An Investigative Report On Use of Concentrated Solar Power as Low/Zero Carbon Technology in United States

Name of the University
Assignment B: Sustainable Energy
An
Investigative Report
On
USE OF CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER AS LOW/ZERO CARBON TECHNOLOGY IN UNITED
STATES
Course Code
Module Name
Student Name
Month
Year
1

Executive Summary
Sustainable energy is a resource that cannot be depleted; however, are supportive of the ecosystem.
However, with an increase in emission of pollution in surrounding energy sources is leading to a
destructive path. Carbon emissions are affecting human lives by replacing it with oxygen present in
the surroundings. As a result, breathing has become a key concern. Therefore, the purpose of this
report is to suggest effective technology that produces low or zero amounts of carbon. The
investigation analyses the use of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies in the country United
States. Even though several schemes like Renewable Obligation Certificate Scheme and Feed-in
Tariffs are launched. Still, it is necessary to gather the current state and its applications in the region.
Therefore, the report has defined Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and its usage in context with the
United States. The report covered CSP technology and provided an in-depth investigation of the topic
thoroughly. Furthermore, the investigation included an overview of solar power, types, background,
and use of CSP in the U.S., like current state, impact, technical developments, costs, barriers,
opportunities.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary...............................................................................................................................2
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................4
2

Low/Zero Carbon Energy Technology....................................................................................................4
Solar Power...........................................................................................................................................4
Overview...........................................................................................................................................4
Types.................................................................................................................................................5
Use of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in the United States................................................................5
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)........................................................................................................5
Background....................................................................................................................................5
Technical Developments....................................................................................................................6
Variations in CSP Technologies......................................................................................................6
The current state of the technology..................................................................................................7
Impact on the energy system and other fuels...................................................................................9
Barriers and Opportunities..............................................................................................................10
A personal view on the technology.....................................................................................................11
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................12
References...........................................................................................................................................13
Introduction
Energy is an important aspect to provide sustainability for society's preciously well beings of humans.
Without energy, mainstream facilities are impossible for production and delivery as it offers
economic, social, and environmental development to a country [1]. Thus, the requirement of energy is
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increasing and in-demand day-by-day. According to statistical records, world energy demand grows
by 45% from the year 2015-2030 and more than 300 % until the century is over [2]. With such rapid
demand, energy generation has become a huge responsibility for governments. However, the
production of energy produces carbon emissions resulting in the corruption of surroundings.
Electricity generation produces 43.5% global CO2 emission of 950 grams for each Kilowatt-hour of
energy [3]. Therefore, the world needs to accept the fact that alternative energy sources are capable of
controlling carbon emissions.
The low/zero carbon technology will not only produce energy; however, it will save surroundings
from suffering. Further, it offers storage mechanisms for saving energy in one place. Hence, this aim
of this investigation is to analyze the usage of low carbon energy technology in the region. The United
States is a vast country and is chosen as a prime region for investigation. Concentrated Solar Power is
chosen technology that uses lens and mirror to transfer the area of sunlight into the beam [4].
This report strategically defines the investigative topic on ‘Concentrated Solar Power.’ Firstly, the
term low/zero-carbon energy technology is identified, followed by the concept of solar power and its
types. Next, CSP technology and the working process is explored in brief. Furthermore, variations in
three types of CSP technologies are also provided in the section. Additionally, the usage and
application for CSP in country United States are discussed. In this section, the current state of
technology, impact, technical developments, as well as barriers and opportunities for CSP, is covered.
Lastly, perception for the usage of Concentrated Solar power is provided with substantial
improvements. Therefore, the report is organized as per technology and its application in a specific
region of the U.K. successfully.
Low/Zero Carbon Energy Technology
The carbon emissions are produced due to energy resources production resulting from coal-fired
mines. Furthermore, due to such emission, the environment becomes more pollution oriented.
Therefore, it is important to analyze the effective control mechanism for reducing such toxic levels.
Low/Zero-carbon energy is a new term which proposes effective technologies so that energy could be
recreated without CO2 emission. As per research studies, renewable energy sources develop almost
14% of the total world energy demand [5]. There are several technologies that produce low/zero
carbon and have been implemented in the U.K. BASF project was launched in 2007 under part of the
Creative Energy Homes project to provide a home as per low carbon-oriented compartment [6].
Hence, it is important to conclude that such technologies are essential and could create a habitat that is
pollution and toxin-free.
Solar Power
Overview
The use of solar power has been seen in different nations so that energy for electricity could be
developed. For example, in Africa, it is utilized for different solar resources like water, air, and steam
with the help of grid and off-grid solar photovoltaic [7]. The solar power could be obtained through
different methods divided as per demand and capability. Another study depicts that people are
working to introduce such techniques in the industry, especially the United States.
Types
There are two types of solar power technologies that are able to offer energy for electricity
consumption. It could also remove fossil fuel consumption with an effective approach followed.
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 Photovoltaic System (P.V.): In the photovoltaic system, solar panels are used either on the
rooftop or in the ground-mounted farms. It converts sunlight directly into electrical power for
producing energy. Furthermore, there are several companies which have invented this
technology such as Heliene, Global Solar Energy, and Mission Solar. The production of P.V.
cells by companies is done under a thin carbon-based, and flexible film. The photovoltaic
system is ten times lighter as compared with traditional panels due to shape reforming. It is
completely possible to bend panels into different shapes kept on a curved surface. However,
they do not disturb the architectural design of buildings in any condition.
 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): Concentrated Solar Power is a low/zero carbon technology
that uses solar thermal energy for producing steam followed by electricity conversion. The
focus of this investigative report will be the implementation of CSP in the United States.
Why? Because P.V. systems have been implemented in the past and have available for quite
some time. However, CSP is another sort of technology that must be investigated as per the
country's perspective.
Use of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in the United
States
Concentrated Solar Power is considered one of the most popular technologies in several countries.
However, the CSP system is completely applicable and successful in the desert-oriented area.
Therefore, the United States has seen an application for such low carbon energy technology due to it's
potential for development. As per one research, the United States has declared for achieving economy,
thereby reducing carbon emission by 28 percent in the year 2025 [20]. Hence, the purpose of this
section is to analyse the use of Concentrated Solar Power in the U.K. with its presence since its
inception towards the current direction successfully. In addition, it includes the current state of
technology, impact on other fuels, technical development, and barriers as well as opportunities to
implement CSP successfully.
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Background
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) is a sunlight dependent and powered technology that usually uses
mirrors and focal points. With the help of these focal points, the energy is produced from turbines.
However, light emission is concentrated, and it is utilized to create electric force after a change into
heat by using a thermodynamic cycle [8]. There is one advantage of using CSP technology, which is
the ability to give power even if sunlight is unavailable for some time. There are different qualities of
concentrated solar power technology which is as follows:
 High efficiencies are obtained due to the fact that CSP uses a thermodynamic cycle and
higher-level temperature inputs.
 The concentrated solar power uses sun-oriented radiation as soon as possible, which saves
time and defines loss for diffused and reflected parts too [8].
 The technology is helpful in calculating estimations for direct normal irradiation. It is the
amount of solar radiation received per unit of the surface perpendicular to sunrays [9].
 This project is capable of the huge scale of sunlight based concentrated solar power plants.
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Technical Developments
Variations in CSP Technologies
There are different types of CSP technologies that could be implemented effectively. As per research,
all types of technologies under CSP reduce carbon emissions very frequently and are better forms of
renewable energy sources.
Parabolic Trough Systems:
In a parabolic trough CSP system, the sun’s energy is gained with the help of parabolically curved
trough-shaped reflectors followed by a buyer pipe working as a warmness absorption cylinder [10].
This cylinder is placed to meter upstairs surfaced mirrors. Furthermore, the heat is transferred into the
liquid chain with the help of a pipe with an above temperature of 293 degrees to 293 degrees Celsius.
Hence, this power is used to create electrical energy for a generator or turbine.
Additionally, alignment of these parabolic trough-shaped mirrors is done on a tub solar collector area.
The arrangement is in a balanced row, which is kept in the direction of sunlight rays. This position
confirms that sunlight is coming towards solar farms and producing energy transfer continuously.
Hence, the parabolic trough CSP system is effective and offers constant production of energy for
electricity generation. This system has been implemented in several solar power projects in the United
States from the year 1985 to 2007 in locations like Eldorado Valley, Boulder City, Nevada, Saguaro,
Arizona, near Tucson; and Mojave Desert, Harper Lake, California [11].
Power Tower Systems:
The power tower systems are also known as the central receiver system and are another important
CSP oriented technology. In this system, there are several types of sun-tracking mirrors that are flat
places in front of sunlight. These sun-tracking mirrors are also known as heliostats who focus sunlight
from the receiver placed at the top of a tower-shaped end [12]. The heat transfer fluid is kept in the
receiver so that heat is utilized in the turbine generator. Through this process, with the help of a
turbine, electricity is generated. Furthermore, the fluid could be either water or steam as per the
capacity. This power tower CSP system heats fluid in the receiver around 600-degree Celsius to
develop steam followed by a turbine generator to gather electricity energy.
In the region of the United States, there is a government in support of the power tower system. The
Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating system is located in California and produces 393-megawatt
electricity through 173,500 heliostats [13]. Hence, it is one example that depicts an implementation of
a concentrated solar power system for a large amount of energy without carbon residues. The second
example is the Crescent Dunes Solar Energy project, which produces 110-megawatt electricity
through 10, 347 heliostats [13]. Therefore, both examples depict the use of CSP in the region of the
U.S. under well-established infrastructure.
Linear Fresnel Systems:
Linear Fresnel system is similar to a parabolic trough concentrated solar power system in design.
Instead of a parabolic mirror, linear concentrating reflectors are used with a large number of collectors
kept in parallel rows effectively. Above these reflectors’ receiver is fixed on which sun reflection
occurs through the use of the pipe. Later, this sunlight is passed into steam condenser so that
electricity is generated into turbines. The direction for reflectors is aligned into the orientation of
north-south only. Hence, this system is completely similar to the parabolic trough CSP architecture.
Further, storage is provided so that energy could be kept into someplace and generate direct use.
This type of concentrated solar power system is designed in the California state of the U.S. There are
a total of nine Solar Electric Generating Systems with 30 M.W. connected to California's main
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electricity grid [14]. It is providing electricity without carbon production as well as saving people’s
lives from toxic residue into surroundings. Similarly, in Nevada state, where 64 M.W. power is
produced so that more than 40,000 families could have electricity at their homes [14]. Therefore, the
adoption of this system could be seen effectively implemented under United States government
bodies.
Parabolic Dish Systems:
The parabolic dish system is another form of technology which supports concentrated solar power
concept. In the parabolic dish system, there are different parts, such as base support, concave dish
frame, reflection sheets, conversion units, and sun-tracking system [15]. The focus concentrator which
passes sunlight is in the form of the dish through which radiation is passed effectively. It is then
mounted on the receiver through which steam is passed into turbines. The concentrators are placed on
a platform with a dual-axis tracking system so that sunlight is tracked [15]. This collection of heat is
then used by the heat engine present on the receiver attached. However, the dish is able to create high
temperature-oriented heat and develop solar fuels in a very simpler manner. There are two-cycle
engines Stirling and Brayton, which is quite helpful for producing power conversion in this system.
These types of systems are currently not implemented in the United States very frequently. However,
being a desert-oriented technology, the strongest possibility for implementation occurs in places like
Africa, Mexico, and the southwest United States [16]. Therefore, parabolic dish systems are
applicable for initiation in the country within a few more years.
Solar Energy Storage System
Solar Energy is obtained from sunlight and then reused so that electricity is created through the
turbine usually. However, solar energy cannot obtain in the night due to the unavailability of rays.
Therefore, energy storage systems are used so that energy is stored in some capacity so that electricity
could not be hampered from the areas. The energy storage system keeps energy locked into a storage
area when it is in excess of need; further, whenever the solar energy is not present, it is utilized for
electricity generation. The storage is of several types, which is used to capture energy such as thermal,
electrical, mechanical, and chemical [17]. In the thermal energy storage, sensible and latent heat is
used as a medium for saving a large amount of energy [18]. While electrical energy storage uses
electricity only for storing energy. These technologies include pumped hydro system, lead-acid
module, alkaline electrolysis, lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, sodium-sulfur stationary li-ion, and
redox flow system [19]. Moreover, the other two use mechanical and chemical components for the
storage mechanism. Hence, the implementation of concentrated solar power requires solar energy
storage as a new requirement successfully.
The current state of the technology
The solar power has been implemented in the United States since its inception in the year 1904. The
first concentrated solar power was implemented in the 19 and 20 century by Frank Shuman for
generating energy through pump water for generating steam. This solar power plant produced 3,000
US gallons, which was 19 Kilowatt horsepower [21]. After that, in the year 1973 and 1984, parabolic
trough CSP systems were introduced under the government-sanctioned plans.
In the year 2013, the concentrated solar power plant was developed in the southwest of Phoenix. Gila
Bend, Arizona, named Solana Generating Station with a capacity of 280 MW [22]. Furthermore, it
implemented molten salt thermal energy storage for storing an excessive amount of energy with the
technology of the parabolic trough CSP system. The year 2015 completely replaced traditional oil,
gas, and coal production with a concentrated solar power system providing 2,00,000 employment
opportunities for the development of energy creation [24]. In the year 2016, 39 percent of electricity
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generation capacity was obtained through the use of CSP system as compared with 29 percent of
natural gas [23]. In the year 2017, a concentrated solar power system was established, which produced
50 gigawatts energy. Whereas, in 2018, the CSP system was generating 66.6 terawatt-hours of United
States electricity in areas of ICT, businesses, and homes buildings [23]. Therefore, with an increase in
the concentrated solar power system, the United States has become the largest source of renewable
energy development.
However, the United States is still trying to implement in new low/carbon-oriented technologies so
that improvements for sustainable energy could be obtained. For example, Hawaii will implement a
system producing energy totally with carbon emissions successfully [25]. Secondly, California has
also decided to implement 60 percent of renewable energy sources by 2040 [26]. Further, 53 million
dollars have been allocated for the implementation of new solar plants with concentrated
technologies. Therefore, the current use of technology is quite approachable and seems important for
the development of infrastructure in the United States.
Further, the current state of implementing Concentrated Solar Power has concluded towards important
benefits. For instance, there are four aspects that should be considered for considering renewable
energy as effective. Firstly, the current state of technology provides industry stability, growth with an
annual growth rate of 50 percent to the country [27]. Therefore, the tax obtained from implementing
CSP offers a better approach to economic growth. Secondly, if CSP plants are implemented by the
government, then companies producing such technologies are also offering jobs for American people.
Source [27]
As per the research study, approximately 200,000 people are working in the solar sector from the year
2012-2018, resulting in 17 billion investments for the economy [27]. Thus, currently, the country is in
a stable position due to offering a good contribution by CSP. Thirdly, the CSP system offers
competition with traditional sources.
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Source [27]
Source [27]
As a result, electrical generation is increased in the country effectively, with 2.5% currently [27].
Lastly, a concentrated system offers the best optimal solution for the development of company
infrastructure inappropriate budget. As per research, companies like Apple, Amazon, Target, and
Walmart have installed a CSP system for their facilities, developing 7,000 MW capacity [27].
Source [25]
Hence, the current state of technology is more useful for the development and creation of company
infrastructure without zero/low carbon technology in a successful manner. It can be concluded that 40
percent of energy generation is dominated by the usage of solar power as per record for the year 2019.
Impact on the energy system and other fuels
Concentrated Solar Power technology is moving ahead with 80 percent of the United States region
using it now. However, this advancement for renewable energy sources can replace another energy
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system, especially fossil fuels producing carbon emission during the generation of electricity. Fossil
fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil are used for steam generation so that the turbine works and
supplies electricity. However, toxic materials like carbon produce more emission as compared with
renewable energy. Still, there will not be more effective in using solar power instead of fossil fuel.
In the year 2019, approximately 3.7 billion barrels of crude oil were produced in the country, while, in
2018 quarter of energy consumption was from crude oil, a third from natural gas as well as a third
lower from coal [28]. This depicts the usage of domestic oil and gas production is not ending the use
of fossil fuel. On the contrary, it is bringing opportunities for new technologies such as fracking,
horizontal drilling, and much more. Further, currently, the U.S. is still the second-biggest producer for
oil and gas as fossil fuel consumption. Therefore, solar power could create its own place for energy
production. However, their contribution is just 25 percent in the U.S. market. Hence, as per the pew
research study, coal accounts for 1 percent of the country’s energy production since 2018 towards
now. The production for another energy system, as compared with solar power, is identified below.
Source [28]
Barriers and Opportunities
As per a survey from statistics 2016, approximately 42 percent of responders from the United States
consider cost as one of the critical barriers for implementing concentrated solar power plants [29].
Furthermore, capital investment cost for CSP technologies is much more as it requires the
implementation of the project first. For example, 80 percent of companies are implementing parabolic
trough technology in the United States Solar panel project. However, this technology is costly due to
thermal energy storage attached to fields. As per the reported study, the current investment cost for
CSP technology is parabolic trough is from USD 4 500/KW and USD 7 150/KW; with thermal energy
storage, it is between USD 5 000 and USD 10 500/KW [30]. The cost breakdown structure for CSP
technologies is defined for the year 2010-2011 [30]. Therefore, the cost is the critical barrier that
creates resistance for the implementation of CSP technologies affecting the economy.
Another barrier for the adoption of solar power is a technical issue that brings anxiety over panels not
working with 23 percent agreeing. For example, low conversion energies in CSP technologies are
responsible for limited storage and shortage for battery [31]. Twenty percent of people agree that solar
power is risky and do not take any proper decision regarding implementation. Hence, the financial
barrier also occurs when financial institutions do not support solar technology and consider it
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dangerous [31]. Therefore, some significant obstacles for adopting CSP technologies are economic,
technical, commercial, and institutional as per country-specific.
Source [29]
Source [30]
However, CSP technologies, if implemented properly with financial support, could bring different
opportunities to the U.S. market. The economic benefits are one of the key impacts of solar power
plants works adequately. The companies in the country after using solar panel brings opportunities for
infrastructure development [27]. Furthermore, people will have more jobs working in solar plants in
America. As a result, the economy will improve and make the U.S. a better place and bring social
developments.
A personal view on the technology
After acknowledging all the facts, it is essential to analyze whether the system is feasible or not. One
cannot deny the fact that energy is an important part of social, technological, and economic
development. As electricity is the actual support for three elements for a country or region. The
United States is a developed and quite stable country that has the largest number of states. Hence,
electricity is an important resource for future development. Therefore, solar power systems have much
more potential in the upcoming years.
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As compared to fossil fuels, low/carbon technology will offer different types of benefits. Firstly,
natural gas and coal produce toxic residue affecting people and the environment adversely. Carbon
dioxide and sulfur dioxide are prime residues that affect the surroundings [24]. Therefore, to reduce
suffocating air, solar power is the best optimal solution. Solar power could replace the old method
immediately and keep the surroundings clean for people. On the contrary, implementation cost
becomes a key concern for U.S. government officials even though projects are launched but require
ample support for the cost of development for the plant as well as maintenance.
Therefore, a good amount of support is needed for the cost of development in the U.S. for the CSP
system. Hence, it is clear that governments should consider all sides before launching such projects as
fossil fuels are still dominating the market, however, if there is a strong supportive pillar, then it is
quite possible to implement a solar power system in almost all the states successfully.
Conclusion
To conclude, the purpose of this report was to analyze the application of a low/zero carbon-oriented
technology. Concentrated Solar Power is a very effective technology that produces energy by using
sun rays and turbine flow. As a result, electricity generation becomes simpler and reduces toxins level
otherwise through combustible fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas, as well as oil. Thus, in the
country such as the United States, the use of low/carbon technology is seen very frequently. One of
the reasons is being a developed country has more potential ever. Secondly, it offers different benefits
such as economic increment to the Americans. The findings suggest that four types of CSP
technologies are used in the country at several solar plants. Some of them include parabolic trough
system; power cantered tower system, Linear Fresnel, and Parabolic dish system. All four types of
systems are found in the states of the U.S., predominantly and frequently.
The current state of technology provides stability, an increase in economic conditions, job
opportunities successfully. Furthermore, with such stable and good conditions, CSP is quite
acceptable and approachable by different sectors. For instance, it was discovered in the findings that
companies are implementing infrastructure capabilities with the help of solar-powered electricity
generation. Thus, CSP has been an effective mechanism to improve the infrastructure of the country
successfully. However, fossils fuels and their utilization will narrow down after some time with the
popularity of renewable energy sources. But it was found that the energy system will get disturbed
because people are completely dependent on sun rays. The possibility for storage of energy is present;
however, again, it brings issues for maintenance.
Further, another barrier to the implementation of such a highly capable system is abrupt costs. Still,
opportunities for such sources are still much higher because of adoption at a global level. Hence, if
though people are adopting solar power, still some of them are inclined towards the old version of
traditional fossil fuel. As per available evidence, it is inevitable to replace fossil fuel for the long run;
however, keeping it in mind that solar power does not support without battery storage or sunlight.
Therefore, even though it is a good solution, however, does not support the country in the long run as
per feasibility.
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