Project Management for Apex Area Medical Centre Project
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This report evaluates the progress of the Apex Area Medical Centre Project using Earned Value Management (EVM) and analyzes the project's schedule compression. It includes baseline and actual duration, work and earned value, planned value, actual cost of each activity, and more.
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Running head: PROJECT MANAGEMENT Apex Area Medical Centre Project Name of the Project: Name of the University:
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1PROJECT MANAGEMENT Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................2 1. Project progress report.................................................................................................................3 1.1 Baseline and actual duration, baseline and actual work and earned value, planned value, actual cost of each activity...........................................................................................................4 1.2 Calculation of project cost...................................................................................................10 1.3 Earned value table and graph...............................................................................................10 1.4 Contractor earned.................................................................................................................12 1.5 Payment authorized to be paid to the contractor.................................................................12 1.6 Earned value analysis based schedule and cost differences................................................15 1.7 Comment on EVM performance measures..........................................................................16 1.8 EVM estimation for total duration of project and total cost of project...............................18 1.9 Evaluate EVM methods.......................................................................................................21 2. Project control: Schedule compression......................................................................................25 2.1 Gantt chart shows activities from status date to end of the project.....................................25 2.2 Table for the compressed activities.....................................................................................35 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................39 References......................................................................................................................................40
2PROJECT MANAGEMENT Introduction The project is based on smart project development management with construction of Apex Area Medical Centre Project requires to improve its management operations. This project report is divided in two parts, project progress report and project control: schedule compression. The project progress is evaluated by use of Earned Value Management (EVM). It is a project management technique which is used to measure performance of project as well as progress. The concept of project management is used to estimate the project cost and project schedule so that the project manager can measure project progress (Kerzner & Kerzner, 2017). It is a project management method used to measure schedule and cost variances in the project based on comparison of the work performed along with work planned. EVM is used for controlling cost as well as schedule and useful to forecast the project. The purpose of this report is to treat the project work as fixed price contract which is being executed by the contractor. EVM methods are evaluated to analyze if the project is under or behind the project estimated time. It is also used to analyze if the project is over budgeted or under the estimated project cost. It will determine the project progress rate and project success rate in the market.
3PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1. Project progress report The client of the project has approved the original baseline schedule and shelved for the request for change. The project is depicted by the baseline plan implemented as per suggested project start date. The estimated project start date is 8thOctober, 2018. The project controller has collected data related to the project plan and progress monitoring is provided as that seventy-five percent of original estimated project duration has being passed. Baseline start date Baseline end date DaysDescription 10/8/20188/28/2020495 daysThe project start date and its end date is provided sothatthetotaldurationoftheprojectis estimated. 6/15/2020435 days75% of the duration is converted to date Status progress: 3/10/20 365.54 days75% of the working duration is converted to date Table 1: Status Date The project team determines that there are total of 495 days between the baseline start date and baseline end date. The project controller finds the project related information by assuming that N activities were planned to finish or be in project progress at present. The activities are being sorted as per minimum early start times based on optimal baseline schedule. Fraction of the N activitiesTime percentage differenceCost percentage difference
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4PROJECT MANAGEMENT First 1/4th+10+5 Second 1/4th+15+5 Remaining half+05+5 N rangeCountActivities First 1/4th151 through 15 Second 1/4th1516 through 30 Remaining half2931 through 60 1.1 Baseline and actual duration, baseline and actual work and earned value, planned value, actual cost of each activity The project controller updated the Microsoft Project file with collected data highlighted pink for first 25%, green for second 25% and orange for remaining of the activities. Finally, yellow for the activities those are in progress. Following are definitions of the terms which are used to measure the cost so that the reader can able to understand. Baseline duration:Baseline is the value and condition against the future measurement that are being compared. In this project plan, three of the baseline is identified such as schedule baseline and cost baseline (Larson & Gray, 2015). It is the standard which is used to measure the project performance. Actual duration:The actual duration of project is measure of sensitivity of the price and bond which is used to measure the interest rates. It is measured in terms of working time units such as hours, days, weeks and months.
5PROJECT MANAGEMENT Baseline work:The baseline work shows the total planned person hours schedule for the task, resources as well as assignment units (Fleming & Koppelman, 2016). It is used to analyze the progress along with performance to date. A project baseline is set for the project to analyze the baseline work. Actual work:The actual work is sum of the work as well as actual overtime work. The actual work is calculated against the planned work by means of actual overtime work. BCWP:It is a term which is used in earned value management approach to the project management (Harrison & Lock, 2017). It is termed as budgeted cost for work planned or also known as earned value (EV). It is contrasted to “actual cost of work performed (ACWP) which can measure the actual amount of money spent than the budget estimate. BCWS:It is a term which is used in earned value management approach to the project management. It is termed as budgeted cost for work scheduled or also known as planned value (PV). It is sum of the budget items for the work packages and overhead that was being scheduled for period rather than the cost of work performed. Actual cost:It is the actual expenditure which is made to acquire an asset plus the cost for delivering, setting and testing the asset. It is the cost of the asset when it is recorded into the financial statements as the fixed asset (Marchewka, 2014). It is the cost of product based on the incurred cost of the materials as well as labor required into the production of goods and services.
10PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1.2 Calculation of project cost The project manager determines the project cost by determination of the in-progress activities which is shown in below table such as: WBS IDTask nameBaseline duration Actual duration Baseline workActual work Earned value Planned value Actual cost Remaining cost Remaining work Remaining duration 2.5.2.3 Security doors20 days12 days800 hours480 hour$7,440.00$7,440.00$0.00$0.00320 hours8 days 2.5.2.4 Tiles90 days32 days2,160 hours1,080 hour$38,259.56$38,259.56$0.00$0.001,080 hours 45 days 2.5.2.5Glazing doors40 days32 days1,600 hours1,080 hours$26,176.00$26,176.00$0.00$0.00320 hours8 days 1.3 Earned value table and graph
12PROJECT MANAGEMENT Figure 1: Earned value over time (Source: Created by author) Data YearQuarterEarned ValuePlanned ValueAC 2018Q4143340.1887143340.067150409.1503 2018 Total 143340.1887143340.067150409.1503 2019Q14403696.41244200874640923.37 Q2583121858312186122778.92 Q36135142.8336135142.8336442960 Q46468044.0566468044.0566719349.96 2019 Total6468044.0566468044.0566719349.96 Grand Total 6468044.0566468044.0566719349.96 The EVM graph shows the total earned value (BCWP), total planned value (BCWS) and actual cost of the work performed (ACWP). BCWP is on the status date is $6468044.056, BCWS is $6468044.056. ACWP on the status date is $6719349.96. The project is consisted of negative schedule while positive spending variance.
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13PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1.4 Contractor earned In order to calculate the earned value of the contractor, the project manager calculated the baseline project budget using the calculation such as: Percentage of the baseline complete = EV/BAC Where, EV= 6468044.056 BAC= 9,079,198.50 Therefore, the percentage of the baseline completion = 71.24% 1.5 Payment authorized to be paid to the contractor Based on the fixed price contract, there are no such adjustments which are to be made to the contractor for measuring the project related cost. The project team members are making payment to contractor at completion of the work packages and there are no such payments for the activities which are not being completed. Below table shows the baseline cost and actual cost for 100% completed project activities. The contractor has to pay a baseline cost of $6,280,628.50. WBSTask NameBaseline CostActual Cost% complete 1.1.1 Identify mission and Objectives, Create Project Charter$0.00$0.00100% 1.1.2 Create Business Plan and Issue$0.00$0.00100% 1.1.3 Create Project Initiation Document and Issue$0.00$0.00100% 1.1Soil Investigation$17,496.00$18,370.80100% 1.2Architectural$25,416.00$26,686.80100% 1.2.3Structural$23,640.00$24,822.00100% 1.2.4Mechanical$18,072.00$18,975.60100% 1.2.5Electrical$23,640.00$24,822.00100%
16PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1.6 Earned value analysis based schedule and cost differences Figure2: Costand schedule variance (Source: Created by author) From the above figure, it is analyzed that the earned value schedule variance (SV) and earned value cost variance (CV) shows that the total schedule variance (SV) is($77,223.00) which is calculated by subtracting the planned value (PV) from the earned value (EV). Planned value (PV) = $6,545,267.06 Earned value (EV) = $6,468,044.0 It shows that the project is behind the schedule. The total cost variance (CV) is($96,084.90) which is calculatedby difference between actual cost and budget cost amount. Actual cost (AC) = $6,564,128.96 '18 '18 '18 '19 '19 '19 '19 '19 '19 '19 '19 '19 '19 '19 '20 '20 '20 '20 '20 '20 -$350,000.00 -$300,000.00 -$250,000.00 -$200,000.00 -$150,000.00 -$100,000.00 -$50,000.00 $0.00 CVSV
17PROJECT MANAGEMENT Budget cost (BC) = $6,660,213.86 It shows the project is under the budget. 1.7 Comment on EVM performance measures Schedule performance index (SPI) is represented close to the actual work which is being completed as compared to the schedule. It is calculated by earned value / planned value. It is used for measuring how effectively the project is used the time on project. SPI = EV / PV, where Planned value (PV) = $6,545,267.06 andEarned value (EV) = $6,468,044.0 = 0.99 It is concluded that SPI is 0.99, then the contractor completed less work as per planned and is behind the schedule. Cost performance index (CPI) is used to measure the cost efficiently for the completed work. It is calculated by dividing the earned value by the actual cost. CPI = Earned value (EV) / actual cost (AC), where EV = $6,545,267.06 and AC = $6,564,128.96 = 0.99 It is concluded that CPI is 0.99, and then the project team is earning less as compared to total amount spent. The project is not under the project budget.
19PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2020Q1---153600 Q2---102400 Q3---00 1.8 EVM estimation for total duration of project and total cost of project The estimate at completion (EAC) is showed that the expected cost of the project is based on performance of status date. It provides with forecasted value of the project when it is finished. With the data, it is used to forecast how much time is spending to complete the project work. It is the amount of money required for the project to complete. EAC of the project is calculated as: EAC = Budget at completion / cost performance index In this case, it is assumed that the project will continue to conduct till the end as it was performing now. It is measured by dividing the budget at completion by cost performance index. Here, Budget at completion (BAC) =$9,079,198.50 Cost performance index (CPI) = 0.99 EAC = $ 9170907.57 EACACWPBCWP $ 9170907.57$6,564,128.96$6,468,044.06 Following table shows the calculation of the earned value management method with all the data of the main activities and sub-activities of the project work:
20PROJECT MANAGEMENT WB S Task Name% complet e Baselin e duratio n Actual duratio n Baseline cost Actual costBCWPBCWSRemainin g cost Remainin g work Remainin g duration CVSVCP I SPIACWP 0Project Apex Area Medical Centre Project 73%495 days 362.56 days $9,079,198. 50 $6,564,128. 96 $6,468,044. 06 $6,545,267. 06 $144.009,408 hrs132.44 days ($96,084.90 ) ($77,223.0 0) 0.9 9 0.9 9 $6,564,128. 96 1 Preliminaries 99%85 days85 days$108,264.00$113,677.20$108,264.00$108,264.00$0.000 hrs0 days($5,413.20)$0.000.9 5 1$113,677.20 1.1Planning99%25 days25 days$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.000 hrs0 days$0.00$0.0000$0.00 1.2Design100%73 days73 days$108,264.00$113,677.20$108,264.00$108,264.00$0.000 hrs0 days($5,413.20)$0.000.9 5 1$113,677.20 2Basement and Floors 1 - 9 75%440 days 371.5 days $7,137,142. 50 $6,450,451. 76 $6,359,780. 06 $6,437,003. 06 $144.008,152 hrs123.5 days ($90,671.70 ) ($77,223.0 0) 0.9 9 0.9 9 $6,450,451. 76 2.1 Earthworks 100%44 days44 days$98,760.00$103,698.00$98,760.00$98,760.00$0.000 hrs0 days($4,938.00)$0.000.9 5 1$103,698.00 2.2Structures100%136 days 136 days $4,645,009. 00 $4,877,259. 45 $4,645,009. 00 $4,645,009. 00 $0.000 hrs0 days($232,250.4 5) $0.000.9 5 1$4,877,259. 45 2.2.1 Reinforcemen ts 100%136 days 136 days $4,645,009. 00 $4,877,259. 45 $4,645,009. 00 $4,645,009. 00 $0.000 hrs0 days($232,250.4 5) $0.000.9 5 1$4,877,259. 45 2.3Concrete100%36 days36 days$152,738.50$160,375.44$152,738.50$152,738.50$0.000 hrs0 days($7,636.94)$0.000.9 5 1$160,375.44 2.3.1 Columns 100%28 days28 days$66,545.00$69,872.25$66,545.00$66,545.00$0.000 hrs0 days($3,327.25)$0.000.9 5 1$69,872.25 2.3.2Slab- Beams 100%26 days26 days$86,193.50$90,503.19$86,193.50$86,193.50$0.000 hrs0 days($4,309.69)$0.000.9 5 1$90,503.19
22PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1.9 Evaluate EVM methods Earned value management is a technique used in project management for analyzing the project performance and helps in project progress. This technique has the capability to combine the measurements of project management triangle that includes scope, costs and time. The concept of EVM was became a fundamental approach for project management in the year 1966. The basic requirement of EVM remained same over years (Walker, 2015). The main objective of earned value management is that it ensures relation with time phased budgets and specifies the contract tasks. With the use of EVM the work progress assessment against the baseline can also beanalyzed(Heagney,2016).Thisalsohelpsinmeasureschedule,technicalandcost performance. The essential features offered by EVM implementation includes: ï‚·Defining a project plan that will help to identify the work that are needed to be accomplished. ï‚·Planned value is done to plan the work or budgeting the work schedule. ï‚·The implementation also includes pre defining the earning rules that helps to quantify the accomplished work and this is known as eared value. After the earned value management is implemented in the system for performing the projects there are some significant benefits that are received by the contractors and to the customers. The benefits received by the contractor include increase in visibility, gaining quick control over the system and responding to the issues faced by the customers proactively (Fuller et al., 2017). This helps the contractors to finish the project within the scheduled time and within the budget. The benefits obtained from the customers end include gaining confidence over the contractors. They trust the contractors that the project will be completed within the time. Apart from these with the
23PROJECT MANAGEMENT help of earned value management few new concepts are also introduced that will help to determine the internal system (Verzuh, 2015). This include implementing budget cost for work schedule, determining the earned value , determining the actual cost of work performed , analyzing the budget at completion. There are total 32 guidelines that are divided into five sections for EVM. This includes organization, planning, scheduling and budgeting, accounting considerations, analysis of EVM and EVMS management report and last includes revision and data maintenance. The major benefits of implementing EVM include better planning process, provide a clear definition of the work scope, improves project visibility and accountability, enhances the ability to asses and integrate technical schedule and also helps in assessing the risk factors. Apart from these the consistent and clear communication is provided towards the management levels of every project (Meredith et al., 2016). There are several indicators that are used to determine the costperformance.Thisincludesschedulevariance(SV),costvariance(CV),schedule performance index (SPI), cost performance index (CPI). There are three ways of implementing earned value management in projects. This includes of: Engage phase exit criteria:this includes focusing on program that are identified by business office. The role of EV has assigned the concept phase and plan phase exit dates that have been already established. Deliver phase exit criteria: in this phase a project structure is defined and interlocked by the management and SPM (Larson & Gray, 2015). The project component includes subproject lead, subproject name, and reporting the earned value report. The essential features that are needed while implementation of EVM includes a proper project plan that can be used to accomplish the work, budgeted cost of work schedule that helps in valuation of planned
24PROJECT MANAGEMENT workwithintheprojectandthepredefinedearningrulesthatareusedtoquantifythe accomplishment of work. Earned value calculation is done by following ways: Planned value (PV) = the budgeted amount that is done within current reporting period Actual cots (AC) = actual costs related to date Earned value (EV) = the total project budget that multiplied with the 5 of project completed. There are several formulas that are used for earned value management. This are as follows: Cost performance index: CPI=EV/AC [EV= earned value, AC= actual cost] Schedule variance (SV) SV=EV-PV [EV= earned value, PV= planned value] Cost variance (CV): CV= EV – AC [EV= earned value, CV= cost Variance] With the help of earned value formula the project manager can learn about the schedule variance and can learn about project execution phase. This is calculated by using the formula: schedule variance (SV) = earned value (EV) - planned value (PV). Apart from these earned value methodology aims at providing support to items that are important for earned value management these includes key issues, key detractors, extended
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25PROJECT MANAGEMENT metrics, risk plan, status of the resources used, major dependences, financial status, project plan score card, earned value, extended metrics, project plan quality assurance toolset. Apart from these the major weakness of earned value management is its reliance on a key assumption that ensures future performance is predictable and is determined based on the past performance. With the help of calculated performance, the project manager has the capability to predict and estimate associate with cost completion or overall duration. However no one guarantees that the assumptions made with EVM can be true (Fleming & Koppelman, 2016). The result may vary in future and will get simply deviated from past performance. However the aim of predicting the future is to take preventive measures that will help in analyzing and evaluating proper results (Walker, 2015). Apart from all these, there are some risks that are likely to be faced due to lack of management process. Earned value management is achieved by calculating the indices of performance with a wide range of formulae that are used for calculating estimate at completion. With the use of EVM and risk management the decision taken by the project manager can be improved (Meredith et al., 2016). Both the techniques are used to focus on project performance and have the purpose of developing an effective action that will help to maximize the chances of achieving project objectives. Earned value management archives this goal by looking back at past performance and using it as an indicator to improve the future performance. Whereas risk management looks ahead at the possible changes that will help to influence the project outcomes (Kerzner & Kerzner, 2017). This it can be stated that implementing both this technology together will help in providing a better project based on the real time.EVM method determines the team performance by monitoring which allows the project team to track the project triple constraints. SV and CV are used to calculate the performance of entire project work.
26PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2. Project control: Schedule compression The project team member is targeted for the schedule compression by minimization of the impact of cost on the project work (Marchewka, 2014). The project team is used of Microsoft Project to determine the reduction of the project schedule. Figure 4: Project statistics (Source: Created by author) 2.1 Gantt chart shows activities from status date to end of the project Following table shows the project activities those are in progress and not completed yet. WBSTask Name Durati on StartFinis h Remaini ng Cost Remaini ng Work Remaini ng Duratio n Critic al Statu s 2.5.2. 3 Security doors 20 daysMon 11/18/ 19 Fri 3/20/2 0 $0.00320 hours8 daysNoIn progre ss 2.5.2. 4 Tiles90 daysMon 11/18/ 19 Fri 1/10/2 0 $0.001,080 hours 45 daysNoIn progre ss 2.5.2. 5 Glazing doors 40 daysMon 1/13/2 0 Fri 2/21/2 0 $0.00320 hours8 daysNoIn progre ss
27PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2.6.3 .1 Syste ms Controls 10 daysMon 3/23/2 0 Fri 4/3/2 0 $0.00640 hrs10 daysNoNot starte d 2.6.3 .2 Fire alarms 10 daysMon 5/4/20 Fri 5/15/ 20 $0.00320 hrs10 daysYesNot starte d 2.6.4 .1 Mech anical Fixtures (Elevator s etc) 15 daysMon 5/18/2 0 Fri 6/5/2 0 $0.00840 hrs15 daysYesNot starte d 2.6.4 .2 Mech anical Fixtures (Floor 1- 4) 30 daysMon 6/8/20 Fri 7/17/ 20 $0.001,680 hrs30 daysYesNot starte d 2.6.4 .3 Mech anical Fixtures (Floor 5- 9) 30 daysMon 7/20/2 0 Fri 8/28/ 20 $0.001,680 hrs30 daysYesNot starte d 3.1Access roads 14 daysMon 5/18/2 0 Thu 6/4/2 0 $0.00336 hrs14 daysNoNot starte d 3.2Signag es 5 daysFri 6/5/20 Thu 6/11/ 20 $0.0080 hrs5 daysNoNot starte d 3.3Parkin g lot 14 daysFri 6/5/20 Wed 6/24/ 20 $0.00336 hrs14 daysNoNot starte d 4.1Testi ng 1 2 daysThu 6/25/2 0 Fri 6/26/ 20 $0.0048 hrs2 daysNoNot starte d 4.1Testi ng 2 2 daysMon 6/29/2 0 Tue 6/30/ 20 $0.0048 hrs2 daysNoNot starte d 4.1Testi ng 3 2 daysWed 7/1/20 Thu 7/2/2 0 $0.0048 hrs2 daysNoNot starte d 4.1Testi ng 4 2 daysFri 7/3/20 Mon 7/6/2 0 $0.0048 hrs2 daysNoNot starte d 4.1Testi ng 5 2 daysTue 7/7/20 Wed 7/8/2 0 $0.0048 hrs2 daysNoNot starte d 4.1Testi3 daysThuMon$0.0048 hrs3 daysNoNot
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29PROJECT MANAGEMENT Below figure shows the activities which are completed after the status date. It is analyzed that there are two activities which are in progress and 3 critical path and others are non-critical path. The schedule compression is a technique which is used in the project management for shorten the developed schedule of the project work. It is mainly done to update the delivery date of the project plan or schedule delay (Fuller et al., 2017). In order to perform the schedule compression, crashing is used. In this method, crashing is used to assign of more resources to the activity for decreasing the entire time to complete the project work. In this project, a delay is occurred due to reasons such as unrealistic schedule; unforeseen incidents occurred as well as lack of resources for the project. In the crashing, there is review of the critical path as well as review the activities those are completed by addition of resources. The activity is found that can reduce most by addition to least amount of cost to the schedule activity used for crashing (Larson & Gray, 2015). While crashing, it will keep the path as it is possible that duration of other path could equal or become greater than the duration of the critical path.
30PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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31PROJECT MANAGEMENT Figure 5: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) In order to identify the project activities for schedule compression, the project team is selectedresourcecriticalpath.Theprojectteammemberselectedincreasingtheproject resources for particular activity so that they can reduce the duration of the project work. Therefore, it is involved to increase resources on the schedule activities. It will decrease the time it takes to perform the activities by increasing the number of resources working for particular activities. WBSTask name StartFinishDurationRemaining duration Remai ning cost Resource names 2.5.2.3 Security doors Mon 12/16/19 Fri 1/10/20 20 days8 days$0.00Doorassembler[200%] ,Doorinstaller[200%], 2.5.2.4TilesMon 11/18/19 Fri 3/20/20 90 days45 days$0.00Grout&Tile technician, Tile setter, Tilecuttingmachine operator 2.5.2.5 Glazing doors Mon 11/18/19 Fri 1/10/20 40 days8 days$0.00Glass/Glazing installer[200%],painte rglazing technician[200%],Proj ect Manager Glazing
32PROJECT MANAGEMENT The above schedule activity is selected for crashing and therefore additional resources are added to the activity so that the schedule will decrease. After additional of resources, the table shows the reduction of time: WB S Task name StartFinishDur atio n Remainin g duration Remai ning cost Resource names 2.5.2. 3 Security doors Mon 12/16/19 Fri 1/10/20 20 days 12 days$120,89 6.00 Doorassembler[200%],Door installer[200%],Doorfinisher,Brick leveller,Commissioning engineer,Concretemixer driver,Concretetechnicians,Crew members for asphalt paving,Dry wall installer 2.5.2 .4 TilesMon 11/18/19 Fri 3/20/20 90 days 45 days$46,080 ,00 Grout & Tile technician,Tile setter,Tile cuttingmachine operator,Commissioningspecialist- electrical,Concrete form setter,Concrete mixertechnicians,Construction inspector,Curtainwallinstaller,Door assembler 2.5.2. 4 Glazing works Mon 11/18/19 Fri 1/10/20 40 days 32 days$13,578Glass/Glazinginstaller[200%],painter glazingtechnician[200%],Project Manager Glazing
40PROJECT MANAGEMENT Figure 6: Gantt chart and critical path (Source: Created by author) Conclusion It is concluded from the first part is that the project performance of the project is calculated to analyze the schedule and cost. Earned value performance management is the project management method which is used to measure the performance of project along with progress in objective matter. It is the value of work completed to the date. The planned value is value that has being earned as per the project schedule and actual cost is amount of time spent on the project to the date. Earned at completion is done to analyze and provide with forecasted value of the project when it is finished. It is the amount of money required for the project to complete. It is analyzed that objective of earned value management is to make sure about the relation with time phased budgets.It is concluded that SPI is 0.99, then the contractor completed less work as per planned and is behind the schedule and CPI is 0.99, and then the project team is earning less as compared to total amount spent. The project is not under the project budget. It is discussed that the earned value management is achieved the project goal by looking back at past performance. It is concluded from the second part is that the project team has created the project schedule by use of the activities to be crashed so that they can reduce the entire duration of the project by reduction of some of the activities. The project team has decided to take three of the activities as compressed activities such as windows, tiles and grazing works. The project manager has reduced the project duration and therefore the project gets on track.
41PROJECT MANAGEMENT References Fleming, Q. W., & Koppelman, J. M. (2016, December). Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Fuller, M. A., Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., & Schneider, C. (2017).Information Systems Project Management: A Process and Team Approach, Edition 1.1. Prospect Press. Harrison, F., &Lock,D.(2017).Advancedprojectmanagement:astructuredapproach. Routledge. Heagney, J. (2016).Fundamentals of project management. Amacom. Kerzner, H., & Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons. Larson, E. W., & Gray, C. F. (2015). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK (®) Guide. Project Management Institute. Marchewka, J. T. (2014).Information technology project management. John Wiley & Sons. Meredith, J. R., Shafer, S. M., Mantel Jr, S. J., & Sutton, M. M. (2016).Project management in practice. Wiley Global Education. Verzuh, E. (2015).The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley & Sons. Walker, A. (2015).Project management in construction. John Wiley & Sons.