Annotated Bibliography on Oil and Natural Gas Industry
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This annotated bibliography discusses the oil and natural gas industry, including its environmental impact, prospects in South America, radiation hazard potential, and fracturing fluid systems.
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Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS Annotated Bibliography on Oil and Natural Gas Industry Name of the Student Name of the University Author Note
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1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS Introduction: The oil and natural gas industry is one of the biggest industry in the world in terms of valuation. This industry is considered as a global powerhouse which currently employing thousands of workers all over the world. In many countries this industry is so much valuable as this provides significant amount of the GDP in the total amount of GDP of that country. In this paper an annotated bibliography will be presented which will discuss about this oil and natural gas industry. Total four different types of journal article will be selected for the annotation. Discussion: Field, R.A., Soltis, J. and Murphy, S., 2014. Air quality concerns of unconventional oil and natural gas production.Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts,16(5), pp.954- 969. Here the authors Field, Soltis and Murphy, has described that unconventional type of natural gas and oil production can be harmful for the environmental assets. Considering a particular environmental asset the authors has focused here on the air quality. The authors has provided their attention towards the shale gas type of development of natural gas production. The authors has identified that potential sources of emission can spread over 10000 acre of area from the production area and can impact the air quality very badly (Field, Soltis and Murphy 2014).As per the authors the main activities which pollutes the air most are the drilling, completion and production. The authors has also checked the air quality in various regions. In many regions they found that unconventional oil and natural gas production has contributed hundred percent to the air pollution where in many regions it was about 10%. Air quality is also measured by the authors and they have found that the pollutant ingredients was
2ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS nitrogen oxide, ozone, methane and many more other hazardous air pollutants. Public Health can be protected when emission of this type of particles can be controlled and reduced. Goldemberg, J., Schaeffer, R., Szklo, A. and Lucchesi, R., 2014. Oil and natural gas prospects in South America: Can the petroleum industry pave the way for renewables in Brazil?.Energy policy,64, pp.58-70. According to Goldemberg et al., Brazil has invested in a concentrated way for the development of the petroleum resources. In this case Brazil is also facing numerous number of challenges. The petroleum industry is aimed by Brazil as this type of pre salt field can attract a huge amount of human resources and economic resources. The petroleum industry is also important for the Brazil as it is capable of generating multiplicative effect on the overall economy of the country. Also, another important aspect of the petroleum industry in Brazil is that it is able to generate rents which is diverted towards the renewable energy source promotion. In this paper the authors has stimulated rent generation regarding the development of Brazil’s petroleum up to 2030 (Goldemberget al.2014). From an analysis it has been assessed that if these economic resources of Brazil allocated properly it can create the path for increased amount of renewable energy usage in Brazil. The energy innovation program is able to save minimum half of the average petroleum rent fee and this saved amount can be invested in renewable energy sources development. Hilal, M.A., Attallah, M.F., Mohamed, G.Y. and Fayez-Hassan, M., 2014. Evaluation of radiationhazardpotentialofTENORMwastefromoilandnaturalgas production.Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,136, pp.121-126. According to the authors Hilal et al., there is a huge risk of radiation hazard which occurs due to the TENORM sludge wastes that are produced at the time of extraction and exploration process of the oil and natural gas. This risk of radiation hazard occurs due to the
3ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS natural radionuclides which includes the238U,226Ra and the232Th. These all radionuclides are currently present in the TENORM which makes it a dangerous waste due to the production of the oil and natural gas. Most of the226Ra that is found in the environment are due to the extractionofthepetroleum.Insuchcasesitisverymuchimportanttoreducethe radioactivity of these elements to handle the waste substances and for that it is treated with the Triton X-100 (Hilalet al.2014). The authors has stated that to measure the level of radioactivityofthesubstances,gammaraysspectrometryisused.Internalindex, concentration index, absorbed gamma is measured for estimating corresponding effective dose rate. Barati, R. and Liang, J.T., 2014. A review of fracturing fluid systems used for hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,131(16). The authors Barati and Liang has the application of hydraulic fracturing is used within the oil and gas industry for boosting the production of hydrocarbon. In recent times this technology has become very much advanced as many new methods has been introduced in this technology. One of this method is the multistage fracturing and this type of fracturing technique is used for the horizontal types of oil well. For performing this type of fracturing operations crosslinked guars are used which is most common used fluids in this process. This fluid are used in this sector for propagating the fractures and for transporting the proppants within the fractures. This proppants forms a thin layer between the fractures for propping the fractures (Barati and Liang 2014). This process of the opening the unconventional reservoir are very much beneficial for the oil and gas industry as in other cases there are various types of risks which includes the air pollution and the environmental damage. Though this process has various type of advantages this process is one the main reason behind the water pollution.
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4ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS Conclusion: From the above discussion it can be concluded that petroleum industry is a vast and a very much important industry for every nation in the world. This is very much important for every nations as this provides major amount of revenue which can contribute major amount of GDP on the nation. From the above assessment it has been seen that though the petroleum and the natural gas industry can provide huge amount of advantage it has some major disadvantages also. This industry is one of the main reason behind the environmental pollutionandtheairpollutiondirectlyandindirectly.Duetotheextractionofthe radionuclide type of substances also produced which is very much dangerous for the workers in this industry. Thus precautionary steps must be taken for this industry.
5ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS References: Barati, R. and Liang, J.T., 2014. A review of fracturing fluid systems used for hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,131(16). Field, R.A., Soltis, J. and Murphy, S., 2014. Air quality concerns of unconventional oil and natural gas production.Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts,16(5), pp.954-969 Goldemberg, J., Schaeffer, R., Szklo, A. and Lucchesi, R., 2014. Oil and natural gas prospects in South America: Can the petroleum industry pave the way for renewables in Brazil?.Energy policy,64, pp.58-70. Hilal, M.A., Attallah, M.F., Mohamed, G.Y. and Fayez-Hassan, M., 2014. Evaluation of radiation hazard potential of TENORM waste from oil and natural gas production.Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,136, pp.121-126.