Anatomy and Physiology Study Material with Solved Assignments and Essays - Desklib

The article discusses various aspects of Anatomy and Physiology including Urinalysis, Absorbance, Enzymes, Carbohydrate Digestion, and Benedict's test. It also provides a table with experiment results and their analysis. The subject code mentioned is BHS004-1.

Anatomy and Physiology
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Contents
TASK...............................................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
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TASK
1). by using Urinalysis is a technique involving physical, chemical and microscopic analysis. In
table-1, it is basically represented the physical as well as chemical properties of five sample of
patient’s urine. According to table-1, it may vary health condition of different patients. On the
basis of its Urine sample, it can be identified its healthy patient.
a). on the basis of given sample, Urine B sample is representing a healthy patient because it can
be identified that Urine B Sample- colour- yellow, cloudiness- not cloudy, Glucose- No, protein-
No, ketones- negative, Blood- negative. This is the way to represent the healthy urine colours
b). on the basis of given sample, Urine E sample has shown a patient, who are suffering from
diabetes. because it can be identified that Urine B Sample- colour- yellow, cloudiness- not
cloudy, Glucose- yes, protein- No, ketones- Strongly positive, Blood- negative. The reason for
representing a high level of ketones can easily detected by dipping a test strip into a sample of
urine. Usually, a ketones occurs most commonly in people with type 1 diabetes. In some
situation, it is uncommonly when people may doing test positive for ketones.
2).
a). Absorbance can be calculated from percent transmittance (%T) by using appropriate
formula:-
Absorbance reading at 562 nm for six standard and two test sample.
Transmittance (T) is kind of fraction of incident light which is basically transmitted. Usually, it
is defined as T=I/O where identify the level or rate of sample.
By calculating the mean of each standards 1 to 6
Standard-1
Mean= 1.242+1.356+1.081/3, Mean= 1.222
Standard-2
Mean= 0.847+0.909+0.923/3, Mean= 0.892
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Standard-3
Mean= 0.494+0.493+0.555/3, Mean= 0.514
Standard-4
Mean= 0.397+0.373+0.401/3, Mean= 0.390
Standard-5
Mean= 0.267+0.247+0.262/3, Mean= 0.258
Standard-6
Mean= 0.237+0.224+0.229/3, Mean= 0.23
c). on the basis of estimation, it is an essential aspect to subtract the mean value for standard 6
from each sample’s mean absorbance. The reason for subtraction is that identify sample
concentration with the help of standards curve. The inclusion of serially diluted a particular
standard which is enabled quantification of concentration (Biga. and et.al., 2020). In essence,
Concentration should not be extrapolated from standards mean value which beyond suggested or
recommend standard range. Each & every sample reading are basically represented the outside
range of standards. The Sample of absorbance value can be exceeds as highest point in particular
standards range should be analysed in proper manner.
c). According to Absorbance reading at 562 nm, as protein concentration of standards sample
from 1-6 increases. This is why because of significant effects of absorbance which is similar to
actual path of length. If in case, it will be increased the concentration of solution, then it has
become shows more molecules, when it passes through.
On the other hand, the simples and direct essay method for identifying the level of protein
concentration and determination in specific solution. That’s why, it should be consider 289 nm
absorbance range. In most situation, Absorption method or technique is not completely ideal for
protein as mixture of various protein (Fournier and et.al., 2021). Moreover, it increases the
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protein concentration and differing as aromatic amino acid- varying as absorption feature or
characteristics.
e). on the basis of sample reading, the absorbance at 280 nm which is mainly used for protein
concentration. Because it can easily specifying level of amino acid tyrosine as well as tryptophan
(Miguel-Aliaga, Jasper and Lemaitre, 2018). On the basis of specific absorption level is 280 nm.
It allows direct measurement of protein concentration. in regular basis, it has been followed the
routine to estimate level of protein concentration in laboratories because of simplicity, ease of
use and become affordable.
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3).
The best equation is Y= 0.001(x) + 562
4. Calculate protein concentration
For test sample 1
Y= m(x) + c
Y= 0.001(0.99) + 562
Y= 0.00099 +562
= 562.0099
For test sample 2
Y= m(x) + c
Y= 0.001(0.17) + 562
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Y= 0.00017 +562
= 562.017
5). The Enzyme is basically made into two places. First, salivary glands in person mouth which
make salivary amylose. This type of process will begin the digestive process by breaking down
starch when it can chew food. Afterwards, it will be converting into maltose, a smaller pieces of
carbohydrate. In the normal digestive system, Although Amylase, protease and lipase are
considered three main enzymes in body and uses to digest food. Any other kind of specialised
enzymes also help in the process of enzymes (Shani-Levi and et.al., 2017). These enzymes are
helping to line a person intestines which make enzymes. Similarly, enzyme cells in the stomach
secrete two kind of enzymes such as renin & gelatinase. This kind renin acts an on protein like
milk converting into smaller molecules such as Peptides. These are fully digested by pepsin. This
kind of process will help to manage and control the entire digestive system.
6). All kind of enzymes have optimum temperature and PH values at which it represents the
maximum activity or which is necessary aspect to perform certain kind of action. If in case,
salivary amylase action, it can be estimated the PH values in between 32 degree to 37 degree,
and 6-7PH respectively. Ptyalin, AAMY isoform is basically represented human saliva, which is
known as metalloenzyme (Tortora and Derrickson, 2018). But this will require enough calcium
ions for human functionality. Afterwards, the optimum conditions for ptyalin activities are
measured in PH range of 5.6- 6.9, a temperature of 378C. Moreover, the presence of certain
anions and activators like chloride, iodide and bromide.
7). According to experimentally, it can be performed two different tests such as Benedict’s test,
Lugol’s test. These are basically indicated the different colours such as green, yellow, red and
purple. In this way, it will be gained the more information about the deduction of tube which
contained most starch.
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8). On the basis of table, it has identified the most maltose level in tune-2 because it should
contain starch+ saliva. Afterwards, it will be generating colours such as yellow- orange.
9).
Tube 1 2 3 4
Content Starch + water Starch +
Saliva
Starch + Saliva +
HCI
Starch + boiled Saliva
Lugol’s test Purple –black Yellow-
orange
Purple blue Purple blue
Benedict’s
test
blue Red orange Yellow
Table: 1
In table-1, it has been shown the two kind of tests such as Lugol’s test (Starch), Benedict’s test
(Maltose). These are representing the different level of carbohydrate digestion of four
experiment.
In experiment-1
It has performed the Lugol’s test where it contained into items such as Starch and water mix
in properly. Afterwards, it can be measured the colour of tube-1: purple and black. The purple
color is indicated the presence of small amount of starch and black color indicate the lot of starch
level. Therefore, It has concluded that Carbohydrate digestion perform in slowly.
On the other hand, it has performed Benedict’s test in which generate Blue colors. It
means that blue color indicated the absence of maltose in the digestion process.
In experiment-2,
It has performed the Lugol’s test where it contained into items such as Starch and Saliva
mix in properly. Afterwards, it can be measured the colour of tube-2: yellow and orange. The
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purple color is indicated the absence of starch at the time of digestion process. That’s why, it
may arise situation of slow process in the Carbohydrate digestion.
Apart from that, it has performed Benedict’s test in which generate Red. It means that
blue color indicated the presence of a lot of maltose in the digestion process.
In experiment-3,
It has performed the Lugol’s test where it contained into items such as Starch and Saliva,
water mix in properly. Afterwards, it can be measured the colour of tube-3: purple and blue. The
purple and blue colors are indicated the presence of small amount of starch. This can help to
further perform digestion process. On the other hand, it is also performed Benedict’s test
(maltose), where it shows orange colours. The meaning of organise which means that indicate
presence of maltose at the time of digestion process.
In experiment-4,
In this experiment, it is basically focused on Lugol’s test whereas it contained into items
such as Starch and boiled Saliva. Afterwards, it can be measured the colour of tube-4: purple and
blue. The purple and blue colors are indicated the presence of small amount of starch. This can
help to further perform digestion process.
On the other hand, it is also performed Benedict’s test (maltose), where it shows yellow
colours. The meaning of organise which means that indicate presence of maltose at the time of
digestion process
10). In context of Benedict’s test, the purpose of testing with water which means that help to
determine see cleanliness and generate appropriate result or outcome. if in case, it can be used
the water during benedict’s test which may occurs a chemical reaction. This is helping to check
the presence of reducing glucose in given sample (Tortora and Derrickson, 2018). Therefore, an
appropriate simple carbohydrates containing ketone and aldehyde functional group are also
identified at the time of test.
In case of lugol’s, it is basically used in cytology for detecting abnormal condition in
cells at the time of carbohydrate digestive experiment. Lugol’s can be performed experiment on
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the basis of iodine as strong solution. That’s why, it will be using or adding some water to further
perform chemical reaction. It means that it is directly dissolve solution through water. Therefore,
it may be used some water solution at the time of carbohydrate digestion experiment.
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REFERENCES
Book and Journals
Biga, L.M. and et.al., 2020. Anatomy & physiology.
Fournier, E.. and et.al., 2021. In vitro models of gut digestion across childhood: current
developments, challenges and future trends. Biotechnology Advances, p.107796.
Miguel-Aliaga, I., Jasper, H. and Lemaitre, B., 2018. Anatomy and physiology of the digestive
tract of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics, 210(2), pp.357-396.
Shani-Levi, C. and et.al., 2017. Extending in vitro digestion models to specific human
populations: Perspectives, practical tools and bio-relevant information. Trends in Food
Science & Technology, 60, pp.52-63.
Tortora, G.J. and Derrickson, B.H., 2018. Principles of anatomy and physiology. John Wiley &
Sons.
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