ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY2
Aizer, A., & Doyle Jr., J. J. (2015). Juvenile Incarceration, Human Capital, and Future
Crime: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges. Quarterly Journal of Economics,
130(2), 759–803.
The authors in their paper wanted to study how juvenile incarceration affect human
resource as well as recidivism. The study was performed on high school students. The data was
collected from three main sources. Those sources were The Juvenile Court of Cook Country,
Chicago Public School and Illinois Department of Corrections. As per the paper, the authors
stated that around $6 billion money were used yearly by the states behind the youth detention.
The outcome of the paper stated that juvenile detention neither helped in increasing human
resources nor helped in decreasing the recidivism. Instead, they have rather reduced graduation
rates in high school and raised adult imprisonment. According to the outcome of the study, the
authors suggested few recommendations to their study. They have proposed a few number of
substitutes like electronic monitoring as well as crime reduction policy that might help in raising
graduation rates in high school.
Hayes, D. (2018). Proximity, pain, and state punishment. Punishment & Society, 20(2), 235-
254.
As stated by the author, the paper tried to study about the complications faced while
calculating the strictness of sentences presenting the distinction in penal subjects of individuals,
which, was considered as the main challenge to the proportionality based reasons of penalties. As
a result, the author tried to build a model that conceptualized the reasons for the penalties in
respect to pain and then he classified them under the proximity for penal state. In this particular
paper, the author researched about the elementary arguments for as well as against to identify the

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