Risk Factors and Aetiology of Type 2 Diabetes

This presentation discusses the risk factors and aetiology of type 2 diabetes. It explores the impact of poor diet, lack of exercise, and family history on the development of the disease. The pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes are also explained. The presentation covers diagnostic tests and treatment options for managing the condition.

Anatomy and physiology

pancreatic tissues are not able
to secrete out insulin
high BMI and waist hip ratio
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Aetiology
Clinical
manifestations
Diagnostic tests
Treatment
fatigue
condition
worsening
Type 2 Diabetes
vaginal-thrush
Random-Blood-Sugar
test
Key
feel hunger in excessive
terms
A1C that is glycated
hemoglobin test
Poor diet
causes
Parents diganosed with diabetes
Not exercising in a regular manner
d physiology
Too much body fat
Insulin resistance
Blurred Vision
Excessive thrust
Frequent urination
Physical activities
Metformin
High glucose levels
in blood
Suppressed glucose
release in liver
Topical imidazole
Fluconazole
Including fibres in diet
self-catheterization
Eyeglasses

TASK 1
Risk factors :-
> The patient had been complaining about consistent bouts in vaginal-thrush.
> Priya's fatigue condition was also worsening.
> She even started to feel hunger in excessive terms (Ismail-Beigi and et.al., 2010).
> As observed her BMI was 31.0 which is considered as obese category.
> Waist-hip ratio of Priya was found out to be 0.86 which is higher than normal 0.85 for women.
Experiencing bouts in vaginal thrust is often an indication of having poor levels of control upon diabetes (Malik and et.al., 2010). Since Priya had been experiencing the same situation, she already had been at a risk of having diabetes. The worsening of
fatigue condition that is being restless is mainly because of existing high glucose levels. This clearly places the patient at another risk factor concerning diabetes. Energy is not able to be produced due to the existing high glucose levels with further are
responsible for having experiencing hunger in excess. This high glucose level is mainly because of the inability of the pancreas to secrete insulin which establishes a control upon these levels (Currie and et.al., 2010). This in addition definitely puts Priya in a
risk of having type 2 diabetes. Furthermore her body mass index and waist-hip ratio were very high which is again puts Priya at a risk of having diabetes.
Aeitology :-
> Priya's parent's were diagnosed with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is considered to be attained via heredity. And since her parents were diagnosed through it, she is likely to suffer through it as well.
> She has been undertaking a very poor diet since she moved to Australia. Having a poor diet creates an imbalance in the glucose levels which further increase the chances of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Bailey and et.al., 2010).
> Not exercising in a regular manner had put up Priya in risk towards having diabetes.
Having a history of family genetics being diagnosed with diabetes makes the patient more prone towards having the same disease. As observed, after moving to Australia, due to continuous working the patient was not able to have a proper diet as a result
of which it adds up as another cause responsible for diabetes (De Zeeuw and et.al., 2010). Regular exercise is definitely necessary for keeping the immune system healthy and also for maintaining the glucose levels. Since the patient didn't used to exercise
regularly, she has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes as a result.
TASK 2
Linking symptoms of patient with the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes actually happens because of inappropriate production of insulin through the beta cells for the insulin resistance process. Insulin generally suppresses the release of glucose. For the resistance of insulin, the liver of a human body
automatically releases the amount of glucose in the body. THis acts as a major reason for fatique. In Type 2 diabetes, hunger is also one of the major symptoms. Priya was also undergoing excessive hunger. The fat tissues also increases, thus causes fat tissues
over different parts of the body. This acts as a reason why Priys was feeling overburdened and worsed fatique. Type 2 diseases also causes itching around the vaginal area, so as Priya was suffering from ongoing bouts of vaginal thrush. Type 2 diabetes is
basically caused because the pancreatic tissues are not able to secrete out insulin necessary for glucose level control. In relation to the patient, her high BMI and waist hip ratio clearly indicated that she was having obesity (Landman and et.al., 2010). Because of
excessive body fat, the tissues are unable to absorb the glucose. This in-absorption further causes the levels becoming very high. Now obesity is definitely because of having imbalanced or poor diet. Since Priya was having a very poor diet control after moving
to Australia due to work, she was more towards having diabetes. Furthermore, if one does not exercise regularly proper digestion of food is not attained and gradually body fat develops. This was clearly observed in case of Priya where she was unable to exercise
due to work load (Salas-Salvadó, J. and et.al., 2011).
Due to in-absorption of glucose by tissues, the body becomes unable to produce energy and as a result thrust and hunger rise. Furthermore, as observed in scenario, experiencing bouts in vaginal thrush are an indicative of genital infection. This is because
the tissues are unable to absorb the glucose (Salpeter and et.al., 2010). Furthermore, the type 2 diabetes resists the pancreas to secrete insulin thereby causing infections in genital areas. Furthermore, becoming tired and restless is another indicative that patient's
fatigue condition was getting worsened with time.
TASK 3
Appropriate diagnostic assessment and treatment modalities for patient's diagnosis
For appropriate diaganosing type 2 diabetes there are some available medical tests for treatment.
> The A1C that is glycated hemoglobin test will help in determining the blood-sugar levels at an verage of past 3 months (Umpierrez and et.al., 2011). If the detected level is either 6.5 or higher diabetes is clear indicative. Between 5.7 to 6.4, levels indicate
pre-diabetes and generally such people are at high risks of developing type-2_diabetes. Having levels of below 5.7 is treated as normal.
> Random-Blood-Sugar test determines the diabetes by aid of taking blood-sample (Nauck and et.al., 2011). Having random level of blood-sugar either 200mg/dL or even higher depicts that person is hving diabetes.
Besides these tests, there are some common medication involved as well which is necessary for treating the diabetes once diagnosed. They are metformin, glucophage, actos, januvia and many more. Depending upon the degree of getting affected by
diabetes, different medications are available. So, januvia is preferable for the patient mentioned in scenario. Most of the times, there is a possibility that patients themselves have no idea about suffering from diabetes due to its slow process which comes into
action during the course of years (Cefalu, W.T. and et.al., 2013). So, diagnosis needs to be given and sugar test needs to be done in timely manner for preliminary determination of risks concerning diabetes and accordingly assessing them via medical treatment.

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