APC308 Financial Management: Cost of Capital, Capital Structure, Investment Appraisal Techniques

This article discusses Cost of Capital, Capital Structure, and Investment Appraisal Techniques in APC308 Financial Management course. It covers topics such as Book Value and Market Value Analysis, Evaluation of the Total WACC Cost of Capital, Computation of the payback period, the rate of return, the net present value, and the IRR value, and more. The article also mentions the subject, course code, and college/university.

APC308 Financial
Management

Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
Question 1- Cost of Capital and Capital Structure......................................................................1
a. Book Value and Market Value Analysis.................................................................................1
b. Evaluation of the Total WACC Cost of Capital......................................................................3
c. Interpretations..........................................................................................................................4
d. The relationship between the organization's IRR and WACC grade......................................5
Question 2- Investment Appraisal Techniques............................................................................5
a. Computation of the payback period, the rate of return, the net present value, and the IRR
value.............................................................................................................................................5
ROI Value Evaluation..................................................................................................................6
b. The Influence of Investment Appraisal Approaches in Organizations....................................7
c. Benefits and Disadvantages of Capital Assessment Methodology in Industries.....................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Financial accounting is a subset of accounting that handles with expenditures, earnings,
capital, and mortgages (Commerford, Hatfield and Houston, 2018). Financial regime is a
management function wherein organization is in charge of conceptualization, implementation,
coordination, regulation, and evaluation. In ability to execute a corporate efficiency of operation,
the management must have a thorough knowledge of operational budget. Financial regimes often
include incorporating management strategies to the financial tools of the organization while also
playing a significant role in financial control. As a consequence, it is also essential to suggest
that monetary and social regimes are inextricably linked.
MAIN BODY
Economic design relates to the money foundation of an organization, which comprises of a
precise combination of debt and equity used by any entity to finance expansion and progress.
The term "capital framework" relates to the company's ownership rights and also a financial hold
on future income inputs and returns. The obligations of the organization come in the form of
stocks or loans.
The cost of capital is the required proportion of income on any enterprise or deal which the
owner must obtain. Whenever a number of executives or an analyst states the amount of
borrowing, they were talking to the modified median expenditure of capital. Larger companies
produce funds from either a portfolio of investments; include stocks, loans, as well as other
channels, rather than from a specific provider (Fan and Chatterjee, 2019). The overall expense of
capital estimated by taking into account all costs from multiple origins is known as the Generic
Average Pricing of Investing (WACC).
Question 1- Cost of Capital and Capital Structure
a. Book Value and Market Value Analysis
Calculation of Market value cost of
WACC
Refers to Value
Cost of equity 500000
cost of debt 500000
Overall Market Value 1000000

Percentage of Cost of Equity 0.07
Percentage of the cost of debt 0.06
Overall tax rate 0.35
WACC Value 0.0545
Table 1: Market Value of Trust Plc
Source: (Self-Created)
In the above picture, some of the specific metrics related, comprising both booked and
spot price of WACC of the company Trust Plc, are shown. It consists of allocating value based
on the expenses of the organization's equities and liabilities. The actual percentage is determined
depending on the firm's earnings performance. The company's total value is $10,000, and the
company's taxes rate is 0.35 percent points. Moreover, based on their trade ratio, Trust Plc's
genuine WACC value is projected to be 0.0545. It is a strong indication that the firm's working
investment operations have enhanced persistent competitive advantages in a particular and
anticipated perspective (Guironnet, Attuyer and Halbert, 2016).
Calculation of Market Value cost of
Capital
Refers to Value
Equity cost 400000
debt cost 200000
Total Book Value 120000
% equity cost 0.04
% debt cost 0.02
Total tax rate 0.12
Overall WACC value 0.046666667
Table 2: Book Value of Trust Plc
Source: (Self-Created)
The above graphic displays accurate information regarding Trust Plc's WACC ratio in
relation to the corporation's actual marketplace value. The company's entire investment
efficiency is $120,000, with an equity value and borrowing expenditure ratio of 0.04 and 0.02
correspondingly. The corporation's WACC is calculated utilizing the median marketplace
capitalization.

It can help provide a deeper knowledge of the corporation's inside and outside activities in
the industry in the nearest term. Organizations are having problems in their continuing activities
according to the company's calculated WACC score. It could benefit the firm's investment
operations and associated share value in addition to remain competitive and sustainable in the
near future (Kovalenko, 2019).
b. Evaluation of the Total WACC Cost of Capital
Calculation of Total cost of capital
Total capital to be raised by Trust plc 100000
Number of shares issued 8000
Price value per share 10
Equity fund generated 80000
equity cost 5%
debt value 20000
Debt cost 10%
Total tax rate 30%
Calculation of new WACC 800.7%
Renewed WACC 800.7%
Table 3: WACC value (Cost of Capital)
Source: (Self-Created)
As a consequence of the above-mentioned research, WACC is calculated using either
markets value or the capital value of the organization. As a consequence, the amount associated
with it is determined. It requires acquiring an accurate picture of the company's share as well as
an increase in the actual assets received by the company in its continuing projects. It will also
help the corporation build and improve a better financial management system in the world. As an
outcome of the technique, the company will be able to increase and expand its price and
investment value per piece (Li and Yang, 2016).
According to the budgetary estimates predicated on the realistic report published for Trust
PLC, more emphasis is focused on the company's perceived value. The key reason is connected
to the organization's borrowing value and its exchange value strategy. Lending is thought to be
more valuable than the company Trust Plc's other financial operations, particularly when
contrasted to the firm Trust Plc's other financial operations. The lending activities of the
corporation might easily be extended by speeding the level of investment and the repayments

associated with the existing debts. Nonetheless, it includes methods aimed at decreasing and
reducing the company's taxable revenue. The reduction in applicable tax liability is displayed as
cash flows. Moreover, income protection is widely regarded as among the most critical areas of
the industry for firms. This would have been a significant part of the organization's current flow
administration and also enhancing the firm's revenue monetary value.
c. Interpretations
According to calculations, the WACC value on the company's yield on money activities is
perhaps the most crucial component for expanding the organization's investment activities.
Additionally, the element of performing procedures in a structured manner needs the
organization's commitment to specific procedures in case of applying exact same thing. In this
respect, the organization's key effort is to lay a special focus on its operating expenses. However,
the company should double-check that it would be priced accurately. The value associated with
the organization's gearing proportion, on either hand, must not fluctuate on a regular basis. For
the near future, this would also present serious challenges whenever it refers to evaluating and
analyzing the business's monetization strategies (Ljungqvist, Richardson and Wolfenzon, 2020).
Additionally, if the entities oriented prospective clients, the corporation's fundamental
investment value will be significantly impacted. This will have a negative influence on the firm's
earnings structure. The management of the company Trust PLC ensures that the overall
functioning of the firm remains consistent. It will be a useful resource to the organisation in
respect of monetary fluctuation tracking and reduction. Perhaps the most relevant assumption
which might be implemented into the company's WACC pricing evaluation technique is the
conventional idea. The financial activities of Trust Plc, and its leverage proportion, must be
established. This will aid in obtaining stronger and more consistent control over the WACC rate.
On either hand, because when organization's gearing proportion rises the WACC valuation
of the business remains managed and preserved. When the leverage levels associated with the
corporation's investment expenditure increase, the WACC calculation grows significantly and
increasingly exact and dependable. A drop in the effective leverage rates, on either side, would
assist the organisation in respect of building a more equitable technique of forecasting for the
current and future.

d. The relationship between the organization's IRR and WACC grade
Both the WACC "Weighted Average Cost of Capital" and IRR "Internal Rate of Return"
methodologies are utilised simultaneously in the case of asset management or numerous financial
situations of the business, but for different goals. Additionally, regardless of the notion that they
are used interchangeably, the meanings of IRR and WACC differ. It is widely perceived as an
assessment matrix that shows the proportions used to calculate the overall present price of an
income input series. Likewise, the present firm Trust Plc, uses the approach to determine and
analyse capital projects. Better corporate goals can lead to greater economic accomplishment for
the organisation (Lohk and Siimann, 2016).
Additionally, WACC is a way of calculating the yearly taxes expenditure of a company's
capital assets as a percentage. It enables the company to calculate its payout in addition to
calculate its corporate equity shares. Whenever a company starts a venture, it must estimate
WACC to assess the industry's variability, whereas IRR is utilised to evaluate the spending. To
make a decision on corporate currency transactions, the company strongly promotes the
approach as well as the method of financial management. As an outcome, such techniques help
the company extend its repertory by selecting advantageous and dangerous locations. Businesses
used to connect the process of investment decision-making with average financing expenditures
from the standpoint of management. The link argues that maybe the present value of the business
is greater than the value of financial spending, enabling the NPV to be computed, and the sum is
NPV 0.
Question 2- Investment Appraisal Techniques
a. Computation of the payback period, the rate of return, the net present value, and the IRR value
Payback, NPV,
IRR
1st Year
performance
2nd-year
performance
3rd-year
Performance
Initial Investment
process
-£
2,23,700.00
Discounting Rate of
the organization
£
10.00

Annual Income rate £
7,88,300.00
£
2,00,000.00
£
50,000.00
Variable Cost value -£
4,72,980.00
-£
1,20,000.00
-£
30,000.00
Overheads cost -£
30,000.00
-£
30,000.00
-£
10,000.00
Resale value £
1,23,600.00
Net Cash flow rate -£
2,23,700.00
£
2,85,320.00
£
50,000.00
£
1,33,600.00
Discounted Cash
flow rate
-£
2,23,700.00
£
2,56,788.00
£
40,500.00
£
97,394.40
Cumulative cash
value
-£
2,23,700.00
£
33,088.00
£
73,588.00
£
1,70,982.40
NPV value -£
17,931.66
The overall cost of Value NPV, Payback Period
and
RO
I
IRR value £
0.47
Payback value £
4.51
Table 4: NPV, IRR and Payback Analysis of STS Limited
Source: (Self-Created)
The NPV, Payback, IRR, and ROI figures associated with the company STS ltd are
provided below. According to the outcome of the research, the company's NPV is —£ 17,931.66.
The IRR and yield value of the organization are £0.47 and £4.51, correspondingly. For the third
year running, the organization assesses itself by making forecasts. It could help evaluate the
firm’s asset assessment accuracy in both current and potential circumstances (Makina and David,
2016). Additionally, the yield on capital (ROI) for the company STS Ltd is computed as follows-
ROI Value Evaluation
ROI Value of the
company
1st year 2nd year 3rd year
Initial investment
(£)
£
5,42,000.00
£
4,40,000.00
£
6,25,000.00

Initial Condition of the business
Investment Gained £
55,000.00
£
42,000.00
£
56,000.00
ROI Value of the
business
£
0.10
£
0.10
£
0.11
Table 5: ROI Value of STS Limited
Source: (Self-Created)
As already stated, the chart shown depicts an actual depiction of the ROI value linked
with the company STS Ltd, as established by the research. Moreover, the assessment is made
using a three-year process of analysing whole efficiency of the enterprise. Apart from this one,
the company's WACC rating demonstrates a competent business approach depending on
estimations developed over the first two years. Through this whole instance, the value of WACC
linked to ROI is estimated to be £0.10 over a two-year period (Nyagadza, 2019).
On the other hand, the organisation's business component has strengthened across the third
period as a function of expanding adjustments in the industry which has increased the business's
capitalization rate. Like a result, by reducing the value of WACC, it has increased the direct
impact on the company's taxes levels evaluation. The true likelihood associated with STS
restriction is predicted to be in the neighbourhood of 0.11 percentage.
b. The Influence of Investment Appraisal Approaches in Organizations
Onetime payment of the business -£ 2,23,700.00
Discounting Rate £ 0.12
Annual Income of the company £
1,25,000.00
Variable Cost -£
75,000.00
Overheads rate -£
1,23,600.00
Resale value
Net Cash flow -£ 2,23,700.00 -£
73,600.00
Discounted Cash flow -£ 2,23,700.00 -£
66,240.00

Cumulative value -£ 2,23,700.00 -£
2,89,940.00
NPV -£ 2,89,940.00
Table 7: New NPV value of STS Limited
Source: (Self-Created)
According to the current operating evaluation of the firm STS Ltd, the majority of the
main evaluation for the company is achieved through the application of certain investment
evaluation methodologies. Additionally, the revenue's regular fluctuation is tied to the total
activities associated with the corporation's NPV. As a result, it is established for STS Plc with
the goal of choosing and evaluating combination of favourably and adversely operating resource
activities. According to macroeconomic estimates the company's net present value (NPV) in the
industry will be lesser than its actual investment expenditures. It means that the corporation must
prioritise present revenues in addition to be competitive and long-term sustainable in the
industry.
STS, on either side, have witnessed an increase in market influence as a result of its
limited returning possibilities. Additionally, whenever it relates to delivering accurate forecasts
the organisation puts a priority on concentrating on two key industries. The very first report
explains the firm's primary investment prospects. The following part includes the company's
overall income production predictions for the actual and future perspectives. The evaluation of
the same will give the business with a precise way of assessment based on the element of
sustainable growth. The constrained returns pricing signifies a positive approach for the
corporation after predicting a three-year efficiency evaluation for STS (Potrich and Vieira,
2018).
An internal rates of interest is perhaps the most efficient and suitable resource
expenditure model that improves a corporation's capacity to remain competitive. It is also
reached through the way of providing an accurate assessment of the company's income
circulating capability in the sector. On the other hand, while analysing and evaluating the overall
institutional sustainability, a considerable emphasis is put on the corporate capital expenditure.
Regardless of the reality that perhaps the company's share value is falling, STS Ltd must strive to

improve its level of interest and discounted rates in attempt to remain competitive in the near
future.
The return on investment (ROI), or the company's true returns on investor is not estimated
or calculated in money units. Additionally, the actual strategy for the same is performed out just
by reviewing the company's current and past annual investment activities. STS, on either side,
limited the evaluation for the company and assigned suitable grades. As per the data, the ROI of
the organization had a constant influence on the industry over the first two years. On either end
of the spectrum, the cost grew throughout the next year, which produced a considerable impact
on STS Limited's WACC activities. As a consequence of the suggestions made for the same, it is
possible to infer that STS Ltd must prioritise adopting a better technique of management over its
WACC levels in it to preserve current and prospective economic viability.
c. Benefits and Disadvantages of Capital Assessment Methodology in Industries
Capital assessment gives corporate strategically management procedures and functions as a
defender in physical investment decision-making. Altogether, the platform is extremely effective
and well-liked for its numerous capabilities and facilities. As a consequence, the present business
Trust Plc, has adopted and implemented the aforementioned in addition to strengthen its financial
activities and relationships. In terms of improving management and execution, the firm might
have to consider the advantages and disadvantages of a specific approach. The materials
spending technique and approach should be split into three areas before starting: payback, return
on investment, and cash flow operations (Saksonova and Savina, 2016). The preceding are the
benefits and drawbacks of investment assessment methodologies-
Benefits-
 By forecasting reasonable steps, the technique assists in the identification of favourable
effects.
 This may give the impression that the calculation technique is straightforward to
understand and compute.
 The business can connect and analyse its potential budgetary development by computing
gross profit.
 Multinational firms and many others have implemented initiatives to increase the
openness and clarity of their financial management.

 By finding or acknowledging the "value of money," the strategy expenditures evaluation
technology enables firm's decision-making.
 The approach allows for interchange with other identical applications, making the
following process easier and much more flexible.
Limitation-
 Regardless of the notion that perhaps the calculation and decision-making procedures are
straightforward, the person's motivations may change.
 Throughout the calculation process it often gets complicated and seems difficult to
understand.
 The calculation process for budgetary expenditure is reliant on numerous key aspects.
 Additionally, a questionable decision may be made, resulting in a lack of harmony
between business aims (Santis, Grossi and Bisogno, 2018).
 Usually, gathering information that may have an effect on the overall goals of the firm is
costly.
 The payback technique could sometimes affect the company's main revenues.
CONCLUSION
It could be stated that there are several aspects that really are highly important and also
essential for an enterprise and must therefore be analyzed and interpreted and reviewed in an
impacting way in order to provide significance to the company in the lengthy term. Besides that,
it could be inferred that there are several strategies assessed previously that have a lot of worth,
and therefore a company needs a specific competence in several so that it could benefit the
organization in boosting its total worth in the market.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
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financialisation of property markets and its implications for city governments in the
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