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Report on Stages of Anesthetic

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Added on  2020-04-07

Report on Stages of Anesthetic

   Added on 2020-04-07

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Running head: ANESTHETICSANESTHETICSName of the StudentName of the UniversityAuthor note
Report on Stages of Anesthetic_1
1ANESTHETICSTable of ContentsAnswer a:.............................................................................................................................2Answer b:.............................................................................................................................2Answer c:.............................................................................................................................4Answer d:.............................................................................................................................5Answer e:.............................................................................................................................6Answer f:.............................................................................................................................7REFERENCES:...................................................................................................................8
Report on Stages of Anesthetic_2
2ANESTHETICSAnswer A:The stages of neuromuscular synaptic transmission can be summarized as follows (1): a)The action potential reaches the presynaptic membrane (2). This opens the voltage gated calciumchannels, causing the influx of Ca2+ ions. b) The secretory vesicles are excited, and exocytosisoccurs, releasing acetylcholine into the synapse. c) Acetylcholine binds to the ligand/neurotransmitter gated channel on the post synaptic membrane. d) This causes influx of Na+ andefflux of K+ ions, resulting in depolarization of membrane (change from -70mV to +30mV insidethe cell). e) Once the threshold potential is achieved, other voltage gated channels across themembrane are opened. f) Ca2+ is released from the terminal cisternae of smooth ER that binds totroponin, inhibits tropomyosin and exposes active site of actin. g) Myosin pulls the actin filamenttowards the centre of sarcomere, and contraction occurs (3).Botulin toxin can cleave key proteins that take part in neuronal activation (4). The toxinbinds to the presynaptic neurons that has acetylcholine transmitters, and is taken up into a vesicleinside the cytosol and then cleavs the SNARE protein (5). This prevents the release of theneurotransmitter, causing paralysisBotulin toxin is a two chain protein (Heavy chain: 100kDa and Light chain: 50kDa) anddisulfide bond joins them. Based on the structure and sequence of the chain, it can be of thefollowing types: A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, and G (6).
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