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Anatomy and Physiology Assignment

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Added on  2020-03-16

Anatomy and Physiology Assignment

   Added on 2020-03-16

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Running Head: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1Anatomy and Physiology 1Name:Institution and Affiliations:Instructor:Date:
Anatomy and Physiology Assignment_1
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1Question 1ReproductionGrowth and developmentResponding to stimuliBreathingExcretionMovementQuestion 2Active transport refers to ion and/or molecule movement through a cell membrane to a higher concentrated area with the assistance of enzymes and this requires energy.Passive transport involves the movement of ions and/or molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration without the use of energy.Question 3Osmosis refers to the movement of solvent molecules from a less concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane into a more concentrated solution leading to equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane. The difference between the initial concentrations of the solutions on both sides creates osmotic pressure which leads to the movement of water molecules from the less concentrated side through a membrane to the more concentrated side. Hydrostatic pressure refers to the tendency of water molecules to remain where they are without moving out of a solution. An increase in osmotic pressure overcomes hydrostatic pressure allowing water molecules to move from a solution to a more concentrated one.Cells, Tissues and OrgansQuestion 1
Anatomy and Physiology Assignment_2
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol and proteins fluid. It also has glycolipids glycoproteins extending from its outward-facing surface. The plasma membrane is referred to as a mosaic model because it consists of a phospholipid which has different protein molecules floating within it. Described to be partly fluid the plasma membrane has some of its parts moving around freely when unattached to other cellparts.Question 2Table 1: Comparison between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusionSIMPLE DIFFUSIONFACILITATED DIFFUSIONProperties of molecule transportedSmall & nonpolar moleculesPolar & larger ionsActive / passive transport?PassiveActivePlasma membrane proteins requiredChannel proteinsBoth carrier & channel proteinsMovement of the molecules across themembraneMolecules usually move down a concentration gradientmolecules usually move up aconcentration gradientQuestion 3Table 2: Cell Junctions: structure and functionsDesmosomesStructureCell adhesion proteins & linking proteinsFunctionCreates cell-to-cell adhesionFound inFound in the simple and/or stratified squamous epitheliumGap JunctionsStructureAre intercellular channels consisting of head-to-head docked hexameric assemblies of channel proteins referred to as connexionsFunctionAllow ion, second messengers, and/or small metabolite exchange between different adjacent cellsFound inAt intercellular joints in solid tissuesQuestion 4Table 3: Structure and function of different connective tissues
Anatomy and Physiology Assignment_3
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1AreolarStructureA loose connective tissue consisting of collagen, elastic tissue and reticular fibre meshwork, with numerous connective tissue cells in between it.FunctionHolds organs in place. Attaching epithelial tissue to underlying tissues. Water and salt reservoir for surrounding tissues. Dense regular connective tissueStructureDenselypacked collagen fibres arranged in parallel. FunctionForm ligaments to connect bone to born and/or cartilage to muscleElastic connective tissueStructureMade of elastin bundles in the extracellular matrix ofconnective tissues.FunctionProvides resistance to forces of stretch.Hyaline cartilageStructureConsists of type II collagen and chondroitin sulphate found within the elastic cartilage. FunctionProvides smooth surfaces to enable tissues to move and/or slide overeach other easily. These include joints. Hyaline cartilage also provides both flexibility and support.FibrocartilageStructureA tough cartilage consisting of chondrocytes that are scattered among dense collagen bundles within the matrix that are clearly visible. Has no perichondrium.FunctionIt has cartilaginous ground substance and/or dense bundles of collagen which allow it to resist deformation of intervertebral disks and the symphysis pubis when under great stress. The fibrocartilage attaches bone to bone and provides restricted mobility.Question 5The 3 muscle tissue types include cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscles. The cardiac muscle cells located in heart are striated and are usually under involuntary control. The smooth muscles are within hollow visceral organ walls except in the heart. They are spindle-shaped and also under the body’ involuntary control. Skeletal muscles are found attached to the body skeleton. Skeletal muscle fibres are striated but under voluntary control.Question 6Tissue repair occurs in phases. The inflammatory phase as the first one occurs
Anatomy and Physiology Assignment_4

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