This article analyzes the issue of homelessness in Australia using Kingdon's framework. It discusses the causes of homelessness, government policies, and implementation strategies.
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Running head: ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK Name of the Student Name of the University Author Note
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1 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK 1. Introduction Homelessness is a worse condition in Australia which is rising by the day and according to census data last five years till 2016 the rise of the homeless people number in Australia was 4.6 percent and among total Australian population the homelessness was 13.7 percent (Abs.gov.au, 2019). According to the census 2016 data 116,000 people experiencing homelessnessthatmeans50homelesspeopleper10,000people(Abs.gov.au,2019). According to the statistics it is not only a problem in the national context it is also an international problem and 2 percent of total world population is homeless and almost 1.6 billion people facing inadequate housing issues (Yaleglobal.yale.edu, 2019). The primary causes of the homelessness can be the exponential development of the human population and inadequate lands. On the other hand the basic cause can be defined as the unequal economic distribution as well. The economic and the environmental factors can be termed as the key factors in the rise in the number of the homelessness problem. Australian government realises the homelessness factor is a complex issue and it affects the living habit and many other things of the Australian people. The government focused on the case and devised some funding policies for the social house development for the homeless people. The National AffordableHousingAgreement(NAHA)andNationalPartnershipAgreementon Homelessness (NPAH) were the policies taken by the federal government and the state government in order to address the complex situation of the homeless across the country (Dss.gov.au, 2019). 2. Policy Analysis: Kingdon’s Framework John Kingdon developed his multiple stream model in the year 1984. In this model he stated that policy changes comes into action when the three streams that are the problem, policy and the politics connect together. Although these tree are the individual streams and do not depend on each other but in order to develop a policy these three factors need to
2 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK collaborate or connect each other for the policy development process (Rawat and Morris 2016). There are many policy development models found but Kingdon’s multiple stream model only the one where each factor or stream works with their own force but ultimately influencing each other. Kingdon’s multiple stream model focuses on the timing and teh flow of the action of the policy and the streams do not just meet up in any point but develop the collaboration with the help of the sustained and consistent action of the policy maker or the by the policy itself (Mukherjee and Howlett 2015). 3. Supporting Homelessness policy 3.1 Problem stream The homeless is the complex factor depending on different aspects of social and economic factors along with the environmental factors. The homelessness was triggered at the period of the colonisation in Australia by the European people. The Indigenous people of the continent faced the homelessness and the landlessness problems from the 17thcentury (Rigby 2016). According to census data the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peopleexperiencinghomelessnessintheyear2016was23,437(Abs.gov.au,2019). However, the complexity of the problem began to rise when the population of the world and the Australian continent rise exponentially. On the other hand the factor of the economic breakdown in all over the world also affected the economic structure of the Australian communities. It has been found that out of 10,000 people there are 50 people who are homeless in the country and the factor will be rising as the world population has not been checked yet (Abs.gov.au, 2019). The policy of the NAHA and NPAH was mentioned by the federal government in the budget and the policy development counsels for the improvement of the situation by means of developing social housing facility for the homeless people (Dss.gov.au, 2019). This would be an effective policy however; the social housing needs
3 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK lands that can be an issue needed to be considered first along with the funding for the project. According to Kingdon’s multiple stream model the data collection is fairly important for the knowledgeoftheproblemhowever,theproblemcannotbeaddressedwithoutthe interpretation of the data (Howlett, McConnell and Perl 2017). According to the data it can be seen there are 116,427 people are facing the problem of homelessness in the country and the change of the issue raised in five years up to 13.7 percent (Abs.gov.au, 2019). This condition needstobeaddressedbythegovernmentwiththedevelopedpoliciesandalso implementation of other policies in order to provide a safe and healthy living to the country people. 3.2 Policy stream In terms of addressing homelessness in the Australian context there have been different policies suggested by the government on the basis of the census report of homeless population. The primary focus of these policies are funding for the social housing facilities. The NAHA and NPAH policies are the policies among these policies which were recently been identified for addressing the issue. In the budget year 2017-2018 government has been working on the reformation of these two above mentioned policies and the formation of the National Housing and Homeless Agreement (NHHA) policy for the betterment in addressing the homelessness issue (Dss.gov.au, 2019). They were convinced in the fact that the NHHA policywouldbe helpfulin theincreasingnumber of thenewhomesupplyand the improvement of the housing condition for the Australian people especially whom are in need. According to government announcement the NHHA policy will be providing $375.3 million for three years starting from July 2018 (Dss.gov.au, 2019). The funding will be focused on the domestic violence cases and it will help especially the young vulnerable population. They also stated that the Transitional National Partnership Agreement on Homelessness policy will provide $117.2 million to the homeless people prior to the effectiveness of the NHHA policy
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4 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK (Dss.gov.au, 2019). The government will also provide $30 million for the social investigation among which $10 million will be used for improving the housing and welfare of the young people at risk. On the other hand $6 million will be used for four years in order to motivate the property vendors to donate 0.1 percent of their profit to the social housing program and this policy is named as Homes for Homes (Dss.gov.au, 2019). All these policies are created in order to prevent the severity of the homelessness of the Australian people and helping them sustain the issue. In terms of Kingdon’s multiple stream model this policy stream is the factor that address the problem stream (Smithet al.2016). The homelessness policy including the NAHA, NPAH and the NHHA policy are created in order to address the homeless situation of the 116,427 people of the country (Abs.gov.au, 2019). Hence, it can be seen that the problem stream and the policy stream are connected in the policy development. 3.3 Political stream The federal government of Australia has developed the agenda which is termed as the Social Inclusion Agenda. This agenda focuses on the reduction of disadvantage, increasing participationofpeopleinsocial,civilandeconomicsectors,buildingindividualand communitystrengths,buildingpartnershipwithkeystakeholders,developingtailored services, evidence based policy development, planning for sustainability and other factors (Aph.gov.au, 2019).Federal government also announced several different factors in order to minimise the factors of the homelessness. The political inclusion policies would be the factor that also needed to be considered in the factor of the minimising homelessness. The government also working on the development of the new legislative act for addressing the homelessness factor of the Australian context. However, this issue can be coordinated by the humanrightsactthatistheAustralianHumanRightsCommissionAct1986 (Legislation.gov.au, 2019). On the basis of this act the facilities would be provided to all the homeless people especially the young people at risk. The home violence factors would also
5 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK be addressed by means of this legislative act. The political perspective of funding policy development along with the housing facility development can be termed as the political stream as well. According to Kingdon’s multiple stream model the political stream is the aspect of all these streams that address all the needs of the policy and develop the policy in accordance with the factor of the resources and addressable factors. The homelessness in Australia is a factor that affects the living pattern of a number of people and the home violence, migration, over population is the causal factors of the issue (Bakeret al.2018). Thus the political aspect should be able to address these factors in order to minimise the homelessness among the people of the country. In order to address these factors the government should be able to develop effective legislative acts and strictly address and implement those acts. The minimisation or the prevention of the homelessness issue the government should be aware of the situation by means of the evidence based information gathering process (Joneset al.2016). 4. Implementation: Preventing homelessness As of the government developed NAHA, NPAH, NHHA policies implementation is needed to be assessed on the basis of the evidences. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics data in 2018 the homelessness rate get up to 14 percent and 43,500 people who do not have any home are under 25 years old (Davey and Knaus 2019). This statistics highlight the implementation rate of the homelessness policies developed by the government of Australia. On the other hand there are data which highlights the fact of the rough sleeping is increasing in the cities and the capitals. There is a hike in the percentage of homelessness in urban cities from 48 percent to 63 percent (Henriques-Gomes, 2019). There have been seen 27 people out of 10,000 people homeless with the age of 65 to 74 (Davey and Knaus 2019). The rough sleeping and homelessness increasing and concentrated in Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart and other cities and the number increased by 25 percent of which almost 9 percent can
6 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK be seen in Sydney (Henriques-Gomes, 2019). This low level of implementation or rather the less implementation of these policies by the government can be stated as the lack of resource issue.ThereportsalsohighlightthattheAustraliaisbehindthereformationofthe homelessness crisis as compared to some similar countries. The report also states that the causes can be the lower trust to the government of the country, costly living, and polluting and costly electricity supply. The other causes that can be affecting the reformation process are the economic structure of the country. It is recommended in the report that the next federal government should reform the tax policy of the country in order to sustain the economic ups and downs of the world and the nation as well (Davey 2019). Hence, it can be stated that the Australian government should implement the policies and cut down the number of the homelessness issue by means of partnership with other funding organisation and also considering the stakeholder relationship factor. However, the economic reform is needed in order to address the factor of the employment of the country that can be able to cut down the number of the homelessness among the country people. The social housing system should also be needed to be considered for the betterment of the homelessness factor for the elderly and the young people. However, the statistics highlights that the factor of the homelessness minimisation was not successful in the Australia (MacKenzie 2018). 5. Alternative Strategy There are several strategies in order to sustain against the issue of homelessness or it can be said that the homelessness factor of a country can be handles by several policy development. There are several effective policies which can be used for preventing the homelessness. Firstly the government needs to cut down the amount of housing that is provide the supply of the affordable houses to the young people of the country who are at risk of homelessness. Secondly, developing legislation and stopping the domestic violence which is one of the leading causes of the homelessness among the elderly people (Brownet al.
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7 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK 2016). Sometimes this factor also affects the young people. Organising awareness programs to let the tenants know about their rights and preventing their eviction from the tenured houses. This can be able to minimise the number of homelessness. Development of shelter facilities or social housing facilities which can provide healthy living to the families without any home and minimise the rough sleeping on the streets or parks. Enabling the evidence collection facilities about the families and thus providing them with proper subsidies can be helpful in the economic support by the government. This factor would be able to provide proper economic structure to afford the houses and other resources. Moreover, the most needed facility for addressing the homelessness would be employment increase across the country in order to develop the economy of number of people and let them afford their houses (Pleace 2017). Other than this the development of strict legislation for stopping the migration or refuge of foreign people also would be helpful in lowering the fact of the homelessness. In terms of Kingdon’s multiple stream model it can be stated that the fact of the homelessness can be prevented by means of the assessment of the problem properly that is the evidence based assessment of the problem would be helpful in the policy development of preventing the ill situation. However, lower amount of resource can be able to prevent the government to progress in the context of homelessness prevention (Henwoodet al.2015). On the contrary the most important factor in the prevention of homelessness is the proper and flexible funding without which the process cannot be forwarded further (Sullivan, Bomsta and Hacskaylo 2016). 6. Conclusion Based on the above discussion it can be stated that the homelessness is a complex issue of the worldwide and national context. In Australia there is a very poor condition in terms of the housing and safety for the people. The factor of the homelessness can be prevented by implementing good and effective strategies and government of Australia
8 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK developed several policies as well for the implementation of the policy such as the NAHA, NPAH, NHHA and other policies. However, the implementation of these policies could not be seen properly and the situation got worse as the rate of homelessness raised more. In terms of Kingdon’s multiple stream model the problem, policy and the politics needed to be connected for the development of the proper policy and implementation of the policy as well however, on the basis of several report it can be stated that the connection of these three streams were not adequate in this context. On the other hand the lack of funding also a factor for the failure of the policy implementation and prevention of homelessness in Australia. Hence, it can be said that the implementation of the homelessness policies developed by the government needs to consider the stakeholder relationship in order to provide the funding for the policies and providing better affordable and healthy housing to the country people especially the youth and the elders.
9 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK References Abs.gov.au (2019).2049.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Estimating homelessness, 2016.[online]Abs.gov.au.Availableat: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/2049.0Media%20Release12016 [Accessed 4 Jun. 2019]. Aph.gov.au(2019).HouseofRepresentativesCommittees–fchyhomelessnessreport chapter4.htm–ParliamentofAustralia.[online]Aph.gov.au.Availableat: https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/House_of_Representatives_Co mmittees?url=fchy/homelessness/report/chapter4.htm [Accessed 4 Jun. 2019]. Baker, P., Friel, S., Kay, A., Baum, F., Strazdins, L. and Mackean, T., 2018. What enables and constrains the inclusion of the social determinants of health inequities in government policyagendas?Anarrativereview.Internationaljournalofhealthpolicyand management,7(2), p.101. Brown, R.T., Goodman, L., Guzman, D., Tieu, L., Ponath, C. and Kushel, M.B., 2016. Pathways to homelessness among older homeless adults: results from the HOPE HOME study.PloS one,11(5), p.e0155065. Davey, M. (2019).Australia behind similar countries in tackling homelessness and cost of living.[online]theGuardian.Availableat: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/apr/16/australia-behind-similar-countries- in-tackling-homelessness-and-cost-of-living [Accessed 4 Jun. 2019]. Davey, M. and Knaus, C. (2019).Homelessness in Australia up 14% in five years, ABS says. [online]theGuardian.Availableat:
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10 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/mar/14/homelessness-in-australia-up-14- in-five-years-abs-says [Accessed 4 Jun. 2019]. Dss.gov.au (2019).Homelessness | Department of Social Services, Australian Government. [online]Dss.gov.au.Availableat:https://www.dss.gov.au/housing-support/programmes- services/homelessness [Accessed 4 Jun. 2019]. Henriques-Gomes,L.(2019).HomelessnessbecomingconcentratedinSydneyand Melbourne,studyfinds.[online]theGuardian.Availableat: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/may/30/homelessness-becoming- concentrated-in-sydney-and-melbourne-study-finds [Accessed 4 Jun. 2019]. Henwood, B., Wenzel, S.L., Mangano, P.F., Hombs, M., Padgett, D.K., Byrne, T., Rice, E., Butts, S. and Uretsky, M.C., 2015. The grand challenge of ending homelessness. Howlett, M., McConnell, A. and Perl, A., 2017. Moving policy theory forward: Connecting multiplestreamandadvocacycoalitionframeworkstopolicycyclemodelsof analysis.Australian Journal of Public Administration,76(1), pp.65-79. Jones, M.D., Peterson, H.L., Pierce, J.J., Herweg, N., Bernal, A., Lamberta Raney, H. and Zahariadis, N., 2016. A river runs through it: A multiple streams meta‐review.Policy Studies Journal,44(1), pp.13-36. Legislation.gov.au(2019).AustralianHumanRightsCommissionAct1986.[online] Legislation.gov.au.Availableat:https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00030 [Accessed 4 Jun. 2019]. MacKenzie, D., 2018. Some Reflections on the Policy History of Youth Homelessness in Australia.Cityscape,20(3), pp.147-156.
11 ANALYSING HOMELESSNESS USING KINGDON’S FRAMEWORK Mukherjee,I.andHowlett,M.P.,2015.WhoisaStream?EpistemicCommunities, InstrumentConstituenciesandAdvocacyCoalitionsinMultipleStreams Subsystems.Epistemic Communities, Instrument Constituencies and Advocacy Coalitions in Multiple Streams Subsystems (April 10, 2015). Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy Research Paper, (15-18). Pleace, N., 2017. The Action Plan for Preventing Homelessness in Finland 2016-2019: The CulminationofanIntegratedStrategytoEndHomelessness?.EuropeanJournalof Homelessness. Rawat, P. and Morris, J.C., 2016. K ingdon's “Streams” Model at Thirty: Still Relevant in the 21st Century?.Politics & Policy,44(4), pp.608-638. Rigby, B., 2016. The'Treaty of Waitangi', local government and indigenous homelessness in New Zealand.Parity,29(8), p.22. Smith, N., Mitton, C., Dowling, L., Hiltz, M.A., Campbell, M. and Gujar, S.A., 2016. Introducing new priority setting and resource allocation processes in a Canadian healthcare organization:a casestudy analysisinformedby multiplestreamstheory.International journal of health policy and management,5(1), p.23. Sullivan, C.M., Bomsta, H.D. and Hacskaylo, M.A., 2016. Flexible funding as a promising strategy to prevent homelessness for survivors of intimate partner violence.Journal of interpersonal violence, p.0886260516664318. Yaleglobal.yale.edu (2019).As Cities Grow, So Do the Numbers of Homeless | YaleGlobal Online. [online] Yaleglobal.yale.edu. Available at: https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/cities- grow-so-do-numbers-homeless [Accessed 4 Jun. 2019].