Anatomy Case Study 2022

Running head: ANATOMY
Anatomy
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1ANATOMY
Case Study A: Joyce
Q1 Wound healing is a complicated and active mechanism of restoring cellular components and
tissue parts that are devitalized and lacking. When there is a wound in any part of the body, it
will go through certain wound recovery phases such as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation,
and remodelling. Smaller injuries generally cure much faster, compared to the profound injuries
which usually takes longer time to heal (webmd 2019).
 Human skin is the most significant part covering the whole body and the most crucial
part of the human body. The skin's central role is to provide an environmentally safe
major hurdle such as sunlight, temperature, ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation, disease,
wound, and water loss (Quan and Fisher 2015). There are several explanations for skin
ageing, such as culture, diet, inheritance, and other individual behaviours (Tobin 2017).
There are countless impacts of the ageing process on the cellular structure of the skin,
such as the skin becomes rugged, the skin gets lesions, becomes slack, the absence of
elastic tissue allows the skin to get stiff and allows it to float freely (webmd 2019).
 Normal injury restoration is an inborn immune reaction to tissue damage aimed at
restoring tissue strength and obstruction function of the skin. Although wound healing in
healthy elderly people (>65 years of age) is not impaired per se, age-related changes are
obvious in all phases of wound repair. Disruption of any step in one of the wound-healing
phases leads to a delay in healing by 20-60%. Due to the aging process, the hemostasis
process undergoes increased level of platelet aggregation and platelet degranulation; in
the inflammation process there is altered adhesion molecule profile, neutrophils are
released earlier, monocyte and T-cell infiltration is delayed; in the proliferation stage

2ANATOMY
there is reduced response to hypoxia, collagen deposition and angiogenesis is delayed; in
the remodeling stage there is reduced collagen turnover, accelerated maturation,
improved scarring. Other causes related to ageing contribute to the aged people in tissue
repair, such as a decrease in gender steroid testosterone, poor nutrition, paralyzation,
psychological trauma, medicine, and health conditions such as diabetes, peripheral
arterial disease, and acute venous deficiency. Concurrent illnesses and drugs that badly
influence injury healing, such as corticosteroids and chemotherapeutic drugs, are
becoming more prevalent with the increasing lifespan (Sgonc and Gruber 2013).
Q2 Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a prevalent and significant source of morbidity and
mortality that poses a significant global health problem with elevated economic expenses for
societies (Fosnes, Lydersen and Farup 2011).
i. Constipation and diarrhoea are prevalent negative substance responses, according to
various research. Drug-induced gastrointestinal ailments can imitate circumstances such
as constipation and diarrhoea and thus their recognition can stop ineffective research and
therapy. An enhanced incidence of constipation and diarrhoea was correlated with
daily drug use and polypharmacy with an extra danger of diarrhoea in the entire
population. Furosemide, levothyroxine sodium and ibuprofen were considerably
linked with constipation, and carbamazepine and lithium with diarrhoea.
Polypharmacy is a risk factor, particularly among the older, for ADRs in particular.
Dehydration may trigger constipation in furosemide consumers and prostaglandin
inhibition may clarify constipation in consumers of ibuprofen as prostaglandin analogs
trigger diarrhea (Fosnes, Lydersen and Farup 2011).