This analysis explores the causes, impact, and prevalence of dementia and coronary heart disease in Australia. It discusses the various types of dementia and the risk factors for coronary heart disease. The analysis also highlights the increasing death rates and the economic burden of these diseases in Australia.
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Running head: ANALYSIS ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND DEMENTIA ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND DEMENTIA Name of the Student: Name of the University: Author note:
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1ANALYSIS ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND DEMENTIA Dementia and coronary heart disease can occur at any age and time, although they are very common in older people. In Australia, nearly one in ten people are suffering from dementia aged 65 and above. Dementia is a symptom of disease which affects the brain (Annearet al. 2019). There are various reasons why dementia occurs, which comprise of Presenile dementia, vascular dementia, Lewy body disease and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia majorly effects on thinking, memory, attention, language, planning, judgement or spatial skills that affect daily life of a person(Braueret al. 2019). Whereas, ischaemic heart disease is also identified as Coronary heart disease (CHD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) which affects the blood vessels directly resulting in the slow accumulation of fatty deposits in the inner side of the blood vessels which pump blood to the heart(Wanget al. 2019).Heart attack is the first sign of CHD and it also leads to blood vessel diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) was recognized for encouraging good well- being which needs a combined, multisectoral reaction with specific attention to equity, gender and human constitutional rights.Australia witnessed a lot of deaths among men and women which were as a result of Coronaryheart disease and dementia(Who.int 2019). With breast cancer and asthma, dementia was in the top 10 causes of death for women.The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) released a death report in 2017 which gave a highlight in the increase number of deaths in Australia due to dementia. Death rate increased by 68% in the last 10 years, with total death increasing from 8,172 in 2008 to 13,729 last year (Abs.gov.au. 2016). According to WHO, dementia is the primary cause of death of women in Australia(Who.int, 2019).In 2016, a survey estimated 158,500 deaths in Australia where the primary causes were similar in 2006 and 2016. In 2016, 13% of male death was due to CHD whereas, 11% of female death was due to dementia and Alzheimer disease.In 2013, Dementia became the second major cause of death in Australia, overhauling ischaemic stroke for the first time(Aged Care Guide 2019). The number of death due to dementia was
2ANALYSIS ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND DEMENTIA continued to rise in Australia in 2014 and 2015. In 2012, Dementia and coronary heart disease was acknowledged as National Health Priority Area in Australia because of its contribution to burden of injury and illness within the Australian community. Australian Institute of Health and Welfaretestified that, approximately 342.8 thousand Australians had been suffering from dementia in 2015, and based on the ageing and growth of population the number is estimated to reach almost 400,000 by 2020(Aihw.gov.au 2019). Coronary heart disease (CHD) rose in the late 19th century, and had a devastating effect in the 20thcentury. By 1960, one third of all Americans died due to CHD, most visibly men from each rank of every society. CHDis not a new form of disease. 3,500 years ago, CTscans of Egyptian mummies, showed that even they had narrowed arterieswhich eventually means that they had CHD(Wanget al. 2019). Pharaoh Merneptah, who died in 1203 BC, was suffering from severe coronary disease.Thetrue and registered epidemic of coronary heart diseasedeveloped after the Second World War due to higher rates of smoking, high blood pressure and poor diets during and after the world war. After the warit fellfirst in Australia and the United States, and then fell in other developed countries. During 1990, in developing countries,Coronary heart diseasewas the third major root of death and by 2013 it was the only leading cause of death. The death rates increased from 70 per 100,000 people to 91 per 100,000.Other diseases which were also alarming in developing countries were hypertensive diseases, diabetes, infections, and trauma while smoking remains common cause of such diseases. In 1990, more than 12.3 million people died globally suffering from heart disease and by 2013, thisroseto 17.3 million. Deathrate due to heart disease wasalmostdoubledforAustraliansbelongingtothelowersocio-economicgroupas compared to the people of higher socio-economic group. Death rate was 40% higher in case ofIndigenousAustralianswhencomparedtothenon-IndigenousAustralians(The Conversation 2019).
3ANALYSIS ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND DEMENTIA Australia became one of the fastest nations in the world, with higher rates of diabetes whose metabolic consequences leads to heart disease.Alzheimer’s disease or Dementia was originallydescribedbyaGermanpsychiatristcalledAlöisAlzheimerin1906 (Dementia.org.au 2019). After analysing andcomparing his patient’s post-mortem reports, he confirmed the existence of anomalousdual brain structures, which is due to the assembled massofadhesiveproteinsinthemiddleofnervecells.Theseanomalousaccumulated adhesiveproteins are referred toas the pathological symbols for dementia.During Second World War, Dementia or Alzheimer disease was out broken and people were suffering due to the disease even after the war (The Conversation 2019).About 5% ofdementia cases showan early onsetor familial inheritance. Dementia advances in people prior to the age of 65 and also occasionally in people who are as young as 35. The frequency of dementia disease clearly increased in adults over the age of 65. After 65,it doubles in every 6.5 yearsand eventually affects one-third of the populationwho are older than 85.Dementia is a fatal disease withno cure.Alzheimer’s disease is currently affecting 413,000 Australians, and this frightening count will increase day by day. It is predicted that by 20150 more thanone millionAustralianswillsufferfromAlzheimer’withoutapropermedical breakthrough(Dementia.org.au 2019). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2014–15 National Health Survey (NHS)(Abs.gov.au. 2015), it was estimated from the report health that 85% of Australians with age 15 mentioned themselves to be of good health, which was homogenous to the former analysis in 2011–12(Abs.gov.au 2019). Out of the 34 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries,Australia is considered as one of the principal countries who rated their overall healthas good. Australia ranks after New Zealand (90%), Canada (89%) and the United States (88%), and ranks higher OECD average of 69% (OECD 2015). Additional (56%) of Australians estimated their well-being as ‘very
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4ANALYSIS ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND DEMENTIA good’ or ‘excellent’. One-tenthAustralians rated their health as ‘fair’ and 4.4% Australians rated their health as ‘poor’. Australia is considered to have the maximum life expectancy among the established world with the overall burden of disease (BOD) has fallen down. Coronaryheart disease (CHD) was considered Australia's primary reason of demise, but surprisingly the mortality rates has been decreasing currently from further 40 years. In the former era, the demise rate of CHD has declined to more than a third from 99.1 deaths per 100,000 people in 2007 to 62.4 per 100,000 in 2016(Abs.gov.au 2019). Theelimination of coronary artery disease (CHD)from U.S had increased the mean life expectation of 35 years by 3.1 years for males and 3.3 years for females. These analyses are of a particular attention, in civic domain, for forthcoming decisions relating to public well-being including methods andpatternofsubsidyfordifferentzonesofbiomedicalinvestigation.Hence,this investigationanalysishasacknowledgedafar-reachingexposureinpublic media(Aihw.gov.au 2019). DiseaseExpectednumberof people suffering Estimatednumberof death Likelihood Coronaryheart disease 645,00052deatheach day(approximately) 1 in 2 chance from age 40- men 1 in 3 chance from age 40-women Dementia436,36636deatheach day(approximately) 5.4% of male deaths 10.6% of female deaths Source:(Aihw.gov.au 2019). Dementia and Coronary heart disease are the primary source of debility in Australians and the third primary source of disability burdens overall the world.(Australian Alzheimer's
5ANALYSIS ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND DEMENTIA Research Foundation 2019)In 2018, treatment of dementia had a cost of more than $15 billion in Australia. By 2025, the total cost of treatment is expected to increase to more than $18.7 billion, and by 2056, it is estimated to increase more than $36.8 billion. To overcome such problems of cost and complexity Australia designedDementia and Chronic Conditions Series Toolkitsto increase support for people who are living with dementia and chronic conditions. The resources from the kit will help people to have better support in areas of diagnosis and management of their health(Strokefoundation.org.au 2019).This toolkit is funded by the Commonwealth and Victorian Governments under the HACC program.It includes advice and information for the patient regarding the diagnosis and care. According to the geographical indications and the socio-economic status of Australia, the mortality of these diseases is decreasing as new health strategies are developing which could decrease the major health problems suffered by the people irrespective of any age, gender and community.
6ANALYSIS ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND DEMENTIA References Abs.gov.au.2015.3303.0-CausesofDeath,Australia.[online]Availableat: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/3303.0~2015~Main %20Features~Dementia:%20Australia's%20future%20leading%20cause%20of%20death %3f~4 [Accessed 5 Feb. 2019]. Abs.gov.au.2016.3303.0-CausesofDeath,Australia.[online]Availableat: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/3303.0~2016~Main %20Features~Australia's%20leading%20causes%20of%20death,%202016~3[Accessed6 Feb. 2019]. Aged Care Guide. 2019.Dementia identified as Australia’s second leading cause of death. [online]Availableat:https://www.agedcareguide.com.au/talking-aged-care/dementia- identified-as-australias-second-leading-cause-of-death [Accessed 5 Feb. 2019]. Aihw.gov.au. 2019. [online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/fe037cf1-0cd0- 4663-a8c0-67cd09b1f30c/aihw-aus-222.pdf.aspx?inline=true [Accessed 5 Feb. 2019]. Aihw.gov.au.2019.[online]Availableat:https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/9844cefb- 7745-4dd8-9ee2-f4d1c3d6a727/19787-AH16.pdf.aspx [Accessed 5 Feb. 2019]. Annear, M., Lucas, P., Wilkinson, T. and Shimizu, Y., 2019 Prescribing physical activity as a preventive measure for middle-aged Australians with dementia risk factors.
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