Anonymous Tips Illegal or Criminal Activity Case Analysis 2022

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CASE ANALYSIS
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

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1. Anonymous tips is defined as the information concerning something
typically illegal or criminal activity that is invited by the anonymous source
2. An arrest is defined as the conduct of apprehending as well as taking a
individual into custody that is legal control or protection , generally due to
the individual has been committed pr suspected of committing a crime.
3. The arrest warrant is the warrant that is issued by magistrate or judge on
behalf of the state, which sanctions the detention and arrest of an individual
or seizure or search of the property of the individual.
4. Capias is defined as the writ which commanding an officer to take particular
person into custody.
5. Citizen’s arrest is an detention made by an individual who is not acting as
the sworn law enforcement official.
6. A coerced confession is the confession made not voluntarily. So if
somebody relinquishes the rights of Miranda and approve to submits to the

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police interrogation there are particular norms that the law enforcement
authority must monitor in order for the admission or confession or the
statement to be deemed voluntary.
7. Derivative evidence is designated as the evidence that is obtained
unlawfully. It is admissible due to the fundamental taint that is the unlawful
way in which it was acquired. It can be the evidence that is obtained in
infringememt of the guarantee made under constitution as against the
unreasonable seizures or searches. The evidence can be of information, facts
or physical objects.
8. Drug courier profile law is the series of features observed to be typical of
individuals who are transporting unlawful drugs. The police officers
frequently rely upon such profiles to rationalize question as well as stopping
citizen in case they are consuming illegal drugs.
9. Forensic evidence is considered as the particular category of evidence that si
acquired by scientific methods as blood test, ballistics and DNS test and
apply in the court. This evidence often assist to prove the innocence or guilt
of probable suspects.
10. A handwriting exemplar is the section of writing that can be assessed
forensically as handwriting comparison. The application of exemplar is
particulary significant to questioned concerning document xeamination.

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11. A showup is the police arranged procedure of identification in which the
law enforcement officers exhibit one individual to witness as well as ask if
the individual to identify that person. The procedure especially is employed
when the law enforcement officer locate a suspect shortly after commission
of crimibnal activity and within near proximity to the place of occurrence.
12. The incriminating statements are the statements that is made by the
individuals reevaling their engagement in the criminal activity.
13.The independent source doctrine is the xeception to the exclusionaruy
regulation. the priciples implement to the evidence primarily discovered at
the time of or in outcome of illegal serach, however later acquired
independently from act untainted by initial illegality.
14. The inevitable discovery is the doctrine in criminal law that si the method
that is acquired by methods which are illegal may be admissible if it have
been discovered inevitably without unlawful approaches in comparison to
the fruit of posisonous tree, plain view, independent source, inadvertent
discovery.
15. Interrogation is designated as the verbal questioning of someone. When the
lkaw enforcement officer ask another a range of tough questions to identify
if he robbed a store this is the instance of interrogation.

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16. Investigative detention is the probational seizure of suspect for the reason of
determining firstly whether therw si possible reason to arrest him. Secondly
further inquiry is necessary and thirdly the suspicion of the officer were
unfounded.
17. A police lineup or the identity parade is the procedure by which the victim
of crime or witness’s punitive identification of the suspect is established to
the margin that can amount as evidence at the time of trial.
18. Miranda warning is the category of notification customarily provided by the
law enforcement officer to the criminal suspected individual in the custody
of police advising them of their entirlement yo remain silence , and also their
right to deby to answer to the questions or provide statements to the law
enforcement officials. The rights often termed as Miranda rights.
19.Frisking are termed as pardown serach is the serach of the outer clothing of
the individual where a individual runs her or his hands along outer garments
to discover any hidden weapons.
20. A photo packs is the presentation to a witness or victim of crime. A photo
line up also called as photo display or photo array is the process that is
employed by the police officers to confirm or discover the identity of
suspect of crime.

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21. A plain view doctrine permit a law enforcement officer to seize the objects
that are not labelled in the warrant at the time of executing lawful seizure or
search if he notices the object is the plain view and has possible cause to
consider that it is related with the criminal activities.
22. The common zones of deception in thew law enforcement involves the
application of informants, wiretaps, stings as well as undercover operations.
These usual edceptive practices engage lying to the people consider to be
engaged in the criminal activity.
23. The pretextual traffic stop engage a law enforcement officer preventing a
driver for violation of traffic rules, minor or otherwise, to permit the officer
to inquire a unrelated and separate doubted criminal offense.
24.In evidence the rule of public safety is the exception to the rule of Miranda.
Therefore the public safety exception permits into evidence an otherwise
suppressible information that was made by the defendant connecting to the
statement that the law enforcement officer required at the period it was made
for the purose of safeguarding the public.
25.Racial profiling indicates to the discriminatory practice that is made by the
law enforcement officials of aiming person for doubting of crime based on
the ethnicity, race, religion, national origin of the individual. Therefore it is
the act of targeting or suppressing individual of a particular race on the

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grounds of assumed or observed characteristic or the conduct of ethnic or
racial group rather than on individual suspicion.
26. It si the barricades often with the mines or traps for seizing up an enemy at
the certain point on road that is covered by fire. It is often set by law
enforcement officers with the object to prevents or progress the
accomplishment of purpose.
27. A showup is defined as the presentation of the arrestee or criminal
defendant individually to the witness for the purpose of identification.
28. A terry stop is a stop of an individual by the law enforcement officers rest
upon the factor of reasonable suspicion that the person might have been
involved in the criminal act, whereas an detention needs possible cause that
the suspect commit an activity which was amounting to criminal offense.
29. Voice exemplar indicates to the category examination in which the voice of
the individual is compared to recorded voice for identifying the authority. it
is applied at the time of trial proceedings in court in the form of scientific
evidence. The federal rules of evidence sanctions voice identification.
30. The voluntary confession is comsidered as the confession that is provided
out of the free will of suspect and has not acquiredin exercising coesion,
force or intimidation. A confession made voluntarily and freely is the
evidence of most satisfactory nature.

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31.The waiver of Miranda rights imply, the suspected individual would sign
smething statting or state tah they waive the entitlement for remaining silent
or the liberty to have an attorney present. The implied waiver indicates that
the suspect act in the manner that symbolizes a voluntary and knowing
waiver of Miranda rights.
32. An arrest without producing warrant by the law enforcement officer or the
arrestless warrant is the detention of individual without the application of
arrest warrant. In Unietd States the arrest without producing warrant need
possible cause and in the case of warrantless arrest the probable cause
should be filed promptly.
Question 2
1. In United States there are two major factor that can be considered by the law
enforcement officer to initiate action against someone. They are termed as
probable cause and reasonable cause. While they are similar in application
and definition however thee are several key differentiation between the two.
The reasonable suspicion is a conception that the law enforcement officer
can employ to rationalize their initiatives to follow criminals. The reasonable
suspicion ;provides the law enforcement officer the entitlement to follow the

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criminals if there exist credible cause to consider that their attempts will
expose anything that is connected to the criminal activity. On the contrary
the probable cause operates in a similar manner that the reasonable
suspicions does. The law enforcement officers should have the creadible
cause to think that their act will expose a crime in addition to that the
particular credible reason should be grounded on the verifiable evidence
(Blackwood et al., 2015). In restriction the capability of police officials to
conduct against the civilians except thee is robust to consider that a criminal
activity has been persuaded or being persuaded at the time. The officer
should have probable cause to detain or initiiate any action that will inclined
to the criminal charges being filed. The period of detention based on
reasonable suspicion depends on the facts and circumstances of the case.
2. Traffic violation is most frequently considered as the minor traffic
infringement such as sealt belt violation, speeding , driving without having
liability insurance, failure to signal in adition to that mechanical traffic
infringement (Zelle, Romaine & Goldstein, 2015). All the instances of traffic
infraction do damage the safe functioning of vehicle that is in question and
this is why they are considered as punishable based on the severity of the
case. When the person commit minor traffic offense, incarceration was

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imposed as they are of criminal nature as deemed by state. Therefore traffic
violation can be regarded as misdemeanor or felony rest on the condition in
which the crime is processed. The use of arrest procedurse for the relatively
less severe offence is considered unnecessary. So the police officer must
confer discretionary authority in theses cases or to implement laws that
sanctioning such infraction.
3. In Miranda case the supreme court upheld that without appropriate
protection the procedures of in custody interrogation of the individual
accused or suspected of criminal activity entail inherent compelling forces
which operates to destabilize the individual, willpower to resist and compel
him to speak where he otherwise do so voluntarily (Weisselberg, 2017). In
Miranda case the supreme court upheld that the detained suspects before
encountering police questioning has the entitlement of their constitutional
liberty to an attorney and against self incrimination which is regarded as
wise decision. The ruling uphld that police officers take the suspected
individual with the purpose of conducting information they should inform
the suspect of cetain constitutional liberties that the right of the suspect to
remain silent during the process of interrogation.

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4. it has been considered that for the purpose of identifying whetehr the
reasonable individual would regard himself in custody the court must take in
account four determinants that is firstly the manner in which the police
summons suspect for questioning (Paluzzi et al., 2015). Secondly the place,
purpose and manner of ointerrogation. Thirdly the limit to which the
suspected individual is comfronted with evidence of her or his guilt. Fourthy
whetehr suspect is intimated that she or he has liberty to leave the position of
questioning.
5. the application of deception is accepted in the restricted circumstances and
is governed by relevanr case laws. Most policedepartment facilitate specific
policy and training with reference to the interrogation of the suspected
individual. Thus employing strategic deception at the time of interrogation
cater specific aim and careful regard is efficient in eliciting the confession
from the guilty individuals (Primus, 2017).
6. the police officials have constrained from coercing a suspect in waiving their
entitlement to remain silent and also the right to comsult counsel on his
behlf at the time of interrogation. The court discoursed the foundational
question by observing the constitutional decision upholded in Miranda case
and that could nor be overturmed by statute and that provides less strict

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voluntary standard for admissibility of evidence could not be sustained
(Nelson et al., 2016).
7. the court should comsider the mental and physical characteristic of the
defendant that is age, education, race, psychological and physical state of
mind at the time of interrogation.
8. three methods of identification necessitate the services of investigative or
forensic specialist that are DNA comparison, fingerprint comparison and
composite drawing (Tate et al., 2016). The more common method of
identification, the police lineups engage witnesses, victims or investigators
and also known suspect. DNA comparison is considered sa reliable as it is
properly collected, documented and stored from the crime that occurred.
9. no, it would not be acceptable as the same is regarded as unfair to the
potential suspect if the law enforcement personnels establish lineups
involving four visibly overweight individual along with slim suspect where
te victim told police her assailant was “very thin”.
10. racial profiling is considered as the substance of great concern in United
States and there is minor philosophical reflection on ythe matter (de Mello
Miranda et al., 2016). There is relevant correlation between the inclination to

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commit particular crimes and membership in certain racial groups. The
police officials can curb the occurnece of crime if they search, stop or
investigate the associates of the particular group differentially. The moral
issue that posed by the profiling evolves if the measures that consider
morally problematic when viewed from other perspectives contributes to
provision of good to the civilians as basis as security. Otherwise it is
considered as illegitimate. The problem can be discoursed by the
disciplinary measures agait the police officials accountable for racial
profiling.

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References
Blackwood, H. L., Rogers, R., Steadham, J. A., & Fiduccia, C. E. (2015). Investigating Miranda
waiver decisions: An examination of the rational consequences. International
journal of law and psychiatry, 42, 11-18.
de Mello Miranda, P. R., da Cunha, M. A. V. C., & Pugas Filho, J. M. (2016). eParticipation in
smart cities of developing countries: Research-based practical recommendations.
In Smarter as the New Urban Agenda (pp. 315-332). Springer, Cham.
Nelson, H. D., Fu, R., Cantor, A., Pappas, M., Daeges, M., & Humphrey, L. (2016).
Effectiveness of breast cancer screening: systematic review and meta-analysis to update
the 2009 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Annals of internal
medicine, 164(4), 244-255.
Paluzzi, A., Gardner, P. A., Fernandez-Miranda, J. C., Tormenti, M. J., Stefko, S. T., Snyderman,
C. H., & Maroon, J. C. (2015). “Round-the-clock” surgical access to the orbit. Journal of
Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base, 76(01), 012-024.
Primus, E. B. (2017). Disentangling Miranda and Massiah: How to Revive the Sixth Amendment
Right to Counsel as a Tool for Regulating Confession Law. BUL Rev., 97, 1085.
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., ... &
Sampson, M. (2016). The single-case reporting guideline in behavioural interventions
(SCRIBE) 2016 statement. Physical therapy, 96(7), e1-e10.
Weisselberg, C. D. (2017). Exporting and importing Miranda. BUL Rev., 97, 1235.

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Zelle, H., Romaine, C. L. R., & Goldstein, N. E. (2015). Juveniles’ Miranda comprehension:
Understanding, appreciation, and totality of circumstances factors. Law and Human
Behavior, 39(3), 281.