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Anxiety and Sleep Disorder (Doc)

   

Added on  2020-02-24

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ANXIETY AND SLEEP DISORDER 1Anxiety and Sleep DisorderStudent’s NameDepartmentUniversity AffiliationContact DetailsWord count: 3000

ANXIETY AND SLEEP DISORDER 2ContentsIntroduction......................................................................................................................................2Anxiety............................................................................................................................................2Aetiology......................................................................................................................................2Pathophysiology...........................................................................................................................3Diagnostic tools............................................................................................................................4General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7).....................................................................................4Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).................................................................................................5DSM-IV-TR diagnostic tool.....................................................................................................5Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).....................................................................5Treatment.....................................................................................................................................6Pharmacotherapy......................................................................................................................6Non-pharmacologic therapy.....................................................................................................6Sleep Disorder.................................................................................................................................7Aetiology......................................................................................................................................7Medical conditions...................................................................................................................7Psychiatric conditions...............................................................................................................8Environmental conditions.........................................................................................................8Pathophysiology...........................................................................................................................8Diagnostic tools............................................................................................................................9Treatment...................................................................................................................................10Non-pharmacological.............................................................................................................10Pharmacological therapy........................................................................................................11Management strategies for DF.......................................................................................................12Counseling.................................................................................................................................12Medication.................................................................................................................................13Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13References......................................................................................................................................14

ANXIETY AND SLEEP DISORDER 3Anxiety and Sleep DisorderIntroductionAnxiety is a reaction to a fearful or stressful circumstance and might also occur due to illness. In most cases, the symptoms of anxiety are short-lived and may not affect normal function. Excessive anxiety might cause irrational thinking, behaviour problem and sleep problems. Sleep disorders are caused by several other factors other than anxiety. Studies link anxiety to environmental and genetic factors. This scholarly paper is based on a case study of DFwho is experiencing nightmares due to anxiety after being involved in an accident. It will describe the aetiology and pathophysiology of anxiety and sleep disorder and the diagnostic toolsavailable. Additionally, the study will discuss agents available for the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorder. Finally, the paper will propose reasonable management strategies for DF. AnxietyAetiology The initiation and expression of anxiety are linked to genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. Even though empirical evidence links the occurrence of anxiety to genes, no definitive gene has been identified as being the causative factor for anxiety disorder[ CITATION Chi131 \l 1033 ]. Anxiety might run in the family, which increases the chances of being inherited. Environmental stresses that might cause anxiety include exposure to life stressors or breakup of an important relationship. Stress might play a fundamental role in the expression and progression of anxiety. The inability to cope with stressful events might increase the chances of

ANXIETY AND SLEEP DISORDER 4stress in some individuals. Childhood trauma is another environmental factor that can cause anxiety. Physical disorders, use or withdrawal of a drug are all risk factors for anxiety disorder. Physical disorders that can cause anxiety are heart disorders, hormonal disorders and lung disorders. A variety of drugs have been linked to the increased risk of developing anxiety. Someof the most critical drugs in the occurrence of anxiety are alcohol, caffeine, cocaine and prescription drugs like corticosteroids [ CITATION Joh171 \l 1033 ]. An individual who withdrawal from sedatives or alcohol has a risk of presenting with anxiety disorders like restlessness. Psychodynamic theory is the first theory that attempts to explain the aetiology of anxiety.Psychodynamic theory elucidates anxiety as a conflict between ego and id. Natural impulsive and aggressive drives might be experienced as unacceptable leading to repression. The repressed drives might break through repression and cause automatic anxiety. Another theory that attempts to explain the aetiology of anxiety is a cognitive theory. According to cognitive theory, anxiety isthe propensity to elevate the possibility of danger. As such, patients presenting with anxiety disorders tend to avoid the events and places they think are dangerous. For instance, they avoid heights and crowds [ CITATION Nit171 \l 1033 ]. PathophysiologyKey brain parts including the amygdala and thalamus play a vital role in the occurrence of anxiety disorders. These parts of the brain create the important prerequisites of the nervous detection and response system. Thalamus offers the first real processing part to organise sensory data gotten from the surrounding. The thalamus transmits information to cortical centres for processing and then to amygdala for assessment of highly charged emotional information. It is

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