Analysis of zulfiqar ali bhutto era PDF

ANALYSIS OF ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO ERA (SIMLA ACCORDS,
LAHORE SUMMIT, REFORMS, AND FALL OF BHUTTO)
BY
GROUP- 4
SUBMITTED TO
GHULAM SHABIR
DEPARTMENT OF ENLISH
SESSION 2019-2023

GROUP MEMBERS
S.NO NAME ROLL NO.
01 MUQADAS FATIMA 19011502-053
02 RABIA IRFAN 19011502-054
03PAKEEZA SHAHZADI 19011502-063
04 SHAISTA MUNAWAR 19011502-067

ASSIGNMENT 1
Introduction
On 5 January 1928, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was born. He served as the president of Pakistan from
1971 to 1973 and as the prime minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He founded a political
party named Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) on November 30, 1967 in Lahore.
Born into a rich and wealthy family, when Bhutto joined the government headed by President
Ayub Khan, he was one of Pakistan’s youngest politician. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was elected the
youngest member of Pakistan’s United Nation Delegation in 1957. Bhutto became the youngest
minister of cabinet in 1958 when President Field Marshal Ayub Khan, who had seized power
through military coup, gave him charge of Energy ministry and imposed martial law in country.
Eventually he was appointed to Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Information and Industry
in 1960.
Early Life
Born to Sir Shah Nawaz and Khursheed Begum near Larkana, Zulfiqar was their third child.
Their first, Sikander Ali, died in 1914 from pneumonia at the age of seven and the second, Imdad
Ali, died in 1953 from liver failure at the age of 39. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto belonged to family of
Sindhi Bhutto Muslim Rajput. His father was the dewan of Junagadh’s princely state, and
enjoyed a powerful relationship with British Raj officials. When a young boy, Bhutto moved to
Bombay’s Worli Seaface to study at both the Cathedral and John Connon School then he became
Pakistan Movement participant, as well. In 1943 his wedding with Shireen Amir Begum was
organized.
Bhutto was accepted to study political science at the University of Southern California in 1947.
In 1949, as an undergraduate, Bhutto was moved to University of California, Berkeley, where he
obtained BA.(Honors) Political Science degree in 1950. There, Bhutto took interest in socialism
ideas, presenting a series of lecture on their viability in Islamic countries. Bhutto’s father had
played a controversial role in Junagadh’s affairs during this period. Coming to power in a coup
d’état, he secured his state accession to Pakistan which was eventually failed in Dec 1947 by
Indian intrusion.

Bhutto moved to United Kingdom in June 1950, to attend law school at Christ Church, Oxford,
and obtained an LLB, followed by a degree and a M.Sc. (Honors) Degree in Political Science.
On completion of his studies, he was appointed to the bar of Lincoln’s Inn in 1953. He was a
fellow of Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi who later appeared as prosecutor at his trial.
On 8 September 1951, Bhutto married second wife, an Iranian-Kurdish woman, Nusrat Ispahani
in Karachi. Benazir, their first child, was born in the year 1953. Murtaza accompanied her in
1954, Sanam in 1957 and Shahnawaz in 1958.
Political Career
Returning to Pakistan in 1953, Lincoln’s Inn Barrister Bhutto worked as a lawyer in Karachi
before leaving it for politics. Bhutto appointed his foreign minister shortly after the 1958 military
coup of Ayub Khan. He represented Pakistan in the UN Security Council during 1965 Indo-Pak
war as a foreign minister of Pakistan. After Ayub Khan’s Tashkent treaty with India in Russia,
Bhutto was enraged and went to the television and criticized Ayub Khan for selling nation’s
honor and pride which became the reason of his deposition.
He founded his own political Party named Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) in
1967. General elections were held in Pakistan in 1970 and Bhutto’s PPP gained a lot of
appreciation in West Pakistan. Wherever he spoke in West Pakistan, he received popular
acclaim. Yet East Pakistanis had no interest in what Bhutto had say. Many Bengali’s didn’t
understand any of his Urdu or English Slogans. Sheikh Mujib ur Rehman, head of Awami
League was the only politician most Bengali’s endorsed. In Pakistan’s first national election in
1970, they overwhelmingly voted for him. Bhutto’s PPP won election in West Pakistan, but
there have been 10 million more people in East Pakistan, so that the Awami League of Mujib got
a majority of seats in the National Assembly. Mujib should have become the first constitutionally
elected head of state of Pakistan, but Bhutto refused to acknowledge him. In this battle to gain
power Yahya Khan then Army General imposed martial law on country and civil war broke out
which ended with the creation of Bangladesh.
After the fall of Dhaka on 16 Dec, 1971, Bhutto became the president and first civilian chief
martial law administrator on 20 Dec, 1971.

Here are the important reforms of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s six and half year’s period.
1. Economic Reforms
While working to prevent any further division of the country, Bhutto implemented the
socialist economic policies. Bhutto effectively nationalized major heavy mechanical,
chemical and electrical engineering industries and all of the industries came under direct
state control. Industries, such as KESC, came under full government control in the KESC
decision without any private intervention. Bhutto rejected the state capitalism policies of
Ayub Khan and implemented egalitarian policies to reduce the wealthy becoming richer
and poor becoming poorer. The Port Qasim, Pakistan Steel Mills, Heavy Mechanical
Complex and several cement factories were also built by Bhutto.
Bhutto’s nationalization initiatives were implemented with the aim of putting employs in
charge of manufacturing resources and defending jobs and small businesses. Though,
economic historians concluded that the nationalization policy had dire consequences on
Pakistan’s economy, diminishing the credibility of Bhutto. Conservative analyst argued
that nationalization policies have weakened the trust of consumer and government
corruption raised but military government never proved any corruption charges against
Bhutto.
Bhutto established the National Development Finance Corporation (NDFC) as a part of
his investment policies. This financial entity started service in July 1973 with an initial
government fund of 100 million Rs. It was focused at funding public sectors business
project, but its framework was later modified to finance the corporate sector too. At
present, NFDC is the largest development finance institution conducting diversified
operations in the field of finance and investment banking. By the mid-1990s NDFC had a
capital pool of US$ 878 million and the Bhutto government boosted the amount of
private and public demand in the economy from less than Rs 7,000 million in 1971–72 to
more than Rs 17,000 million in 1974–75.
2. Land and Agricultural Reforms
During the period of Bhutto government many land reforms were introduced.

The major land reforms included the decrease of land ceilings and the implementation of
lease security for contractor farmers. The land limit was set at 150 acres (0.61 km2) of
irrigated land and 300 acres (1.2 km2) of non-irrigated soil.
Bhutto was a keen supporter to help smallholder farmers. He claimed that if farmers were
vulnerable and dispirited then the agricultural power of Pakistan would be frail, claiming
that farmers would not feel mentally secure until the country achieved food self-
sufficiency. The Bhutto government therefore initiated programs to place the country on
the path to self-sufficiency in rice hulling, sugar puttering and wheat husking industries.
The State has implemented initiatives to tackle water pollution and turbidity. Tax
exemptions were also initiated to enable small-scale peasants to expand agriculture.
Bhutto's nationalization of Sindh-based manufacturing greatly helped the poor but
offended the dominant feudal rulers horribly.
3. Industrial Reforms
Bhutto also paid a great attention in industrials reforms and the development of industry
in Pakistan. Some of his reforms are:
Key sectors such as steel, chemical and cement were privatized in the first phase. This
was achieved in 1972. The next big step in privatization took place on 1 January 1974,
when Bhutto privatized all banks. The final step in the sequence was the privatization of
all flour, rice and cotton mills across the country. This privatization process was not as
successful as Bhutto expected. The majority of the privatized units were small enterprises
that could not be de-nationalized.
In the final analysis, nationalization caused significant damages not only to the national
economy but to the people of Pakistan as well.
4. Educational Reforms
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto himself belongs to a literate and educational family and understands
the importance of modern education for the battered Pakistani nation that’s why he
played an important role in the history of Pakistan’s modern education.
The Bhutto government founded a large number of rural and urban schools, including
around 6,500 elementary schools, 900 middle schools, 407 high schools, 51 intermediate
colleges, and 21 community colleges. Bhutto also rejected the Western education system,
and much of the literature was sent back to the Western world; instead, his government