually leads to
high degree of negative impact on the health of an individual. Victims are beaten and are treated
inhumanly by exploiting the women. Most of the female victims trafficking are abused sexually
and leads to various set of health problems. Unhealthy environment with poor hygiene and
degrading living conditions results in low degree of mental and physical health problems among
the individual person. It eventually leads to high degree of mental health problems which
includes depression, dissociation and suicidal impulses. Trafficking injures the dignity of an
individual and the victims could face lifelong health issues.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Introduction
This section provides final conclusion of the entire project in which entire section is
summarize and final conclusion is drawn that determine whether there is a direct relationship
between human trafficking and health of women. This chapter concluded the findings and
discussion and on the basis of that provide recommendations that help to Romania to minimize
the problem up to some extent.
5.2 Conclusion
From the above, it is concluded that there is a direct relationship between human
trafficking and the impact upon women's health. Such that majority of women trafficking cases
are related to rape, force marriage and sell the female to international market and in return they
get money. These type of business creates negative impact upon the overall health of women and
as a result, there are many physical and psychological consequences of their lifestyle. For
example, from the articles it is concluded that prostituted women are being murdered by many
people because of many injury in their body.
On the other side, there are many types of women trafficking in Romania and among all
selling women at different market for various reason is consider the most common type. As
Romania is consider top ten country for human trafficking because of women are used for sex
and as result it leads to many infectious disease, pregnancy, malnutrition and mental illness.
These all clearly reflected that there is negative impact upon the women health and it has also
increase physical impact upon the health. Some time, typical injury is also takes place and it
includes the broken bones, concussion and burns among women which in turn leads to affect the
overall health in negative manner. Also, from the discussion and literature review section, it has
been concluded that human trafficking is increases from last many years in Romania especially
among women. Though there are different types of human trafficking such that men, children
and women but actually, it is majorly affected among women and that is why, it may leads to
affect mental, physical and emotional health consequences. This in turn leads to affect the results
I adverse manner which affect the entire system.
Also, from the above section, it has been concluded that government of Romania take
many action and even set up many NGO but due to lack of financial support, country is not
controlling the things and as a result from 2014 onward the women trafficking is increases which

also affect the mental status in negative manner. Therefore, it can be summarized that memory
loss, difficulty in concentrating, aggression and irritability is also consider some of the
symptoms which are normally found within a women and this in turn also affect their family
members in opposite manner as well.
5.3 Recommendations
Through discussion chapter, it is determine that women in Romania is faces many issue
with regards to Human Trafficking and that is why, here are some recommendations which help
to lower the impact up to some level. These are :
 Government should hire some authorities of NGO which support women and decrease
the impact upon the mental health. For that, they should provide financial support to the
organizations for victim services and develop institute a formal mechanism for
administrating the funds.
 Also, it is suggested that government of Romania should amend legislation to allow the
authorities to sanction recruiting agencies for trafficking related crimes and also increase
the quality of psychological counseling that support health of women.
 In addition to this, improve the access to medical assistance for victims and exempt all
trafficking victims who testify in trials from online disclosure of their names in order to
protect participating in prosecution. Also, increase the anti- trafficking training for law
enforcement officials on working with victims so that they understand how to deal with
such crime.
 It is also suggested to the government of Romania to take an action in which they may
increase the number of financial investigator especially for this cases and implement the
2018-20200 national plan. Further, they may also revise the restitution mechanism in
which court should take minimum fees from the women who is victim of human
trafficking and also increase the efforts in which they make sure that victim is receive
proper compensation facilities.
 Also, government facilitated transfer of Swiss funds to Romania and that is why, it is
suggested to the firm to immediately made shelters and homes for the women who are
sexually abused and that is why, their family is not accepted. So it is helpful for those
women where they get proper home case and emergency medical care which is free of

cost. In this way, it is helpful to deal with such issue and make strict laws regarding to
human trafficking.
 Government also provide services to many victim which utilize the art and music therapy
that help survivors to again build the connection between their physical symptoms and
mental health which also proven beneficial in rehabilitation programs.
5.4 Summary
From the above section it is summarizes that scholar concluded that there is a negative
relationship between human trafficking and its impact upon women health because a women has
to go through many stages and the incident also affect their mental and emotional health in such
a manner like many of them took a step of suicide. Report also stated that every 15 girl or
women died due to high depression and anxiety because of human trafficking. Also, section
recommend the ways through which government of Romania may take an action in order to cope
up with the situation and provide protection to women so that it may help to decrease the number
o death due to human trafficking. Also, section provides steps through which the mental
condition of women may improved and they start living normal life. So government should start
taking steps so that human trafficking is control up to some level.

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Appendix
Author and title Research question or
Objectives
Methods and sample Evaluation of an
article
Murray, A. and
Smith, L., 2019.
Implementing
Evidence-Based
Care for Women
Who Have
Experienced Human
Trafficking. Nursing
for women's
health. 23(2). pp.98-
104.
Provide the safe and
effective care through
which the women
health is normal due to
human trafficking
Qualitative study
Secondary research
Evaluated that
integrating evidence
based human
trafficking education
and skills should be
provided in nursing to
cpe up this isue
Acharya, A.K., 2019.
Prevalence of
violence against
indigenous women
victims of human
trafficking and its
implications on
physical injuries and
disabilities in
Monterrey city,
Mexico. Health care
for women
international.40(7-
9). pp.829-846.
To explore the
prevalence of violence
against women and its
implication on
physical injuries
Qualitative study
68 indigenous labor
and sex trafficking
women victims
Concluded different
types of injuries and
long term disabilities.
Swanson, J., 2016.
Sexual liberation or
violence against
women? The debate
on the legalization of
prostitution and the
relationship to
human
trafficking. New
Criminal Law
Review: In
International and
Interdisciplinary
Journal.19(4),
pp.592-639.
Argument about the
prostitution and how
they impact human
trafficking.
Qualitative study
based upon secondary
research
By using theoretical
framework, it
concluded how law
create challenges for
law enforcement and
problem of faulty
assumption. This
increase the problem
of human trafficking.

Yakushko, O. and
Rajan, I., 2017.
Global love for sale:
Divergence and
convergence of
human trafficking
with “Mail Order
Brides” and
international
arranged marriage
phenomena. Women
& Therapy. 40(1-2).
pp.190-206.
To analyze the service
which is facilitate long
term relationship
between men and
women in different
areas that related to
human trafficking
Qualitative study
based upon secondary
research
Concludes tat ethno-
immigrant
communities and
clinical work with
women impact upon
these practices.
Jong, M., 2019.
Human
Trafficking. MacEw
an University
Student Research
Proceedings. 4(1).
How to deal with
human trafficking
which is consider the
biggest issue
Qualitative study Concluded that human
trafficking affect the
people and society in
negative manner
which in turn affect
the results.
Sion, H. A. L. L.,
SCHWARTZ, A.
and TOMITA, M.,
2017. Social
Protection of the
Human Trafficking
Victims from
Romania. Agora
Psycho-
Pragmatica.11(1).
pp.173-181.
Analyses the current
social assistance in
Romania and provide
the model as a best
practice/
Qualitative study Concluded that human
trafficking affect the
result and health of
human being in
negative manner.