Annotated Bibliography on Non-Pharmacological Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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This annotated bibliography focuses on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological intervention for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. It includes a literature evaluation and PICO framework. The articles cover topics such as gestational diabetes, lifestyle interventions, and pharmaceutical drugs.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Table of Contents Research question...................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3 Annotated bibliography..........................................................................................................................5 Literature evaluation...............................................................................................................................9 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................10 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................11
Research question Does non - pharmacological intervention plays important role than pharmacological medicine to manage type 2 diabetes? INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which body does not produce enough insulin that result in causing blood sugar (glucose) level to be abnormally high. Urination and thirst are increasing and people are suffering from high loss of weight because of Diabetes mellitus. It causes damage to nerves and cause problem with sensation. Furthermore, the diabetes mellitus has lead in increasing the risk of stroke, chronic kidney diseases, heart attack and vision loss. So, mainly in this blood sugar is measure in order to diagnosed Diabetes mellitus. In this report, Annotated bibliography will be done related to one of the key health issue named as Diabetes mellitus through making use of four relevant article. All these article has make use of different method and techniques to complete the study and gathered sufficient information in context of Diabetes mellitus. The problem I have identified is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is one of the major global health problems and the 8thleading cause of death in the world in year 2012 and 2013 (Tao et al., 2015). Further, the growing burden of diabetes is one of the important concerns in public health which is affecting more than 400 million people worldwide (Khursheed et al., 2019). If it is not managed properly, about 592 million people will die of this disease by the end of year 2035 (Tao et al., 2015) and leads to more life threatening complications. Different pharmacological and non pharmacological approaches have been used for the treatment of diabetes but both of them are not fully successful. The main focus should be given on the use of non pharmacological approaches like, physical activities, health education and diet management (Khursheed et al., 2019).One of the researches done on different people of China, Canada and India shows that the main cause of diabetes is their lifestyle, high calories and sugar intake and low physical activities (Tao et al., 2015). PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) model was used for the final research question which is stated as follows:
In people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), non pharmacological intervention plays important role than pharmacological medicine to manage diabetes. Here, ‘P’ specifies the Patient with diabetes, ‘I’ describes non pharmacological approach, ‘C’ denotes pharmacological comparison and ‘O’ describes effective management of diabetes. I have chosen PICO framework for my study as it focuses on quantitative systematic review and is more helpful in clinical question (Methley et al., 2014). Further, PICO allow us for full comprehensive searches which help us to get clearer and detail result for the research, mostly used in health care settings and provide systematic review in evidence based practices (Frandsen et al., 2020). For the research purpose, Meta analysis review will be done, as it will help us providing future guidelines for clinical trials and is one of the best forms used in evidence based medicine (Cheung, 2015). ARTICLES The main cause for the development of type 2 diabetes is unhealthy lifestyles. One in every 11 adults of world population has diabetes and to control the main focus should be given on management of obesity which is the consequences of unhealthy eating habits and less physical activity (Raveendran et al., 2018). Likewise, number of researches and peer reviewed articles have shown that people who are more concerned about their eating habits and engage in more physical activities and life style changes are able to manage their T2DM (Schwarz et al., 2012). Similarly, one of the systematic review and network meta-analysis which focus on non pharmacologicalmanagementofT2DMfoundthatphysicalactivities,selfmanagement education and nutritional therapy were more effective than medicine as it helps in controlling glycaemic and other metabolic outcomes (Leite et al., 2020). Further, research done on 240 patients over 18 months of time frame shows that people engaged in exercise, meditation and healthy eating habit were able to reduce blood glucose more easily then the people using medicine (den Braver et al., 2017).
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Annotated bibliography Morampudi, & et.al., 2017. The challenges and recommendations for gestational diabetes mellitus care in India: A review.Frontiers in endocrinology.8. p.56. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00056/full The articles is related with the study of gestational diabetes mellitus that is majorly prevailing in India. This is highly found in the women. Management of GDM play a crucial role because women with GDM would raise the chances of diabetes after 5-10 years of pregnancy. GDM have a significant impact towards the pregnant women. As per the views ofMorampudi, and et.al there are variety of factors that are related with the raise chances of GDM among the women and that may include the age, diet, obesity, family history and various other. Within India alone five million women are affected by the GDM. In order tom make the analysis of the prevalence and the impact of GDM among the women in India a qualitative method of research is used. This would enable the review of various studies of the authors and articles regarding the GDM. With this method a detailed analysis of the research would be able to get performed. The data regarding the study is being extracted from the health policies, diabetes management, health service research and various other aspects. With this mode of analysis, a detailed analysis of the research would be able to get performed. This has resulted an in-depth analysis of the research. other aspects including the physician’s forums, physician associated websites, blogs a various other are given. While making an analysis it is identified that the overall health system of the India is evaluated that how the Indian system is meeting the GDM. It is further determined that the healthcare facility are not evenly distributed in India in terms of rural and urban areas. This has resulted in the high persistence of the GDM. The article also results and depict the observation that there is a persistence of various challenges that may be occurred in India and has an impact towards the GDM diabetes among women. These may include the challenges related with the self-management that is related with the social taboo, cultural habits, screening cost and various other. Likewise, with the persistence of aspect that there is an existence of poor interaction among the health care professionals and the patients would lead to have an impact towards the raising rate of GDM diabetes. Likewise, it
bear certain suggestion that a system of universal screening would play an important role in the reduction of the rate of GDM diabetes. However, at the same time it bears certain limitation in terms of not approaching the quantitative methodology. This is because performance of research on the basis of the articles would be not impactful while making it compared it with the practical approach that would be adopted in the quantitative method thatwould be consisted towards the survey under which a direct sample would be analysed. Overall it would be right to said that the article and the author review played an importantrole towards the meetingup of its main aim regarding the determination of challenges and recommendation regarding the GDM Diabetes. Raveendran, A. V., Chacko, E. C., & Pappachan, J. M. (2018). Non-pharmacological treatment options in the management of diabetes mellitus.European endocrinology.14(2). 31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6182920/ As per this article it is determined that 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the largely prevailing disease in worldwide. Diabetes is highly associated with the obesity that has resulted from the sedentary lifestyle. With the due course of pandemic the physical workout has reduced that has resulted in the spreading of diabetes mellitus. Various individual use different treatment that include the use of insulin. However as per the views of the Raveendran, Chacko, and Pappachan, non-pharmacological treatment plays an important role. This is because with a high focus on diet and lifestyle the type 2 diabetes mellitus would be easy to dealt. This is also observed that the non-pharmacological intervention would be equally beneficial for the type 1 diabetes. The study is being conducted through the mode of reviews which is a secondary research type that would include an in-depth analysis and theoretical review of the information and articles. This is considered as one of the major type of research method because with this method various perspective in regard to the concept of diabetes-2 mellitus would be able to get analysed. This has also enable to understand that what are the study and research of other articles and review of the information mean.As per this study it is being analysed that one in every 11 adult has an issue of diabetes that would impact its health. The articles also shows that as per the intervention
of non-pharmacological it would be right to states that with the aspect of focussing over the issues related with the health including a focus towards the diet and the physical exercises would lead to play an important role in treating with diabetes mellitus. The study also shows that with the aspect of dietary intervention and focus towards the balanced diet it would be easy to meet the 2 diabetes mellitus. This is because with the control over the diet the weight loss would be able to get achieved that would further lead to assist the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. The strength of the article is related with the choosing of the review methodology because with this methodology it would be easy to make study the various perspective of the diabetes mellitus. Likewise, with the aspect of review method an in-depth analysis and research regarding the diabetes mellitus and its treatment would be able to get studied and evaluated. The study would also bear a limitation that is related with the choosing of secondary and review methodology. This is because the result of this methodology would be more significant if thepracticalexposurewouldbeenabledintermsoftheadoptionofthequantitative methodology. Also it is to be noted that as per the intervention of non-pharmacological a focus over the pharmacological intervention which involve the use of medicines and drugs would lead to have a direct impact towards the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This is because it would be easy to control the diabetes and its impact with pharmacological interventions too with reference to the emergency situation. Gareth R. Dutton, PhD and Cora E. Lewis, The Look AHEAD Trial: Implications for Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501472/>. Gareth R,. Dutton and Cora E. lewin are two author that has completed study related to The Look AHEAD Trial: Implications for Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. It has mentioned about the increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular. The inclusion criteria that has been used for the study is that people belonging to age group of 45-74 years old, BMI>250 kg/m, type 2 diabetes mellutis contribute in determining the self report with objectives verification. On the other hand, exclusion criteria pertaining to the study is inadequate control of comorbid condition, blood pressure>160/100mm Hg and fasting triglycerides. Study
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sample include around 1545 participants for intensive lifestyle intervention and diabetes support and education. Among which the average age of participants is 58.7 years, in which 37% are racial/ ethnic minotires, having body mass index around 36.0 and 60% women. The outcome that has been gained through pursing the study related is composite variable of CVD mortality I.,e CVD dealth, non fatal stroke, non- fatal MI and hospitalised angina. It was also identified that there are various clinical outcome including body weight, lipids, medication use, health care cost and gylcated hemoglobin. Likewise, through the study it has been extracted that intensive lifestyles intervention number used in men is around 232 while in 171 in women. There are some of the factor that has limit the adherence to intervention such as unable to give informed consent or communicate with the staff, lack of support has been gained from primary care provider, weight loss> 10ib in previous months and self reported for alcohol abuse within 12 months. Moreover, the article provide guidelines related to AHEAD trial include guidelines related to older adults >45 year old facing from issue of diabetes and its application on CVD risk reduction among younger patient. In this LOOK ahead participants has been selected and screened for adhering long term intensive lifestyles intervention program and exercise test to insure safety of intervention. Jana Blahova, Monika martiniakova and Vladimira Mondockova, 2015, Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatmentof Type 2 DiabetesMellitus ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501472/#R1 Jana Blahova, Monika martiniakova and Vladimira Mondockova has complete study related to” Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”. As per the article type 2 diabetes mellitus is widespread having characteristic of ineffective insulin, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, ineffective insulin secretion and action. In primary care, patient are provided with drugs that consist of insulin sensitisers, alpha- glucosidase inhibitors and sodium-glucose co-transpoter 2 inhibitors. But in long run the application of these have harmful side effect on health and well- being of person. Furthermore, the study has helped in understanding that number of people suffering from diseases have increased almost by two-fold in next 10 years.
According to author natural therapies are more better as compared to pharmaceutical drugs such as in the study it has explained about natural health substance I.,e non flavonoid polyphenols, flavonoid, plants, fruits and vegetable are safer method of treatment in comparision with pharmacology therapy. In the study, or review it has been suggested that the initial; aproach of T2 DM involves both combination of efficient lifestyle's changes and making use of pharmaceutical drugs. Furthermore, it has been derived that it is one of the best suitable method to control metabolic. Healthy diet and physical activity are two lifestyle's changes that individual might may make use to stay healthy and fit and away from diseases such as diabetes Mellitus. In the article the author has make review of different studies or make use of secondary sources in order to extract useful information related to “Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”. In order to gathered information which method of treatment is the best suitable for type 2 diabetes mellitus.The advantage of making use of review method is that information gathered more different sources results in accumulating more necessary and required information related to the study. But limitation is that there is lot of time as well as efforts of author has been wastage in order to extract necessary information pertaining to the study. Literature evaluation Morampudi,&et.al.,2017haspresentedstudyrelatedtoThechallengesand recommendationsforgestationaldiabetesmellituscareinIndia:Areview.Frontiersin endocrinology.The study has helped in understanding gestational diabetes mellitus that is highly found in women. Article has not make use of quantitative approach to complete the study that has not helped in gathered statistical facts, figure and information related to the same.At the same time, the study has helped in understanding the poor interaction among healthcare professional and patient that have impact towards raising rate of GDM diabetes. The second article present in the annotated bibliography is Non-pharmacological treatment options in the management of diabetes mellitus. It is one of major problem faced by maximum number of people across worldwide. In the study author has mentioned that because of less physical activities people the chances of diabetes mellitus has been increased. Mode of review has been used to complete the study in which different previous secondary study is taken to gathered information related to impact of making use ofNon-pharmacological treatment on people health.
Through review method, different studies related to Non-pharmacological treatment options available for individuals is find out and the way it can contribute in improving health and well being.All the treatment are effectively evaluated in order to select the best method that could be used to treat the patient from diabetes Mellitus. While, from the view of cora E and Gareth R, Dutton, is third articles in annotated bibliography that has make use of inclusive and exclusive method to complete the study in desired manner. This strategy has helped researcher in including only those information's that are relevant to the study while avoiding unnecessary to gathered more relevant, accurate information related to the study. Moreover, in this look ahead is the trial that is used to study related to implications for lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes Mellitus. In this it has included risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus by test hypothesis that an intensive lifestyle's intervention in order to achieve the weight loss. Therefore, in this study information related to what all implication's lifestyle intervention has on type 2 diabetes melliutus is study and necessary information has been gathered relevant to it. Jana Blahova, Monika martiniakova and Vladimira Mondockova in its study has revealed that natural therapeutically is good in comparison with pharmaceutical drugs. As there are less disadvantages or negative impact of natural therapeutic on human being as comparision with pharmaceutical drug. The study is also based on review method that means author has review different articles in order to accumulate necessary information related to the method that is best suitable for treatment of patient condition. So, in the article there is clear mentioned of action and negative effect of the both treatment on health and well being of person. CONCLUSION From the above four articles and annotated bibliography it can be stated that diabetes is an group of diseases that affect or impact on the manner in which the body make use of blood sugar. It results in increasing Urination and thirst, at the same time people may be also suffering from lose weight. Furthermore, it can be stated that lifestyle's intervention could be the best intervention that could be used to treat the patient suffering fromDiabetes mellitus. At last, it can be summarized that the artciles has helped in understnading the increasing risk pertaining to the health problem and the way non - pharmacological intervention is better as compared to pharmacological intervention.
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REFERENCES Book and Journals Gareth R. Dutton, PhD and Cora E. Lewis, The Look AHEAD Trial: Implications for Lifestyle InterventioninType2DiabetesMellitus, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501472/>. Jana Blahova, Monika martiniakova and Vladimira Mondockova, 2015, Pharmaceutical Drugs and NaturalTherapeuticProductsfortheTreatmentofType2DiabetesMellitus ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501472/#R1 Morampudi, & et.al., 2017. The challenges and recommendations for gestational diabetes mellitus care in India: A review.Frontiers in endocrinology.8. p.56. Raveendran, A. V., Chacko, E. C., & Pappachan, J. M. (2018). Non-pharmacological treatment options in themanagementofdiabetesmellitus.Europeanendocrinology.14(2).31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6182920/