This document provides an overview of the structure and functions of different body systems in the healthy human body. It covers the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems and their roles in maintaining health and life. The collaboration between these systems is also discussed.
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Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Ill-Health P1 Functions of a human body cell and roles during osmosis and diffusion A human body is made up of trillion of cells which provide a structure for the body. There are mainly 4 types of cells that plays their individual and different roles. Epithelial:It refers to the sheets of cells that are tightly attached to one another. All these types of cells cover outside surface of the human body. Connective:These types binds and joints different cells and organs of a human body for working together with the main aim of protecting, supporting and integrating all parts of the body. Nervous:These types of cells are mainly used for communication as giving signals to brain and sense organs. It allows the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulse. Muscle:These types of cells responds to stimulation and contracting to provide movement. Some types of these tissues are: cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. These are being used for contractions. The cell membrance allows only selectednecessary molecules as in diffusion as well as in osmosis, only certain molecules pass through it. Diffusion helps passage of vital molecules like CO 2, Oxygen and water. On the other hand, in osmosis, water is transported from a solution of low to higher concentration. The cell membrance allows the passage of important and specific molecules for several life processes in human and living organism P2 Structure and functions of different body system in the healthy human body CARDIO VESCULAR SYSTEM- This system permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells to cells and from cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and PH and maintain homoeostasis. This system consist of heart, blood vessels, and blood. Functions- Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body. This system removes metabolic wastes like (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes). Protectionofbodybywhitebloodcells,antibodies,and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the body against foreign microbes and toxins. Clotting mechanism protect the body from blood loss after injuries. Regulation of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- Respiratory system contains a series of organs that allows us to breath and exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. Functions- Inhalation and Exhalation are Pulmonary ventilation (Breathing)- Respiratory system aids in breathing. In pulmonary ventilation air is inhaled through nose and mouth. Then it moves through the pharynx, larynx and the trachea into lungs. Then air is exhaled through the same way. External Respiration Exchange Gases between the lungs and the bloodstream- Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste, this process is called External Respiration. This process takes place through hundreds of millions of microscopic sacs which are called alceoli.
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Internalrespirationexchangesgasesbetweenthe bloodstream and body tissues- In this process red blood cells carry oxygen absorbed from the lungs around the body through the vasculature. Airvibratingthevocalcordscreatessound-During exhalation air passes from the lungs through the larynx, or Voice Box. Olfaction is a chemical sensation- it begins with olfactory fibres that line the nasal cavities, some chemical in the air bind and activate nervous system. DIGESTIVESYSTEM- Made up of gastrointestinal tract ( a series of hollow organs like, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus) and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder (solid organs), Digestive system breaks nutrients received from food and drink into parts small enough for body to absorb and use for energy, growth and cell repair. Functions- Ingestion-Process of eating Propulsion- Movement of food along the digestive tract Secretion- Secretion of digestive enzymes and other substances loquifies, adjust pH and chemically breaks down the food. Mechanical digestion- this function physically breaks down the food into smaller pieces. Chemicaldigestion-Chemicallybreakingdownfoodinto molecules. This is carried out by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine. Absorption- Movement of molecules from digestive tract to adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels. Defecation- Elimination of undigested material. URINARY SYSTEM- This system works with lungs, skin and intestine and maintains the balance of chemicals and water in the body. The main organ of urinary system are kidneys (bean-shaped oegans that are located below the rib cage in the back). From the kidneys urine travels down two thin tubes ureters to bladder. Functions- kidneys-Removewasteproductsfrombody,Balancebody's fluids and Balance a variety of electrolytes Ureters- Carry urine from kidneys to the bladder Bladder- The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine , they contract and flatten to empty urine through urethra. Sphincter muscles- Keep urine from leakiness closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder. Nerves in the bladder- Alert a person when it is time to urinate. P3 Cooperation of body system to maintain health and life of an individual There are several body systems like cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory and endocrine that are interrelated with each other and cooperate to each other for maintaining a healthy life of an individual. Respiratory and circulatory system:These 2 body system work closely together as it delivers oxygen to cells and tissues as well as to get rid of carbon dioxide which cells produce. The main function of respiratory system is to absorb oxygen through inhalation of air and to throw out CO 2 back. On the other hand, circulatory system picks up the oxygen in lungs and throw out it in tissues. Lungs throw out the CO 2 and bring in new oxygen in lungs. So, it can be said that there is no need of circulatory system without respiratory system. Collaboration of both system can CO 2 and oxygen be successfully exchanged between the environment and cells. Endocrine and digestive:Endocrine and digestive systems also work together in order to coordinate all activities of body for making an individual healthy and disease free. Endocrine system produces hormones and digestive system makes all nutrients go to the cells. For example, when a person eat carbohydrates then it is converted into sugar. After this, the pancreas who is an organ and part of endocrine system, yields the hormone insulin to standardize how fast the sugar is crushed down. This collaboration of digestive and endocrine controls the amount of sugar in a human body and in the blood that keeps and protect them from diabetes.