Annotated Bibliography

This annotated bibliography includes articles on gangs, migration, crime, and racial discrimination in Europe and the USA. It features articles in APA and MLA format.

Annotated Bibliography

In APA format
Decker, S. H., Van Gemert, F., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2009). Gangs, migration, and crime: The
changing landscape in Europe and the USA. Journal of International Migration and
Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale, 10(4), 393-408.
The author states that due to the influence of various cultures and media in North American
societies leading to immigration, various socioeconomic positions, social disorganization and
gang formation has led to origination of various crimes. This has an influence on the beliefs
and behaviours of people. Due to rise in immigration has led to overcrowding in countries of
North America leading to generation of poverty. This has led to massive spread of such
crimes. This has resulted in mistrust, threat and adverse environmental conditions. This has
subsequently led to generation of more conflicts leading to rise of such crimes. Immigration
and poverty has resulted in complexity and crimes.
Canter, D., & Youngs, D. (2016). Crime and society, Contemporary Social Science. Journal
of the Academy of Social Sciences 11(4), 283-288.
According to the author had crime not existed in the society then the field of publicity of
media or law proceedings, traffic rules and regulations would not be considered relevant for
the people in the society. There would not have also existed family disputes and civil
proceedings. The existence of the crimes influences the need for law enforcement. Structural
forces within the society determine the level of crimes in the society. These occur in society
due to education, inequality, employment and other ingrained processes. This is because the
work of prostitution brings in contacts of criminals in society. The rates of drug use also do
not depend on the criminal activities but it lies on the limited scope for their opportunities of
living. The author also goes on stating that the various other factors like employment and
poverty leads individuals to take recourse to crimes including terrorism for financial gain.
In MLA format
Fernandes et al. "Race, crime, and criminal justice: Fifty years since The Challenge of Crime
in a Free Society." Criminology & Public Policy 17.2 (2018): 397-417.
The author states the reason of racial discrimination as cause of crimes. The primitive
injustice and social inequality for people belonging to various races and ethnicity has led to
the commission of crimes by people belonging to the dark skinned. One of the reasons

mentioned by the author is that people of dark skin were denied all the rights and privileges
in the olden times. This has led them to be both economically and socially backward. As a
result it has led to people of such communities in following the path of criminology. This is
also a consequence of war, conflict and poverty. Criminal justice systems are also inclined
towards disproportionate justice systems in criminal law which is mostly prejudiced towards
the people belonging to racial backwardness. The policies and procedures made in criminal
justice system are prejudiced towards racial differences. The various policies in relation to
justice for crime dispensation systems are not in accordance with recommendations for
reducing the crime dispensation systems.

References
Blaug, M. (2014). Economics of education: A selected annotated bibliography. Elsevier.