Annotated Bibliography: Tourism Risk and Crisis Management

This annotated bibliography examines the critical aspects of risk and crisis management within the tourism sector, drawing on four journal articles. The first article highlights the importance of social media marketing in disaster recovery, emphasizing the need to adapt marketing strategies to the timing of crises. The second article explores public-private collaboration, using the case of Matsushima, Japan, to illustrate how hotels and governments can work together to manage disaster risks. The third article assesses the impact of the BP oil spill on the tourism industry, revealing the economic consequences of such events. Finally, the fourth article analyzes the effects of political instability, such as the Arab Spring, on tourism in affected regions, highlighting the need for strategic planning and security measures. Each journal review includes a summary, discussion of its usefulness, and a personal opinion on the text, offering a comprehensive overview of the challenges and potential solutions in tourism crisis management.

Running Head: Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography
Risk & Crisis Management towards the tourism sector

Annotated Bibliography
Table of Content
Review of Journal 1...............................................................................................................................2
Summary...........................................................................................................................................2
Usefulness of the Journal..................................................................................................................2
Opinion on the Text...........................................................................................................................3
Journal 2................................................................................................................................................3
Summary...........................................................................................................................................3
Usefulness of the Journal..................................................................................................................4
Opinion on the text...........................................................................................................................4
Journal 3................................................................................................................................................5
Summary...........................................................................................................................................5
Usefulness of the Journal..................................................................................................................5
Opinion about the text......................................................................................................................6
Journal 4................................................................................................................................................6
Summary...........................................................................................................................................6
Usefulness of the Journal..................................................................................................................6
Opinion about the text......................................................................................................................7

Annotated Bibliography
Review of Journal 1
Backer, E. and Ritchie, B.W., 2017. VFR Travel: A Viable Market for Tourism Crisis and Disaster
Recovery?. International Journal of Tourism Research.
Summary
Rebuilding tourism after crisis/ disaster is extremely important. The perception of tourist is built
around the fact that the ecosystem and the landscapes might have been destroyed due to a crisis,
and they are really not sure as to what will be there to explore. Backer and Ritchie in the article
have stressed on the importance of doing a disaster recovery.
It has been emphasized that the marketing efforts have to be streamlined with the timing of the
disaster. The entire marketing strategy for the tourist destination has to be reinvented and
retargeted to the audience. Social media these days plays an important role in doing so. Social media
is such an effective tool which has a deeper penetration among the audience and a far better reach.
The content can be highly curated and targeted. Thus one of the most effective disaster recovery
methods as mentioned by Backer & Ritchie is Social media marketing of the tourist destination
focussing on the preserved landscapes and the USP of the destination to lure the tourists.
Usefulness of the Journal
 It is mentioned that there is a team to manage the crisis, but if the crisis team is unable to fill
the gap of communication between the tourist and the authorities, somebody else to come
and fill in the gap. In such a case, a mass media campaign has to be launched to make the
people aware of the crisis and what has been done for the remedy.
 Marketing & advertising is an important part of crisis management as emphasized by the
management. Crisis management is about dealing with the human perceptions about the

Annotated Bibliography
crisis and managing their sentiments. The authors have suggested that communication is the
most essential part of communication management.
Opinion on the Text
Crisis management is extremely important in order to boost the numbers of tourism, and it has been
identified that communication is one of the most important attribute that favours crisis
management. Communication via traditional & contemporary modes helps to create a resonance
with the target audience and also gives them the assuredly that local community and the tourist
organizations are taking their work seriously and moving effectively to manage the situation of crisis
management
Journal 2
Nguyen, D.N., Imamura, F. and Iuchi, K., 2017. Public-private collaboration for disaster risk
management: A case study of hotels in Matsushima, Japan. Tourism Management, 61, pp.129-140.
Summary
The authors of the journal article Nguyen, Imamura & Luchi have discussed about have a joint effort
by the public and the private sector towards the disaster management.
The research paper here has laid emphasis on public-private collaboration for the purpose of
disaster management in the coastal destinations, especially between the hotel industry and the
government. The authors in the article have focussed on the concept of collaborative planning. They
have picked Matsushima, Japan which is a popular coastal destination in the famous Tohoku region
which was devastated by the Tsunami in the year 2011.

Annotated Bibliography
Usefulness of the Journal
 Hotels have a very important role to play in the disaster risk management of the coastal
destinations
 The Matsushima’s hotels and towns have a supportive outlook towards collaboration but
differed on the outcomes of the association.
 Stakeholders had the opinion that collaboration provides equal opportunities to both the
sectors.
 The involvement of the stakeholders was not deep and broad and it certainly did not meet
every need of the agreement.
 It was again and again pointed out that the synergy between the local authorities and the
hotel would lead to disaster management due to Tsunami and regains the position of the
destination as one of the most famous tourist spots.
Opinion on the text
Private-Public collaboration is a joint effort by both the sectors to work together towards one
common goal and objective. The objective being to bring sustainability to the coastal destination and
bring back the tourists lost and the lost revenue. Authors pointed out that conducting a joint
meeting and setting up small milestones and working towards them will provide a situation of
solidarity and bring normalcy back in the disturbed region. Hotels have to play a very important part
in this, as they are the ones who can advertise on popular social media platforms and get the tourist
excited by their offering, with the public sector involved they can rework on the prices and the
strategy to lure the tourist and work alongside the hotel industry to come up with a strong solution
and bring positive figures of tourism in the region.

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Journal 3
Ritchie, B.W., Crotts, J.C., Zehrer, A. and Volsky, G.T., 2014. Understanding the effects of a tourism
crisis: The impact of the BP oil spill on regional lodging demand. Journal of Travel Research, 53(1),
pp.12-25.
Summary
Tourism is known to be one of the most economically important industries which are also the most
vulnerable to crisis and disasters. The study by Brent, Ritchie, John & Anita is focussed on measuring
the short term impact of the incidence of 2010 BP Gulf oil crisis. The year 2010 is sadly remembered
as one of the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history which occurred in Gulf of Mexico,
approximately 4.9 million barrels of oil leaked into the waters for a period of three years. It was a
tragic incident, also as the area is surrounded by the coastal areas and it survives on tourism industry
as it creates many jobs for the local community of the area. This incident certainly hurt their
livelihood and the revenue they extract from tourism. The aftermath of oil spill is bad for the entire
ecosystem, not only the tourist destinations are affected by the oil spill, but the tourism industry
faces serious impact on its reputation. This in turn strongly influences people’s decision to visit and
spend the time in that particular community. Ritchie, Crotts, Zehrer & Volsky strongly connected this
crisis with fall in revenue at the tourist destination.
Usefulness of the Journal
 In accordance to the study conducted, around 25% of the businesses did not re-open due to
the crisis.
 The oil spill had an impact on over 7.3 million businesses throughout Alabama, Florida &
Texas, which affected 34.4 million employees and $5.2 trillion in sales volume.

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The hospitality industry too suffered a major blow because of the crisis
 60% of the hotels which were surveyed had experienced more than 50 % cancellations.
 In the same time frame, 42% of the hotels experienced difficulty booking for future events
 In totality, the overall lower room occupancy, lower restaurant filling, less occupied meeting
space resulted in loss of revenue for the region.
Opinion about the text
Collective actions are required both from the local community and the tourism authority to not let
such incidents hamper the business revenue. The revenue is provides livelihood to thousands of
people and the entire economy of the state is dependent on it, therefore, the corrective action has
to be taken in full swing
Journal 4
Tomazos, K., 2017. Egypt's tourism industry and the Arab Spring.
Summary
The author Tomazos here has explained that while the other tourist destinations are flourishing due
to better communication, globalization, improvement in the infrastructure and other such factors,
the countries of the Arab world are falling backwards in terms of tourism due to its crisis situations.
Such countries are unstable due to the waves of political unrest known as Arab spring, which
affected the tourism sector adversely.
Usefulness of the Journal
 Current situation of the tourism sector after the Arab spring

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 The second revolves around the analysis of the effects of crisis on the Arab countries.
 Finding the right mechanism to overcome the crisis situation and do a recovery of the
tourism sector.
 Uncovering of the economic impacts in order to find possible solutions to the problem
There were a category of countries which saw a sudden surge in the tourist visits. UAE, Turkey,
Israel saw a huge influx of tourists visiting the country. Some of these countries benefited from the
Arab spring as many European tourists visited the place to review the situation and ended up staying
for a longer time, it was a blessing in a disguise situation for these countries.
Opinion about the text
As the tourism sector was showing a positive growth, it was only the Arab world which took a hit due
to political instability in the area. Some countries like UAE, Turkey did take advantage of this political
situation, but they have to learn a lesson to manage large number of unexpected crowd. It is advised
that the strategists and the policy make have to take effects to not let tourist suffer due to political
unrest in the valley. Author has suggested investing highly in tourism activities and developing more
and more infrastructure and destinations which can catch tourist’s attention. The author has
strongly recommended establishing common tourism projects which have high efficiency and are
not limited to the traditional services. It has also been observed that there is a dire need to build and
form special security agencies dedication to the situation of crisis management and dedicate the
services only towards fighting the security problems during the crisis and not let the tourism sector
suffer because of any other situation of political unrest.