ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION - HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CIGARETTES AND
RESPIRATION

CIGARETTES AND TYPES
The above pasted picture shows all types of cigarettes that are available in market today. Cigarettes are shaped like a thin
cylinder which consists of finely cut tobacco to be used for smoking. The two most common types of cigarettes used in todays
world includes Traditional cigarettes and Electronic (E) cigarettes (Hartmann Boyce et al., 2016).‐

ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION
Human respiratory system consists of all the organs
which are associated with breathing (Jaeger, Titus &
Blank, 2019).
These organs includes pharynx, larynx, lungs, nose and
bronchi.
Air passages, pulmonary vessels and breathing muscles
associated with exchange of gases is included in the
functioning of respiratory system (Wilk-Blaszczak, 2018).Fig 1: Respiratory System
Source: Jaeger, Titus & Blank, (2019)

During the process of breathing, one takes air in
to the lungs through their nose.
Oxygen is taken inside the body during breathing
in (inhalation).
Carbon-dioxide is sent out of the body by exhaling
also known as exhalation (Miura, 2019).
This is all about the breathing process associated
with respiration.
PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION
Fig 2: Physiology of respiratory system
Source: Miura, (2019)

EFFECT OF INHALATION OF SMOKE
Cigarette smoking has been found
to increase the chances of coronary
heart disease, cerebrovascular
disease, lung disorders, COPD
(obstructive pulmonary disorder)
and cerebrovascular disease.
Inhaling cigarettes is bad for human
health (Rice et al., 2019).

On being heated, an electronic cigarette releases glycerol and propylene glycol which
together forms an aerosol containing nicotine (Wang et al., 2017).
This hyperosmolar and hygroscopic aerosol has been found to deposit in the lungs and
cause pulmonary disorder (DeVito & Krishnan-Sarin, 2018).
EFFECT OF E-CIGARETTE VAPOR ON LUNGS
Fig 3: Left picture shows the
impairment of lungs by the
effects of e-cigarette smoking
processes.
Source: Wang et al., (2017)
Fig 4: Picture of an e-cigarette
Source: Spindle et al., (2018)

COPD patients have been prevented from
using e-cigarettes.
This is because of the fact that this habit
causes inflammation and lung damage
(Javed et al., 2017).
The aldehyde content of e-cigarettes has
been found to cause lung disease (Kaisar
et al., 2016).
EFFECT OF INHALATION OF SMOKE
ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY DISORDER
Fig 5: Images if lungs affected by third party vaping
Source: Javed et al., (2017)

E-cigarettes has been observed to deliver
small particles consisting of aerosol
which are connected to cardiovascular
disorder (Spindle et al., 2018).
50% of people smoking e-cigarettes have
been found to be at a heart risk of heart
attack and 30% are likely to suffer from
stroke (Breland et al., 2017).
EFFECT OF INHALATION OF SMOKE ASSOCIATED
WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDER
Fig 6: Effect of cigarette smoking on heart
Source: Spindle et al., (2018)

After going through the previous slides discussing the details about e-
cigarettes obtained from various literature pieces, it can be stated that E-
cigarettes contains aerosol.
Aerosol contains lower and fewer levels of toxicants than the smoke from
traditional combustible tobacco cigarettes.
Nicotine and toxicant exposure has been found to occur from the aerosolizing
of e-cigarettes which are not dependent on the device and user characteristics.
PERSONAL POINT OF VIEW (E-CIGARETTES)

US FDA has been stated to finalize a rule which extends the regulatory system
of CTP which gives the authority to cover up all the products containing
tobacco (Loewenstein & Middlekauff, (2017).
FDA has been found to reregulate the manufacture, import, packaging,
labelling and marketing of ENDS (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems).
FDA also published a rule to clarify products made of tobacco to be regulated
as tobacco products.
REGULATIONS OF VAPING PRODUCTS

FDA has also enforced a policy for unauthorized flavored cartridge based e-
cigarettes which includes mint and fruit flavors.
The above state policy is named as “Enforcement Priorities for Electronic
Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) and Other Deemed Products on the Market
Without Premarket Authorization”.
This policy was released in January 2020.

• According my perspectives, it can be stated that the polices developed by US
FDA for the development of vaping devices are very much effective in
controlling the improper manufacture of e-cigarettes.
• I will not oppose the policies since I feel that these polices are best for
regulating the release of e-cigarettes on US markets.
• These are all my perspectives of the US polices.
SELF PERSPECTIVE OF THE POLICIES

RFERENCES
Breland, A., Soule, E., Lopez, A., Ramôa, C., El-Hellani, A., & Eissenberg, T. (2017). Electronic cigarettes:
what are they and what do they do?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1394(1), 5.
DeVito, E. E., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2018). E-cigarettes: impact of E-liquid components and device
characteristics on nicotine exposure. Current neuropharmacology, 16(4), 438-459.
Hartmann Boyce, J., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Begh, R., Stead, L. F., & Hajek, P. (2016). Electronic‐
cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9).
Jaeger, J. M., Titus, B. J., & Blank, R. S. (2019). Essential anatomy and physiology of the respiratory
system and the pulmonary circulation. In Principles and practice of anesthesia for thoracic
surgery (pp. 65-92). Springer, Cham.
Javed, F., Kellesarian, S. V., Sundar, I. K., Romanos, G. E., & Rahman, I. (2017). Recent updates on
electronic cigarette aerosol and inhaled nicotine effects on periodontal and pulmonary
tissues. Oral diseases, 23(8), 1052-1057.
Kaisar, M. A., Prasad, S., Liles, T., & Cucullo, L. (2016). A decade of e-cigarettes: limited research &
unresolved safety concerns. Toxicology, 365, 67-75.
Loewenstein, D. K., & Middlekauff, H. R. (2017). Electronic cigarette device-related hazards:: a call for
immediate fda regulation. American journal of preventive medicine, 52(2), 229-231.
Miura, G. (2019). Breathing the same air. Nature chemical biology, 15(9), 847-847.
Rice, V. H., Templin, T. N., Harden, J. K., Jenuwine, E. S., Abdulhamid, I., & Hammad, A. (2019). Health
Effects Reported by Adolescent Water Pipe and/or Cigarette Smokers Compared to
Nonsmokers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(3), 333-339.
Spindle, T. R., Talih, S., Hiler, M. M., Karaoghlanian, N., Halquist, M. S., Breland, A. B., ... & Eissenberg, T.
(2018). Effects of electronic cigarette liquid solvents propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin on
user nicotine delivery, heart rate, subjective effects, and puff topography. Drug and alcohol
dependence, 188, 193-199.
Wang, Q., Mereness, J., Bhattacharya, S., Misra, R. S., Huyck, H., Howell, A., ... & Mariani, T. J. (2017).
Electronic Cigarette Vapor Regulates Gene Expression In Pediatric Human Lung Epithelial Cells.
In A60. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF TOBACCO, MARIJUANA, AND RECREATIONAL DRUGS(pp. A2057-
A2057). American Thoracic Society.
Wilk-Blaszczak, M. (2018). Lab 6: Respiratory System. Human Anatomy Lab Manual.

Thank You