Anatomy & Physiology: Muscle Groups and Functions

This document provides an explanation of the three main types of muscle groups: involuntary muscles, voluntary muscles, and cardiac muscles. It discusses their functions and how they contribute to the overall functioning of the body. The document also includes information on the circulatory system, lymphatic system, and autonomic nervous system.

ANATOMY & A
PHYSIOLOGY LEVEL 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Assignment Question 1....................................................................................................................1
Three muscle groups and their functions explanation.................................................................1
Assignment Question 2....................................................................................................................2
Explanation of Circulatory system and its functions...................................................................2
Assignment Question 3....................................................................................................................3
Explanation of lymphatic system and its functions.....................................................................3
Assignment Question 4....................................................................................................................4
Explanation of central system and nervous system and its functions..........................................4
Assignment Question 5....................................................................................................................5
Explanation of Autonomic system and its function.....................................................................5
Assignment Question 6....................................................................................................................6
Explanation of the Skeletal system and its functions..................................................................6
Assignment Question 7....................................................................................................................6
Detailed explanation of digestive system and its function..........................................................6
Assignment question 8.....................................................................................................................7
Detailed explanation of skin and three layers of its functions.....................................................7
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS.............................................................8
Strongest muscle in the human body...........................................................................................8
Largest muscle in the human body..............................................................................................8
Galen and which century did he live in.......................................................................................8
Muscles act on the posterior leg..................................................................................................8
Key functions of the lymphatic system.......................................................................................9
Cardiac muscles requires to function...........................................................................................9
Biggest organ in the human body................................................................................................9
Sympathetic system versus the para-sympathetic system...........................................................9
First safety system produces to protect the Brain......................................................................10
Explanation of the body’s blood flow.......................................................................................10
REREFENCES..............................................................................................................................11

Assignment Question 1
Three muscle groups and their functions explanation
There are three main types of muscle groups, such as: Involuntary muscles, voluntary
muscles and the cardiac muscles.
 Involuntary muscles: These are one of those muscle groups that are not controlled by
conscious brain part. These types of muscles are majorly found in walls of organs that are
majorly hollow, for example: Stomach. These muscles majorly work below conscious level
and is majorly controlled by automatic nervous system. these of these muscles have muscle
cells are majorly spindle shaped. Each of the cell within the muscle consist of central
nucleus. The main function of involuntary muscles is to bring variation within the organ
shape or within the inner diameter of the organ. Contraction and expansion within the organ
size are majorly regulated by autonomic nervous system. different involuntary muscle organs
use this function for different purposes such as: stomach uses this function for digestion of
food, in bladder these muscles help in punish out urine etc.
 Voluntary muscles: these muscles are also known as skeletal muscles and are majorly made
up of muscle fibres. These muscle fibres are enclosed within endomysium which is a
connective tissue. Most of the voluntary muscles within a human body are made up of fast-
twitch fibre. These fibres react quickly but can also tire easily. Muscles that are made up of
slow twitch fibre have much more endurance. There are two main function of voluntary
muscles. These functions can be explained with the help of their nodes of actions. First is
agonist muscles whose major function is to perform a movement by creating joint
contraction. Second is antagonist muscles majorly perform function of opposing action of
another muscles.
 The cardiac muscles: these are one of the most important muscles of the body. They majorly
contract so that they can create a pumping action which is majorly required for blood flow.
Contractions done within these muscles never tire and are automatic (Furst, 2020). These are
majorly regulated by hormones and nerves, for example: adrenaline. The major function of
cardiac muscles is to keep the heart pumping with the help of involuntary movement. Due to
this function, it becomes different from involuntary muscles present within the body. It is
majorly done with the help of specialized cell that are known as pacemaker cells. These cells
help in controlling contraction of cardiac muscles of heart. These muscles cannot work
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without oxygen supply, if supply of oxygen is short then it can create pain, cardiac arrest or
muscle spasm.
Assignment Question 2
Explanation of Circulatory system and its functions
Circulatory system of a boy is majorly made up of blood vessels that helps in carrying
blood away towards and from the heart. Whole circulatory system is a network composed of the
heart which acts as a centralized pump that helps in keeping the blood move to meet physical
demands of the body, blood vessels that helps in distributing blood throughout the body for
transportation of different kinds of substances though out the body. On an average a human heart
beat rate is 70 beats per minute. Whole circulatory system is made up of various arteries and
veins. Arteries helps in carrying blood from heart and veins carry blood back to the heart
whereas veins help in carrying blood back to the heart (Castillo and et. al., 2019). Circulatory
system helps in carrying nutrients, hormones and oxygen. Main function of circulatory system is
to remove waste product from body such as carbon dioxide. Flow of both arteries and veins is in
one direction only which helps in keeping things going where they should be. For proper
function of a heart, circulatory system is divided into two parts, first is pulmonary circulation and
second is systematic circulation. Pulmonary circulation is a kind of short loop from heart to lungs
and back again. Whereas, systematic circulation helps in carrying blood from heart to other body
parts of the body and back again. So, it can be said that main function of circulatory system is to
deliver oxygen to all the tissues of the body and remove carbon dioxide which is mainly
produced by metabolism. Oxygen is bounded to molecules that are known as haemoglobin that
are majorly present upon the surface of red blood cells in the blood.
Functioning of circulatory system begins in the heart. From systematic circulation
deoxygenated blood is returned to the right side of the heart. Then this deoxygenated blood is
pumped into pulmonary circulation so that it can be delivered to the lungs, in which gas
exchange occurs. In this process carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and instead of carbon
dioxide it is replaced with oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then returned back to the left side of
the heart. From left side of the heart it is pumped back to systematic circuit so that the oxygen
can be delivered to the tissues properly so that it can be returned back to right side of the heart.
In this blood acts as an excellent medium of transported to nutrients and hormones. All the
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waste products are then transported and filtered from blood in the liver. Circulatory system helps
in keeping the heart function properly.
Assignment Question 3
Explanation of lymphatic system and its functions
Lymphatic system can be defined as a kind of one- way drainage system that helps in
removing excess fluid from body’s tissues and return it to circulatory system of the body. It is
one of the main parts of body’s immune system. it majorly helps the body in providing defence
against disease causing organisms. It can also be defined as a kind of drainage system which
helps in keeping fluid level in balance of the body. It is one of the best protections for the body
against any kind of infection. Majorly lymphatic system is made up of lymphoid organs, lymph
nodes, lymph ducts, lymph tissues, lymph capillaries and a network of lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic vessels in the network helps in forming network of tubes which is extended all over
the body. These vessels also carry lymph and kind of substances thought the body (Suami, 2017).
Lymph is a kind of a liquid that leaks in body capillaries and accumulates within the tissues.
Once this lymph is collected it flows in one direction progressively in large lymphatic vessels.
Along with this network of lymphatic vessels there are nodes that helps in filtering out micro-
organism and bacteria as it passes though lymph. This lymph is collected by two main lymphatic
vessels that are majorly known as lymphatic ducts that helps to empty lymph to the bloodstream.
There are three major functions of lymphatic system that are: first is that it helps in
removal of excess fluid from the body tissue. It is one of the most crucial function as in this
function protein, water and many other substances are continuously leaking out of small or tiny
blood capillaries within the surrounding tissues of the body. If this system fails to drain the
excess fluid from the tissues then in such case lymph fluid will build up in the body tissue and
would swell up. Another function of lymphatic system is absorption of fatty acids and
subsequent transport of fat to the circulatory system. lymphatic system also helps in production
of immune cells for strong immune system of the body. So, it can be said that this system helps
in performing various functions of a body such as: production of antibodies for prevention of
infection, destroying or filtering out microorganism for prevention of infection, carry fatty food
from intestine to circulation and reduces proteins and fluid from tissues to the body.
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Assignment Question 4
Explanation of central system and nervous system and its functions
Nervous system can be defined as a kind of network that helps in maintaining
communication between various body areas it also behaves as a receptor for receiving
information from external environment of the body. Nervous system consists of spinal cord,
brain, sense organs and controls and lastly nerves. These helps in controlling whole body system
and also helps in providing effective and excellent communication within the body. Nervous
system is known as central because it helps in combining information from entire body and also
helps in coordinating activities across whole body. All the receptors present within a body
continuously reach the brain and helps in stimulating muscles for movement and organs, so that
they can carry out their functions in a proper manner (Shoemaker and et. al., 2018). Within a
human body all the messages or impulses are carried out in the form of electrical imposes that
majorly passes from nerve cell to neurone. There are billions of neurons within a body whose
main function is majorly to transmit nerve impulses.
Nervous system is majorly divided into three main parts that are: First is central nervous
system that helps in controlling five main senses that are touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight
and voluntarily muscle actions such as walking, talking and may more. Second is peripheral
nervous system that helps in connecting the central nervous system to the organs and limbs. Last
is autonomic nervous system that helps in controlling all the functions of involuntary body,
blood vessels and internal organs it also includes sympathetic and parasympathetic system. each
part has its own functions such as: central nervous system consists of spinal cord and brain.
Brain’s main functionality is to store all the messages that are received from different parts of the
body, transmit messages to all the parts of the body with the help of motor nerve for controlling
movement of muscles and body. Spinal chord’s main functionality is to convey sensory impulses
from one area of spinal cord to another from muscles of trunk, skin and limbs of the brain. It also
helps in allowing spinal reflection actions that are rapid response to stimulus without any kind of
conscious through the brain. The main function of periphery nervous system which helps in
referring to any part of nervous system that lies outside the spinal cord and brain. Lastly main
function of autonomic nervous system is to unconsciously regulate body functions for example
heart rate, respiratory rate, digestion etc. Its main mechanism is to flight or flight response. This
system will be explained in much more detail in next assignment question.
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Assignment Question 5
Explanation of Autonomic system and its function
Autonomic nervous system helps in regulating various kinds of body processes that takes
places within a human body without conscious efforts. It is a part of peripheral nervous system
which is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions for example heartbeat, breathing,
blood flow and digestion. This system is further majorly divided into three main parts that are:
sympathetic system, the parasympathetic system, and the enteric nervous system. Sympathetic
system helps in regulating fight or flight response. This system also performs task such as
speeding up heart rate, relaxing the bladder and many more. Parasympathetic system helps in
maintaining normal body functions and conserve physical resources. It also focuses on
performing task such as slowing down heart rate, controlling the bladder and many more. Last
enteric nervous system is confined to gastrointestinal tract. this autonomic nervous system
majorly operated by receiving all kinds of information from other parts of the body (Sousa and
et. al., 2017). Both Sympathetic and parasympathetic system functions completely different and
opposite from each other. Sympathetic system works as an accelerator whereas parasympathetic
system works as a break. Sympathetic system’s major function is to requiring quick responses
whereas main function of parasympathetic system to focus on rest and digest functions of the
body. It is not compulsory for parasympathetic system to react immediately.
Both Sympathetic and parasympathetic system are important and vital functions of a
body which helps the human being to maintain their integrity as it relies upon the negative
feedback regulations. It depends upon autonomic nervous system and its functioning to maintain
functioning of all the other organs of the body such as digestive system, liver, eyes, heart, lungs
and many more. So, from this it can be identified that main functions of Sympathetic system are:
enhance blood flow to lungs and skeletal muscles., diverts blood flow from gastro-intestinal tract
and skin, increases heart rate and contractility of cardiac cells by providing mechanism for
enhanced blood flow for skeletal muscles, stimulating organs and many more. Main functions of
parasympathetic nervous system are to dilating blood vessels that leads to blood flow,
Constricting the bronchiolar diameter when oxygen need is diminished, it also stimulates
salivary gland secretion, meditate digestion of food and indirectly absorbs all the nutrients and
many more.
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Assignment Question 6
Explanation of the Skeletal system and its functions
Skeletal system can be defined as a kind of body system which is majorly composed of
cartilages and bones and also helps in performing critical functions of human body. It helps in
providing a support to human body and facilitates movement in order to protect all the internal
organs of the body. Other than this skeletal system also helps in releasing or storing fat from the
body, produces blood cells, stores and releases minerals and facilitates movement of the body in
a proper manner. Some of the most common functions of skeletal system are easily visible and
observable as compared to functions of other systems i.e. whenever a human move it is clearly
visible ways in which bones support human body and facilitate their movement. It helps in
providing support to soft organs of the body. Without proper support of skeletal system body will
not be able to function properly and will only be limp mass of organs, muscle, and skin (Jerome,
Hoch and Carlson, 2018). The main function of skeletal system is to protect all the internal
organs from any kind of injury by surrounding or covering them. Another important function of
bones in skeletal system is to store and release minerals and fats. Besides bones skeletal system
also includes cartilages and ligaments. Cartilages is a kind of dense connective tissue which is
made up of strong protein fibre it is quite smooth but strong and flexible. It helps in covering
both the ends of bones and joints so that a smooth surface for bones to move is built. Ligaments
are a kind of fibrous band of connective tissue that holds bones together. It helps in keeping
bones of skeleton in place. So from this it can be said that some of the major functions of skeletal
system are: to support human body and provide a proper shape to it with rigid bones of skeletal,
to protect all the sensitive and soft tissues or organs of the body, maintain movement of body i.e.
whenever muscles contract they pulls on and moves the bones for movement, produce blood
cells, store and minerals especially from phosphorus and calcium.
Assignment Question 7
Detailed explanation of digestive system and its function
The human digestive system is made up of tongue, salivary glands, liver and the gall bladder.
The function of the digestive system is digestion and absorption. Digestion is the breakdown of
food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body. This system is mainly been
divided into the two parts (Hyland and et.al., 2016). One is the digestive tract that is also known
as the alimentary canal, it is a tube which has been provided with the two broad openings. It
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consists of the mouth and also this organ has been provided with the anus. There are also various
other organs that are been presented in this organ, it includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The food is been digested in the digestive system. If
an individual had digestion problem than they can suffer through the problem of constipation
which can lead more severe disease. The food is been passed to the digestive tracts and then it
passes into the blood. There are also various parts of the accessory glands. Inside the digestive
system, there is also treatment going for the food. It has been analysed that the enzymes which
are been secreted inside the digestion system chemically breaks down the food. This can assist in
process of the digestion. There is also one other type of digestion that is known as mechanism
digestion. In this the food is been broke into the smaller parts.
Assignment question 8
Detailed explanation of skin and three layers of its functions
The integumentary system is provided with the components of skin and there are also its
appendages that is been used to protect the skin from various kinds of damages such as loss of
water and damages that can be caused to the outside layer. It has also been analysed that there
are 3 layers of the skin the epidermis. It is the outer most layers that has the barriers which are
waterproof in nature. It protects the outer skin from damaging the further. The other one is the
dermis. This is beneath layer of the epidermis, it is been provided with the tissues that are been
connected and also the hair follicles and the sweat glands. The colour of the skin is been
predicted by all these three layers. The hypodermis is the third layer of the skin. This is made up
with the fat and connective tissues. Melanocytes are also been used so that layer of skin and the
colour can be protected from the damages that are outside. It has also been analysed that these
layers are been involved in protecting the skin from further damage. There are also various types
of skin conditions that can be faced because of the damages such as rash, Eczema and many
other. This can cause inflammation in the skin and also can lead to problem related to the skin.
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS
Strongest muscle in the human body
It has been analyzed that there are three types of muscles that are been linked with the
human body. There are several debates which are going on for finding out the strongest muscles
in the human body. Some of the scientist assumes that the strongest muscle is buttocks while on
the other hand some of them believe that the tongue is one of the most strongest muscle in the
human body. There are various variables related to it which was has made this question
debatable. The research is been done on this part.
Largest muscle in the human body
The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the human body. It can be also considered as
one of the most strongest muscle that has been presented in the human body (Hsu and et.al.,
2016). This muscle is been engaged in performing the functions related to keeping the trunk of
the body in an erect position. It is one of the muscles that assists human body in walking down
the stairs. If this muscle is been damaged there are chances that the individual might not able to
walk properly, so it is one of the most important muscle.
Galen and which century did he live in
Galen was the Greek who in the past has become the Roman Empire’s greatest physician.
He was really intelligent and smart with great sense of humour. He was been hired as the
personal physician for the Roman emperors. The physician also died in 216 A.D. The Galen was
been well known for the discovery of the blood that flows in the arteries of human. His father
Nicon was an architect and also was a builder. They were been hired by the Roman emperors.
Galen had all the opportunities provided to him.
Muscles act on the posterior leg
It has been analysed that there are four muscles that are presented over the posterior leg.
The first type of muscle is popliteus that is been presented only on the joint of the knee. The
remaining three muscles (tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus).
These mucles are been presented over the ankle and the foot. If these muscles are not been
presented the leg of individual may get problem in doing their function. This can reduce the
health and well-being of the individual and also they will suffer problem related to walking.
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Key functions of the lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is been provided with the three major functions. The first function of
this system includes that it assists the human body in the removal of the excessive fluid. It also
has the function of absorbing the fatty acids and also the fats are been transferred with the help of
lymphatic system. It also helps in transferring the fat to the circulatory system. It has also been
analysed that this system also have the function of developing of the immune cells. These are
also major functions of this system.
Cardiac muscles requires to function
The cardiac muscles only functions when there has been an involuntary movement in the
heart. It has been analysed that without using the skeletal muscles and the smooth muscles it is
not necessary that the cardiac tissue will function adequately. It is really necessary that these
muscles are been presented in the cardiac system. This will help the cardiac system in
functioning properly. It is really necessary that these tissues are been presented. The cardiac
muscle need not be get fatigue under the normal situation. These muscles help the system in their
proper functioning of it.
Biggest organ in the human body
The biggest internal organ that has been presented in the human body is the liver. It has
approximately the weight of 3.5 pounds. The largest external organ is skin, it is presented outside
the body (Proto and et.al., 2017). There are three layers of the skin. The longest muscle is the
Sartorius muscle which is been presented on thigh. Liver performs the most important function
in the human body. It can be considered as one of the largest organ in the human body. The body
largest organ is almost 2.5% of its weight. It is the biggest organ.
Sympathetic system versus the para-sympathetic system
The sympathetic and para-sympathetic systems both are different from each other. The
sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense physical activity and is often referred
to as the fight-or-flight response. On the other hand the para-sympathetic system has different
effect. It helps the body in relaxing and also produces the high energy level functions. It is really
necessary for the body to perform certain task and the para-sympathetic nervous system assists in
performing it. It can produce the opposite effect than the sympathetic system produces. It can be
used in the formation of high energy functions.
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First safety system produces to protect the Brain
The brain can be considered as one of the most protected organ in the body. It has been
analysed that there are various layers which are been presented so that the brain can be protected.
It has also been analysed that the first layer of the protection is the cranium (Tortora and
Derrickson, 2017). This act as an shield and also provide the protection to the brain. It is really
necessary that brain is protected from the outside damage so that it can function properly. It is
really necessary that brain functions properly.
Explanation of the body’s blood flow.
The process of body blood flow is quiet lengthy, in the blood enters inside the body through the
two large veins. The blood also flows from the right side of the atrium to the left verticle. It goes
with the help of the tricuspid valve. Blood enters the left verticle from the side of the left artrium,
the process is been continue further.
Skeletal system is made up of 206 bones, please name four different types.
The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones which mainly including bones such as skills,
spines, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, chest, tailbone and cervical. These are different bones which
come in variety of sizes and shapes like irregular, long, short and flat. It is no longer than they
are considering as important concepts. The primarily compact bone which may have large
amount of spongy bone at the end of extremities. Bones are providing the specific structure for
entire bodies. It is becoming important for establishing connection with tissue and reinforced
with calcium. In order to specialise bone cells. It work with muscles and joint to hold our body
together, support freedom of movement.
Human bodies muscles work in synchronised patterns.
The synchronous activity pattern that mainly shows the overall working in coordinated
fashion with rotators cuff activation. It is help for balancing superior subluxing force. In this
way, it will require for other muscles to contribute in stability maintenance during different body
movement.
A function of muscle synergy is basically defined the pattern of co-activation. It always
help for produced movement such as walking. Muscles coordination is dynamic as stability
requirements vary according to task specific demand (Hsu and et.al., 2016). The Synchronised
pattern can change during a movement as force vector about the joint evolves. However, it is
mainly focused on the muscles activation and less attention towards the coordination.
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The central nervous system is located in the brain and the spinal cord but where are the
peripheral nerves located.
The peripheral nervous system is mainly include all nerves in the human body that lies
outside of brain as well as brain. The nerves are carried out the information and from central
nervous system which providing the complex body function. Generally, it applicable sensory
cells which carry the message and transmitted from internal organs. Muscles and glands in the
periphery of outer edge in human body (Hsu and et.al., 2016). The peripheral nervous system is
established the connection with central nervous system to organs, skin and limb to allows for
complex movement as well as behaviour of person.
Is that heart a voluntary muscle?
No, heart is based on the involuntary that mainly found in the heart. Cardiac muscle is
made up contractile wall of heart. The cell of muscle is also known as cardiomyocytes which
always appear striated under microscopes. Unlikely, skeletal muscles fibres and cardiomyocyctes
which are based on the single cells (Abdullahi and et.al., 2019). It is typically with single central
located in the nucleus. The Cardiomyocyte attach to one of another will specialised cell
junctions. Each and every branches has established the connection with muscle fibers.
Essentially, it is allowing the cell to synchronise their actions. The cardiac muscle pumps
through body which exits under involuntary control.
Identify three layers of skin.
The skin is consider as largest organ of body with total area of about 20 square feet. It
always protect us from element which help to regulate body temperature. There are three layers:
 The Epidermis which consider as important outermost layer of skin. It provide water
proof barriers and also creating skin tone.
 The dermis, beneath of epidermis which mainly consists of tough connective tissues,
sweet glands (Hsu and et.al., 2016).
 The inner deeper subcutaneous tissue is generally made of connective tissue and other fat.
As discuss about the different type of skin that exits in the human body. In order to identify their
specific role in human body.
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Determine six functions of the skin.
The skin is consider as complex organ which contain large number of tiny pores and hair
follicles. It has been broken into different layers.
Absorption – it consists of different pores on the surface of skin which can easily absorb
vitamins, acids and oxygen. In order to provide the better moisture as well as nourishment of
skin.
Regulation: Another function of skin when regulates the body temperature by sweating.
There are large amount of water release in the form of water. It can easily evaporates it give off
heat and cool the body (Zeng and et.al., 2019). Sometimes, it also increasing the body
temperature and getting Goosebumps when body temperature decreases.
What is adipose tissue?
It is a type of anatomical term for losing connective tissues which composed of other
adipocytes. The primary role of adipose tissue for storing and collecting energy in the form of
fat. Although it is also useful in term of cushions as well as insulates of body. This type of tissue
is basically located in the beneath of skin but it surround in the internal organs.
In another way, Adipose tissue is also known as active endocrine organ. It is to be
considered as well established that adipocytes to store the energy (Hsu and et.al., 2016). In
additional, it contain the several other cell which are able to produce the suitable hormones in
responsive manner.
Explain the digestive system
The digestive can be explained the system which converts the food when person eat into
simple forms. In this way, it can be broken the food then absorbed into blood stream from small
intestine (Quail and Dannenberg, 2019). The digestive tract which begin at mouth and end to
anus. It is look like the long muscular tube and complete process of digestive system.
Identify the name of five muscles both superficial and deep.
It can be identified the different muscles of both superficial and deep.
 pronator quadratus
 flexor digitorum profundus
 extensor digitorum
 extensor digiti minimi
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 flexor pollicis longus
What does proximal and distal mean.
Proximal refer to something closer to the torso while distal may consider as part, place where
away from torso. It is based on the finger to wrist.
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