Leadership Theories and Managerial Effectiveness

The provided assignment delves into the realm of leadership theories and their application in managerial contexts. It presents a comprehensive analysis of different leadership styles, such as transformational leadership and contingency theory, highlighting their significance in organizational settings. Additionally, it touches upon the role of emotional intelligence in project success and job satisfaction. The document also references various research studies and publications that support these findings, providing a nuanced understanding of leadership theories and their practical implications.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................2
1. Description of organisation and its management structure.....................................................2
2. Comparison of roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager.......................................2
3. Difference in managerial function and leader’s role by using theories...................................4
4. Analysis of function of manager and role of a leader in various situations............................4
5. Various leadership theories.....................................................................................................5
6. Strength and weaknesses of various leadership theories.........................................................5
7. Impact of role of manager and leader on business..................................................................8
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
1. Operation management and key approaches...........................................................................8
2. Role of managers and leaders in managing operations.........................................................10
3. Importance and value of operations management.................................................................10
4. Managers and leaders could be effective in improving operational efficiencies ................11
5. Impact of internal factors on operational management and decision making process..........11
6. Manage factors by application of operation management ...................................................12
7. Conclusion and recommendations .......................................................................................12
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
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INTRODUCTION
Management operations (MO) refers to the management of all the activities and practices
which are performed in attainment of the organisation's goals and objectives. This is related to
reducing the costs of the firm and improving the performance of the employees that will lead to
an increase in the productivity of the firm. Marks & Spencer is a retailer store which is dealing in
food, clothing and home ware products around the world. The present study will explain the
roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager. It will also analyse the functions of manager
and role of a leader in various situations. The report will tell the impact of leadership theories
and importance of management operations within an organisation.
TASK 1
1. Description of organisation and its management structure
Mark & Spencer is major British multinational retail company deals in clothing, food
products. Firm has currently 979 stores across the UK including 615 that only sell food goods. M
& S follows flat structure of the organization. This structure is beneficial for greater
communication between workers and management, reduce costs of middle level management,
easier decision making in business. So that firm provides better goods and services to customers.
2. Comparison of roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
Leaders are the person who is in charge of a people or a group of people and directs them
to attain organisation's goals and objectives. They have the responsibility to provide command to
their followers and motivates them to work effectively and efficiently.
Manager is responsible for accomplishment of certain tasks with greater efficiency so that
productivity and profits of the firm is increased (Bahmani-Firouzi and Azizipanah-Abarghooee,
2014).They perform certain tasks and activities provided by the organisation in order to achieve
goal or objectives. The decisions regarding prices are taken by the managers and becomes a
negotiator with supplier and customers.
ROLE OF MANAGER AND LEADERS
Manager Leaders
Leader plays a very crucial role in the
company and is required at all management
levels; top, middle, lower level.
The success and improved productivity of the
M&S depends on the work of the manager.
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A leader of M&S represents the organisation at
various conferences, seminars and shows the
working of the organisation to the public
(Sedaghati and Kavousi-Fard, 2014).
It is determined by how the manager is
utilising the company's resources effectively
and efficiently (Radosavljević, Jevtić and
Klimenta, 2016).
They integrate the personal goals of the person
with the organisation's goals.
Manager acts as a motivator who motivates
their people for efficient contribution towards
the company and sets an example of
dedication.
Chief has their own personality and
intelligence which assists them in providing a
positive result to the firm.
They are the person who is in charge of any
disputes arising out and tries to resolve them
(Mohammadi, Mozafar and Solimani, 2014)
CHARACTERISTICS
 Characteristics of a leader- Character reflects the true picture of a person. Characteristics
of a good leader are, leader of M&S has a positive attitude towards the company (Dinh
and et. al., 2014). They have an attitude of commitment of work towards the firm and
confidence in their upbringing. A leader is a person full of new creative ideas and
working skills which is helpful in increasing the productivity of the company. They
always try to increase the communication level in the organisation.
Source: Characteristics of Great Leaders, 2017
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Illustration 1: Characteristics of a leader

11 Characteristics of a manager- Manager with effective knowledge base becomes an
essential tool for the company (Day, Gu and Sammons, 2016). The manager of M&S is
committed towards the attainment of the stated objectives.
For the success and to remain in the market for a longer duration, both manager and
leader plays a crucial and important role.
3. Difference in managerial function and leader’s role by using theories
Scientific theory of management: This concept utilizes data and measurement to
improving employees productivity that to make more effective organization. Managers are able
to improve information that assists then run in their business more efficiently and profitably.
Leaders has to engage staff in different activities that happen in organization.
Behavioural theory of management: Manager apply this theory for improving
productivity of employees that helps in changing culture and environment of workplace.
4. Analysis of function of manager and role of a leader in various situations
FUNCTIONS OF A MANAGER IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS
There are four main functions of a manager i.e. planning, organising, leading and
controlling. Planning refers to the identification of goals, formulate policies, arranging of
required resources and implementing the policies and achieve the set goals (Saleem, 2015). For
instance, a person has to achieve a specified target of sales then the function of a manager is to
make a plan regarding steps necessary for advertisement process, number of customers to be
attracted or to contact the old customers if they are willing to buy additional product.
The second function of manager i.e. organising, with the help of the above example, the
manager of M&S have to organise the required resources and will distribute them according to
his plan made. They give work to their persons according to their capabilities and delegate some
authority to achieve the target. Employees is getting lower, so that manager has to lead,
communicate and solve their problems They also motivate and encourage the employees to
retain their efficiency.
The third function of manager is leading of employees for improving efficiencies of work
performance in the workplace. With the help of this function, manager make sure that all
employees are participating in every business activities and solving situation of company.
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The last function of the manager is to assure an effective control system which is helpful
in attaining the organisation's goals. For example, the environment of business is affected by
many factors like dissemination of false rumours, lack of communication, distrust among
employees, sometimes resources are being misuse during productions so manager of M&S will
try to control the way of working of the employees so that in order to use resources efficiently
and will improve the communication level which will be helpful in removing the distrust among
the employees.
ROLE OF A LEADER IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS
Leaders are person who influences their subordinates to work effectively. In this context,
role of a leader of M&S is to set a clear vision in situation where employees are not having the
complete information regarding their work; what to do, how to do. Leader will give them
information about work to perform. For instance, employee is demotivated because of their
problems in this situation, leader will communicate and try to solve their problems and motivate
them to do their job well (Chiu and et. al., 2017). The role of a leader is to provide the needed
material or equipments to the employees for completion of their work. This will reduce the time
for waiting of raw materials and will lead to completion of work on time. Another role of a
leader is to boost the morale of the employees. In situation, where employees' work is affected
and its productivity is getting reduced, leader will give proper guidance, communicate with them
and this will automatically boost up their morale (Bosworth, 2016).
5. Various leadership theories
SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY: This theory focuses on leadership style and
maturity of those being led. This theory identifies four leadership approaches such as telling,
selling, participating, delegating. It also assists in determining maturity level of employees that
becomes very important part of process.
SYSTEM LEADERSHIP THEORY: This approach enables leaders in organization to
create conditions where people at all level can work productivity to their potential. It uses
principles about human behaviour to create model of good leadership, organization strategies and
systems design.
CONTINGENCY LEADERSHIP THEORY: This theory refers that leader's
effectiveness in contingent upon with their style matches to the situations. In order to succeed,
there must be strong leaders members relations.
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6. Strength and weaknesses of various leadership theories
Leadership theories define as directing employees to work with greater efficiency and
productivity (Rezvani and et. al., 2016). In this report, three leadership theories explain ;
situational leadership, system leadership, contingency leadership.
SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY-This theory says that every leaders are best at their
own level. This leadership theory utilized different situation that happen in organization.
 Strength
1. It is well known and frequently used for training leaders.
2. It is easily understandable and used in different settings.
 Weakness
1. This theory puts some pressure on leaders as they have to continuously analyse
the changing situations and make decisions.
2. As there are changing situations, more importance will be given to arising needs
and long term goals and objectives are disregarded.
3. Development of subordinates of M&S will be hampered as leaders will
concentrate more on changing environment.
SYSTEM LEADERSHIP THEORY- In this theory, leaders create some situations and guides
their followers to perform in that given situations to know about their productivity and
efficiency.
 Strength
1. The overall goal of firm and individual goals are achieved through this theory.
2. This theory is dynamic in nature and adapts the changes of the environment.
3. Multiple dimensions are focussed by this theory.
4. Every situation is treated equally which brings uniformity in the decisions.
 Weakness
1. Sometimes, delays in decision making process may occur as this theory is not
practical every time.
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2. Inter-dependent nature is not defined.
3. Does not focus on a particular style of working of M&S.
4. This theory is not applicable to smaller firms.
CONTINGENCY LEADERSHIP THEORY OF FIEDLER'S- According to Fiedler, the
focus is laid on matching of the leader's style with given situation. The effectiveness of a leader
is determined by how leader's style is efficient in given situation.
 Strength
1. With the help of this theory, flexibility in management style can be achieved.
2. This theory says that opinions of employees of M&S matter in decisions making
process.
3. Task culture becomes flexible because of the changing environment and changes
in decisions taken by the leader.
4. As this theory lays stress on matching of leadership style taken by leader with
changing situations, anyone in the company can chose a style to work and become
a leader.
 Weakness
1. This theory proves to be complex when it is practised.
2. One of the weaknesses of this theory is it lacks adequacy of literature and is not
spelled out adequately.
3. Because of many factors involved in it, this theory becomes difficult for empirical
testing.
4. This theory is reactive by nature and not proactive.
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Source:(CONTINGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP, 2018)
Leaders of M&S utilizes situational theory, because of, it is easy to understand and apply
across variety of setting. This assists in different situation of organization. This theory
emphasizes leaders flexibility, several styles are needed depend on situation.
7. Impact of role of manager and leader on business
Manager has to motivate their employees for raising skills and knowledge so that, staff
easily working activities in the organization. This assists in improving performance of workers
and its directly impact on productivity of business. On the other hand, leader has to lead their
subordinates for improving performance that effect on business.
TASK 2
1. Operation management and key approaches
Operation management is the process of minimising operational errors and raising overall
operational efficiency of the company. This is indispensable division of an organisation that
provide assistance in carrying out distinct operations in more effective and efficient manner. The
following key approaches are evaluated in this report:
 Total quality approach- For customers, the quality of product is very important.
Customers gets very particular to buy a product. The product's quality should be kept in
mind during its process. Managers of M&S makes some changes in the production
process to improve quality and gain trust of customers. Through this, more customers
will be attracted and this will increase the sales figure of the company. Customer
satisfaction is the main motive of this approach as it is concerned with the improvement
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Illustration 2: Contingency Theory

of the quality of product to satisfy consumer needs and choices. According to this
approach, involvement of every employee in the production process is important so that
many ideas for improvement of product can be ascertained. As this process involves
development of product which is necessary in every changing situations, this can lead to
a continuous improvement of product, workers and enterprise. This approach involves
data collection for production of goods according to consumer's needs so it becomes a
information based approach.
 Six Sigma approach- It is related to identifying the errors and defects and removing
them. With help of removing all these errors and defects, it is easy to improve quality of
product. This method is expensive to utilise but when used properly which will help the
company to gain excellence. This approach focuses on persons and production process as
high quality products can be produced by well trained and self motivated employees.
Application of this approach can lead to an improvement in production process, it can
detect the errors and removing these errors can increase quality, improved costs and
firm's productivity. It will lead to development of short-term plan which are undertaken
to achieve a specific goal.
 Lean operation management- It helps in growth of the M&S by removing the wastes
occurring during production process. By removing the wastes from production process
that help in improving quality and designs of the product. All these are leading to attract
of more number of customers and improvement in the sales figure of the company.
Through this approach, increasing efficiency and productivity of the enterprise.
Simplifying the functions of an organisation reduces jobs of the same kind. Money will
not be misused if the organisation is keeping less inventory with themselves, and are able
to meet the consumer's needs with the available products. By removing the wastes,
company reduces the time of production as it is causing the slowing down of production
process.
All these approaches helps in consuming less time, increasing the efficiency and
productivity of the enterprise.
2. Role of managers and leaders in managing operations
Manager plays different roles in managing operation of M&S. It includes reducing time
and costs, arranging both raw material and personnel resources. This assists in improving
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operation of organization. Leader give guidance, sharing objectives and values to their
subordinates for improving performance in the workplace. This assists in managing operation of
company. Leaders are working as guide, friends of making comfortable environment of
workplace for employees.
3. Importance and value of operations management
Operation management is important for every type of organisation whether it is small or
big. It has become necessary for M&S to manage the day to day activities of the firm which is
done through operation management. To make effective use of company's resources, money,
labour management, operations management is very facilitative.
The quantity of input to output is known as productivity. Productivity reflects the
efficiency of the managers and their followers working for the organisation. Effective operation
management assists in improving productivity of company. Through operation management
more emphasis is laid on the optimum use of available resources which will in turn increase the
productivity of firm.
Operation management is considered to be the heart of Marks & Spencer as it manages
the whole working of the enterprise. All activities like production, training of workers, selling of
product, making of plans and strategies are controlled by operation management. Making of
products according to customers' needs and preferences will increase the rate of supply on daily
basis.
The profits of the company is increased through optimum utilisation of available
resources which is achieved through operation management. In making of the final products
from raw materials, the efforts of workers and their managers are used efficiently and effectively,
operation management plays a very specific role (Varela and Gatlin-Watts, 2014). The issues
related to the product designs, maintaining the machines, training of the workers, operations
management plays a very crucial task.
Operation management is also considered to be a very complicated process to perform
and manage all functions of the enterprise. It is related to the creation of value of organisation
through its output (Metz and et. al., 2017). This will be helpful in increasing the sales figure and
profits of the enterprise. To survive in market, for a longer period along with development and
improvement in efficiency and productivity, operation management becomes necessary for the
Marks & Spencer.
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4. Managers and leaders could be effective in improving operational efficiencies
Manager is to motivate their employees developing skills and knowledge and fulfil duties
and responsibilities in the workplace. This assists in improving operational efficiencies of M&S.
On the other side, leader is to give guidance for improving performance and operational
efficiencies in company.
5. Impact of external factors on operational management and decision making process
Decisions regarding the development of M&S are getting affected by external factors,
which are-
 Political Factor: It includes trade policy and other policy. Government has to regulate
free trade policy, so that M&S is reducing sourcing costs that impact on decision making
of manager regrading costs of products.
 Economic Factors: It includes interest rate, exchanges rate, inflation rate etc. If inflation
rate increases that impact on decision making of manager about selling and pricing of
products.
 Social Factors: This involves income, age group, life style etc. If changes in trends
ultimately customer's taste and preferences is changing, so that it directly impacts on
operation of M&S.
 Technological Factors: Due some technological changes or adopting innovative
technologies such as online marketing, that directly affects on operation of M&S.
 Environmental Factors: Some of environmental regulation are affected on operation of
company, because of, consumers are increasing pressures on ethical green practices.
 Legal Factors: Manager make sure that follow all legal regulation such as consumer
protection, health and safety etc. So that, these factors directly affects on operation of
M&S.
6. Manage factors by application of operation management
Effective operation management of company assists in managing various factors that
affects wider business environment. If M&S has good financial resources, so that they provide
better quality products and services to customers. Company follows different approaches to
manage operation of business. Therefore, it helps in manage different factors in company.
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7. Conclusion and recommendations
Form above, it can be concludes HR manager utilizes different approaches to operation
management. Manage should follow different approach such as lean approach, total quality for
managing operation of M&S. These theories also arranging different factors that affects wider
business environment. On the other hand, leaders should take all responsibilities for managing
operation of company.
CONCLUSION
From the entire report, it can be concluded that roles and characteristics of leaders and
managers for achieving organisation's goals and objectives. Furthermore, functions of manager
of M&S in different situations, to solve the arising problems effectively of the business has been
described. It has been explained Strength and weaknesses of situational leadership theory, system
leadership theory and contingency leadership theory. This report has concluded the impacts of
external factors on operation management and decision making process of the company. This
report summarised that responsibilities of leaders and managers for managing operation of
company. From the above study, it can be discussed leadership theories assists in improving
performance of employees of company.
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Characteristics of Great Leaders. 2017.[ONLINE]. Available
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grea_b_7680566.html>.
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CONTINGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP. 2018. [ONLINE] Available
through:<https://oer.missouriwestern.edu/rsm424/chapter/contingency-theory-of-
leadership/>.
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