Introduction The modern business organisations are characterised by the complex business practices, global business practices, dispersed employees and the excessive use of the information and communication technologies. One of the trends that have taken over the business operations of the multinational entities having various business locations is the virtual teams. The following work is aimed at identification and location ten literary sources to study the contemporary issue of โImplementation of the virtual teams in organisations.โ
Source 1 Gilson, L. L., Maynard, M. T., Young, N. C. J., Vartiainen, M. & Hakonen, M. (2015). Virtual teams research: 10 years, 10 themes, and 10 opportunities, Journal of Management, 41(5), 1313-1337 The authors Gilson and Maynard are renowned for the study in the field of emergence of the virtual teams in the business environment, with first study conducted more than around a decade ago. The above work is in the form of a review of the literature over the ten years to comprehensively understand the changes and the issues in the virtual teams in todayโs business environment. The article is an important source of information with the utilisation of 450 articles from 200 different journals. The research has led to the identification of the ten themes which govern the ten important areas that are identified as the fruitful research opportunities. Some of the themes identified are the team inputs, leadership, globalisation, mediator and moderators, trust, and the future ways. The source is useful in context of understanding of the future implications in terms of the member mobility, technology, generational impacts and others. Thus, the source provides a wide literature for the beginner readers to understand the concept of the virtual teams. Source 2 Haines, R. (2014). Group development in virtual teams: An experimental re- examination,โ Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 213-222 The above work is an important source of information as the article is focussed on building relationships in an entity with the use of the virtual teams. The article made use of the study of the existing literature on the virtual teams and the organisational concepts such as team building, communication, motivation and others. In addition to the above, an experiment has been conducted in the study, which differentiates it from the other sources of the study. The experiment involved the sharing of information within a same virtual team for ten times to study the impact of the age of the virtual team on the efficiency of the information sharing. The study led to the observation that there is an efficient information sharing between the longer lived virtual teams as compared to thethe one-shot and ad hoc virtual teams. Thus, one of the chief considerations of the implementation and working of the virtual teams is the trust among the team members.
Source 3 Carter, D. R., Seely, P. W., Dagosta, J., DeChurch, L. A., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2015). Leadership for global virtual teams: Facilitating teamwork processes, In Leading global teams, 225-252 The authors of the above work belong to the varied areas such as that of psychology, mathematics, and computer science. The authors have collaborated to study the usefulness and the means of the effective implementation of the virtual teams. The chief area focussed in the work of the above authors is the leading the virtual teams. The fact that some of the key data is presented in the form of the tables is what sets apart the work from the last two sources. The tabular representation aids in better engagement for the readers of the work. Some of the key functions identified of the leaders in the global virtual teams are the composing the team, establishing the team, building the mission, communication, monitoring, and others. Thus, it is concluded that the success and functions of the virtual teams is dependent on the leaders in the same way as that of the face to face teams. Source 4 Lin C. P., Wang, Y. J., Tsai, Y. H., Hsu, Y. F. (2010). Perceived job effectiveness in coopetition: A survey of virtual teams within business organizations, Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1598โ1606 The above work has the chief areas of the study as theperceived job effectiveness in team collaboration in context of the virtual teams functioning across the globe. The authors have identified some of the key factors that affect the perceived job effectiveness namely the shared value, perceived trust, competitive conflict,cooperative attitude and the overall perceived benefits to the members of an entity. Thus, the study reaches to the conclusion that there is a positive and direct relationship between the shared vision, cooperative attitude and perceived job effectiveness. The source is vital as the study is conducted taking into various characteristics such as the education level, position level, age, tenure, department and the application of the internet to the job roles of the individuals. Thus, it can be stated that the above factors affect the perceived value and cooperation in the entity.
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Source 5 Wadsworth, M. B. & Blanchard, A. L. (2015). Influence tactics in virtual teams,โ Computers in Human Behavior, 44(C), 386-393 The work is chiefly centred on the concept of the influence tacticsin the virtual teams. The work is different from the other sources as it is chiefly focussed on the relationship between the leaders and the members of the virtual teams, human behaviour and the means of encouragement to the employees in the teams. The work begins with the literature on the conflict management, trust issues, significance of the influence and the choice of the tactics for the motivation of the team members. The study has been conducted on the 23 members of different virtual teams and the interview means is used to evaluate the successful and unsuccessful influence attempts in the virtual teams. The two major influence tactics had emerged from the study that are the rational persuasion similar to that in the face to face teams and the new tactics that is aimed at reduction of the communication ambiguity in the virtual teams. The work concludes that the additional difficulties in influence attempts arise due to the virtual environment. Source 6 Pinjani, P. & Palvia, P. (2013). Trust and knowledge sharing in diverse global virtual teams, Information & Management, 50(4), 144โ153. The above work is in alignment with the other literary sources as the same also focusses on the processes of mutual trust, knowledge sharing and the diversity in the teams. The study collected the empirical data among the fifty eight global virtual teams and an analysis was conducted with the use of the Hierarchical Multiple Regression technique. The study concluded the results that the deep level diversity is a significant component in the virtual teams as compared to the noticeable functional level diversity in case of the face to face teams. The collaborative capabilities are the key for the moderation of the said relationships in context of the available technology with the enterprise and levels of interdependency of the tasks and members with each other. Source 7 Purvanova, R. K. (2014). Face-to-face versus virtual teams: What have we really learned? The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 17(1), 2-29.
The work is aimed at differentiating between the functioning of the virtual teams and the face to face teams in an entity. One of the significant points of this work is that a comparison is made between theexperimental literature and the real life field investigations and case studies of real virtual teams. While the formal source leads to the negative conclusions of the virtual teams, the latter lead to the positive outcomes. The articles states the discrepancy between the two sources to be the lack of the ecological validity, and the failure of simulating the real life conditions for the working of the virtual teams. The study is comprehensive and mostly highlights the negative aspects of the virtual teams such as time zone difficulty, cultural barriers, language limitations and others. Source 8 Mukherjee, D., Lahiri, S., Mukherjee, D., & Billing, T. K. (2012). Leading virtual teams:howdosocial,cognitive,andbehavioralcapabilities matter?. Management Decision, 50(2), 273-290. The study is conducted with the purpose of that propose the research framework that majorly determines the essential capabilities pertaining to the virtual teams at the different lifecycle stages. The framework majorly seeks to determine and assess the role of the social, cognitive and behavioural capabilities as the essential determinants of the virtual teamโs success and leadership. The study gives the overview of the VT leadership, categorized the leadership capabilities with this it related to the different stages of VT life-cycle. It has been witnessed from the study that effective VT leadership in organisation happen it is essential to determine specific set of capabilities that majorly contribute in making the management successful for the specific BT stage. The study shows the research related to VT leadership has been limited. The usage of this leadership is essential to attain the more importance in the near future within the organisation. Source 9 Goulet,J.M.(2019).VirtualInternationalLeadershipWithinOrganizations Overcoming Cultural, Language, and Physical Barriers. The study shows that the advances in the technology are allowing the team majorly to collaborate while geographical as well as the spatially apart. These teams are considered as the virtual teams that offer the benefits for both the organisation to that they belong and to individual members. The study shows that the team members are able to effective contribute
to the project in terms of the field of expertise irrespective of any leave in their homeland. The study includes that although, virtual teams are rapidly growing where the research is majorly lacking in determining the ways through which the team can communicate to form interpersonal relationships that remains beneficial for organisation. For conducting the study, the researcher has conducted the remote interview where they asked the participants to reflect their views on different styles of leadership as well as communication at workplace. The results of the interview are witnessed in study which shows that attitude as well as style of the leader is considered as one of the biggest impact on the dynamics of team. Source 10 Eckhardt, A., Giordano, A., Endter, F., & Somers, P. (2019). Three Stages to a Virtual Workforce. MIS Quarterly Executive, 18(1), 5. The study has been conducted by the different researcher that is based on the three stages of the virtual workforce. In the present era, the employing virtual workers can offer the significant advantages but different companies have attempted to transition to the virtual workforce that has failed as they do not comprehend the knowledge as well as the social networks of the workers present at the remote places. Many companies majorly in the IT sector deals with the challenge in recruiting, acquiring and retaining the skilled employees. The research reflects that considering the experience of the two virtual working pioneers the development of the Virtual Work Stage Model has been consider as a guide for the organisations that seeks to transition to a virtual workforce. The findings of the company show that the companies who failed in the effective implementing of virtual teams are suggested with proper solution in research that help manager to successfully make this transition.