Empirical Research Question

This research focuses on the criminal justice system's support for victims and witnesses. It includes a review of literature, correlation and regression analysis, chi-square test results, and discussions on criminology. The research aims to determine the level of support provided by the criminal justice system and its fairness. The subject is criminology, and the document type is an empirical research question.

Empirical Research Question
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Research question........................................................................................................................3
Review of literature.........................................................................................................................3
Results..........................................................................................................................................5
Discussions & Conclusion.........................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
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Introduction
Criminologists uses wide range of evidence types within research. The results are developed on
the basis of familiarity and data sources. There are several evidences used within the British
criminology. The main sources of crime statistics within UK are police recorded crime data and
crime survey data. The consent of former includes basic information regarding crime and these
have to be managed. Police has taken into consideration different factors at which crime occurs.
This includes place, incidence, employment, etc (Stratton, Powell, and Cameron, 2017). The
following research is based upon the management of criminal Criminal Justice System gives
victims and witnesses the support they need. This will interpret how this takes into account the
views of victims and witnesses. There is need to manage how confident the system is for
maintain fair justice. This discriminates against particular groups or individuals. This will
include how police are effective at catching criminals. The concept of criminology is linked with
the management of police in dealing with crime.
Research question
 How much do you agree or disagree that the Criminal Justice System gives victims and
witnesses the support they need?
 How much do you agree or disagree that the Criminal Justice System takes into account
the views of victims and witnesses?
 How confident are you that the Criminal Justice System as a whole is fair?
 How much do you agree or disagree that the Criminal Justice System discriminates
against particular groups or individuals?
 How confident are you that the police are effective at catching criminals?
Review of literature
As per the views of ……, it is seen that crime has been increased within England and Wales. The
police has recorder approximately 5.8 million crimes within England and wales. There is an
annual decrease and substantial falls in the July period. This has reflected that there is an
increase within the time which people have been spending at home during the lockdown period.
There are various thefts which have been fell by 15% in the year 2020. There are different type
of robberies including offences, sexual harassments and criminal damage that have arisen within
England and Wales. There are different trends within police recorder crime and these have been
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lowered the crime ratio. According to the statistics, it is concluded that there is 9% incre3ase in
homicides and there is a case where 39 migrants were found in Essex, Lorry. It is analysed that
there are lot of cases which have been increased in England from last year (Farrington,
Kazemian. and Piquero, Eds., 2018). There were small fluctuations across offence types in the
first three quarters of the year ending June 2020, but the trend was broadly stable compared with
the previous year. Falls in offences during the April to June 2020 period can be attributed to the
lockdown period and related restrictions.
Sources of data-
Data play important role in collecting of information for research as well as projects.
So, in this research primary sources of data is being used. As survey is being carried out for
gathering of credentials. With help of primary source of data, it is easy to achieve appropriate
and relevant information regarding the stated topic which is crime survey England and Wales
2017-18
Variables which has been undertaken from data are criminal justice system, comparison between
fair and not fair of criminal justice system, effectiveness of police in thatching criminals.
Methods-
In this research, bivariate methods which have been used are discussed ass follows-
Correlation & regression
Core-relation a type of analysis which is being used as well as applied between two
variables which are dependent and independent variable.
Regressions analysis is to be defined as inter-relationship in-between outcome variable
& one more variables. In this, dependent variable is to be depicted by “y” whereas independent
is shown by “x”
Chi Square Test-
It is another bivariate method which has been adopted & refers to analysis of data on
observations of set of variables. With the help of this approach it is easy to determine intensity
occurrence of observations.
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Results
To different type of Bivariate test are performed in order to determine the actual relation among
the different variables selected for the research (Bonger, 2015). This gives a clear idea about the
criminological in context of England and Wales.
Correlation and Regression
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
How much do you
agree or disagree that
the Criminal Justice
System gives victims
and witnesses the
support they need?
2.34 .700 8279
How much do you
agree or disagree that
the Criminal Justice
System takes into
account the views of
victims and witnesses?
2.16 .665 8279
Correlations
How much do you
agree or disagree that
the Criminal Justice
System gives victims
and witnesses the
support they need?
How much do you agree or
disagree that the Criminal
Justice System takes into
account the views of
victims and witnesses?
Pearson
Correlation
How much do you
agree or disagree that
the Criminal Justice
System gives victims
and witnesses the
support they need?
1.000 .523
5

How much do you
agree or disagree that
the Criminal Justice
System takes into
account the views of
victims and witnesses?
.523 1.000
Sig. (1-tailed)
How much do you
agree or disagree that
the Criminal Justice
System gives victims
and witnesses the
support they need?
. .000
How much do you
agree or disagree that
the Criminal Justice
System takes into
account the views of
victims and witnesses?
.000 .
N
How much do you
agree or disagree that
the Criminal Justice
System gives victims
and witnesses the
support they need?
8279 8279
How much do you
agree or disagree that
the Criminal Justice
System takes into
account the views of
victims and witnesses?
8279 8279
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model Variables
Entered
Variables Removed Method
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1
How much
do you agree
or disagree
that the
Criminal
Justice
System takes
into account
the views of
victims and
witnesses?b
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: How much do you agree or disagree that the Criminal Justice System
gives victims and witnesses the support they need?
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
1 .523a .274 .274 .597
a. Predictors: (Constant), How much do you agree or disagree that the Criminal Justice System
takes into account the views of victims and witnesses?
ANOVAa
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
1
Regression 1111.362 1 1111.362 3123.409 .000b
Residual 2945.096 8277 .356
Total 4056.458 8278
a. Dependent Variable: How much do you agree or disagree that the Criminal Justice System
gives victims and witnesses the support they need?
b. Predictors: (Constant), How much do you agree or disagree that the Criminal Justice System
takes into account the views of victims and witnesses?
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. 95.0%
Confidence
Interval for B
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B Std.
Error
Beta Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
1
(Constant) 1.155 .022 51.888 .000 1.112 1.199
How much do you agree
or disagree that the
Criminal Justice System
takes into account the
views of victims and
witnesses?
.551 .010 .523 55.887 .000 .531 .570
a. Dependent Variable: How much do you agree or disagree that the Criminal Justice System
gives victims and witnesses the support they need?
Chi square test:
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
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How confident are you
that the Criminal
Justice System as a
whole is fair? * How
confident are you that
the Courts are effective
at dealing with cases
promptly?
9156 26.4% 25559 73.6% 34715 100.0%
How confident are you that the Criminal Justice System as a whole is fair? * How
confident are you that the Courts are effective at dealing with cases promptly?
Crosstabulation
Count
How confident are you that the Courts are
effective at dealing with cases promptly?
Total
Very
confident
Fairly
confident
Not very
confident
Not at all
confident
How confident are you
that the Criminal
Justice System as a
whole is fair?
Very
confident 181 284 84 13 562
Fairly
confident 326 2985 1871 364 5546
Not very
confident 35 629 1358 513 2535
Not at all
confident 5 63 195 250 513
Total 547 3961 3508 1140 9156
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 2352.557a 9 .000
Likelihood Ratio 1956.661 9 .000
Linear-by-Linear
Association 1698.389 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 9156
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 30.65.
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Discussions & Conclusion
From the above tables of correlation and regression, it has been determined that the mean
is 2.34 and Std.d is 0.7 which indicates that the criminal justice system of UK gives the victim
and witnesses the actual and needed support at the time they need which helps them to become a
good citizen and behave properly as per the law and regulations. On the other side pearson
correlation that is 1.00 and the beta value is 0.523 shows a positive relation between the need
provided by the criminal justice system and the account consider by the system in context of
victims and witnesses.
As per the chi square test, the results above show from the total respondent 181 are very
confident, 326 are fairly confident, 35 are not very confident and 5 are not at all confident in the
context of fairness of criminal justice system (Pickering, Bosworth, and Aas, 2015). The value
of person chi square is 2352.557, Likelihood ratio is 1956.661 and the value of linear by linear
association is 1698.389 which indicate that there is a positive relation between the people
viewpoint and the services provided by the criminal justice system.
From above discussed report, it has been concluded that criminology is wider serous and wider
concept which is needed to be understood with proper considerations. It is essential to focus on
legal laws, regulations, so that crime scale of country is properly determined & analysed.
Further, criminology is to be known as wide range field of interdisciplinary that reflects study
of crime & criminal justice system. This criminological research basically has been carried out
focusing on problems which are related with cause of of crime & injustice, arise of police
courts, corrections. It is being interpreted that behaviour is main cause of crime which leads to
occur of crimes in society and community. To gather details regarding criminology bivariate
methods have been adopted with proper considerations. Moreover, it is stated by U.K
government that police and high courts of country are highly effective in catching of criminal
because of support by public and highly efficient resources (sWalklate, and McGarry, eds.,
2015). Thus, it is essential for government of country to pay attention to criminal justice system
on basis of which it is easy to make appropriate estimation of crime rates & reduce them in
correct way. Variables & methods have been critically explained in this research which helps in
determining the appropriate level of data and statistics information about criminology.
Therefore, it is crucial to have knowledge of these approaches as it help in making effective
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decisions regarding focused area or field. In context of U.K, crime rate of country is at moderate
level which shows that society and community take stands when injustice is being done to them
through any path. So, interpretation has been about criminology through accessing to various
types sources, methods, variables etc. Further, it is critically important to say that field of
criminology is being changing with time period.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Stratton, G., Powell, A. and Cameron, R., 2017. Crime and justice in digital society: Towards a
‘digital criminology’?. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy.
6(2). p.17.
Farrington, D.P., Kazemian, L. and Piquero, A.R. Eds., 2018. The Oxford handbook of
developmental and life-course criminology. Oxford Handbooks.
Bonger, W.A., 2015. An introduction to criminology. Routledge.
Pickering, S., Bosworth, M. and Aas, K.F., 2015. The criminology of mobility. The Routledge
handbook on crime and international migration. 1. pp.382-395.
Walklate, S. and McGarry, R. eds., 2015. Criminology and war: Transgressing the borders.
Routledge.
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