Application of a Destination Planning & Development Toolkit

This document explores the rise of black heritage sites and typology analysis in the context of dark tourism. It discusses the concept of dark tourism, the social and political events that create awareness of black heritage, and the model of heritage with application to Stones Dark Tourism Spectrum. The typologies of dark tourism destinations are also examined, along with the educational and enlightening aspects of black heritage within dark tourism.

Application of a Destination
Planning & Development
Toolkit

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
The Rise of Black Heritage Sites.....................................................................................................1
Typology Analysis...........................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Tourism covers several forms of journey and a side street variety of sites. Dark tourism
defines a niche sort of tourism that faces the visitation of places where disasters or traditionally
notable deaths have arisen of organizations dealing with the inheritance of humankind. Tourism
is a critical occurrence considering a broad variety of individual, highly looking for for new and
exclusive experiences in context of fulfilling the most different reasons, because why the world
sightseeing backdrop has been modifying in the last decades. The written assessment is based n
the concept of dark tourism, included as the occurrence that includes the appearance and
expenditure of genuine and co customized death ad tragedy sites (Stone and et. al., 2018). The
report will discuss about the rise of black heritage sites and typology analysis. The main
objective of this document is to current information about dark tourism, typologies, the
social/political events that create awareness of black heritage and model of heritage with
application to Stones Dark tourism spectrum.
The Rise of Black Heritage Sites
Dark tourism is also described as black tourism or sorrow sightseeing that is not a very new
deed or occurrence in nowadays tourism marketplace, considering casteless and battle fields,
sites of normal or artificial tragedy. The term of dark tourism was primary changed through two
researchers, Malcolm Foley and J.J. John Lennon, as a means of defining, the phenomenon
which includes the demonstration and expenditure of authentic and commoditised death and
tragedy sites. A range of sites linked with war, genocide, assassination and other tragic events
have become important tourist destinations, Lennon and Foley acknowledge this phenomenon
dark tourism and black heritages. For example, the behaviour of friends and families staying the
dark tourism sites cannot be classified as black heritage. According them, dark tourism is the act
of travel and visitation to sites, attractions and exhibitions which have genuine or recreated loss,
suffering or apparently macramé as a major subject. There are several social events are
organised in term of create awareness about black heritage in dark tourism (Martini and Buda,
2020). For example, gladiatorial sports or games and audience at medieval community
implementation were organised in early era. Boorstin alleges, the first directed tour in England
was a tour to spectator the hanging of two killers. The tour was prearranged in Cornwall to
obtain individual of Wade Bridge by particular train. Also, in the nineteenth century, stays to
1

morgues were as McConnel notes, a normal characteristic of tours of Paris maybe a precursor to
the Body worlds display in London, Los, Angeles, Tokyo and elsewhere that since the late of
1990 have get attention of guests.
As included presently, the level to which dark tourism may be included an historical
occurrence that is applicable to sites, attractions to events that predate living memory stays a
subject of debate. It is clear; however that travellers have long been involved to seats or
proceedings linked in one method or another with death, disaster and suffering (Podoshen and et.
al., 2018). Moreover, dark tourism has become more widely observed as both a shape of tourism
and a promotional instrument with websites like www.thecabinet.om, listing several dark tourism
locations across the globe. Likewise, a current online poll bespoke through the Czech Tourist
Board sought to find out and therefore support the top black inheritance in dark tourism. Despite
the extended history and developing modern confirmation of journey to locations or magnetisms
linked with loss, it is only connected and may be surprisingly recently that academic attention
has been centred on what has cooperatively been demoted to as dark sightseeing. Many
observers investigate and determine particular demonstrations of dark tourism. Museums and
exhibitions are some other events which are organised in term of getting attention attracted
visitors regarding black heritages. There are several kinds of visitors sites, magnetisms and
displays have materialized.
Dark fun factories- It eludes to those visitors’ sites, attractions and tours which
predominately have an amusement centre and industrial ethic, and that demonstrate redesigned
or imaginary loss and macabre events. Subsequently, this categorisation of dark tourism may
inhabit the lightest edge of the dark sightseeing. This particular type provide sanitised in term of
demonstration and are may be observed as less genuine. For example, the Dungeon conception
now being spread out crosswise Europe by Merlin Entertainments Ltd which is a classic Dark
fun factory. It is the popular of the Dungeon attraction; the London Dungeon has long strained
guests to its doors with the guarantee of phantom and display of morbidity.
Dark exhibitions- It indicates to those exhibitions and sites those displays and locations that
crucially combine the manufactured goods plan to reproduce knowledge and possible learning
options. Dark exhibitions offer knowledge that revolves around loss, affliction or the macabre
and that regularly bands an intrinsic memorial learning and pensive communication (Boateng,
Okoe and Hinson, 2018). These displays are sketched to reproduce teaching and possible
2

learning actions. The museums that show death with instructive and significant principles are the
best example of this sort of typologies.
Dark dungeons- It refers to those places and attractions that associated to justice and
unlawful matters, specifically previous prisons. For example, the Galleries of Justice visitor
magnetism based in UK which is the only site in the nation where travellers and visitors could be
detained verdict and performed.
Dark resting places- It concentrates on the cemetery or grave indicators. Number of tourists
considers the graveyards in their tours (Stone, 2018). Those of great aspect are true open air
museums which consider diverse architectural workings and statues of advanced taste. The
highly stayed cemeteries in current era are the Cimetiere Du Lachaise, the Arlington National
cemetery and many more.
Dark caps of genocide- These are those locations which mar a focus of loss and atrocity.
Recently, the visitors’ holds linked with genocides and wars comprise one of the prime classes of
stays spots across the globe. Auschwitz-Birkenau, Camdodja and Rwanda can be underlined as
being some the few locations where precedent genocides and mass carnage occured.
Typology Analysis
Stone urbanized a dark sightseeing spectrum model form the better understanding of the
situation of supply or dark tourism destinations as per to their dimness levels, This theory was
created on the works of Miles, Sharply and Strange & Kempa. There is significance
diversification among locations linked with death and suffering and those destinations that are of
fatality and affliction. This model ad framework have some centre on the inspiration aspects for
staying dark places, other effort to classifies locations on the base of their amount or darkness of
obscurity, when other, accept an approach that consider these. The shadow or amount of dark of
a place is not predetermined but can modify over time remaining to, possibly, the channel of time
itself that may direct to alterations in visitors acknowledging or insights of the position and its
importance, while the position of media may also be significant (Lennon, 2018). In one of the
initial models, Sharpley provide a medium of shadowy sightseeing command and supply include
four shades, altering from black sightseeing to pale tourism. Black tourism considers visitors
with a deep attention in triping sites which decisively options to come across death and
undergoing, equally, pale tourism considers travellers with less attention in death visiting
accidental sites, like graveyards.
3

Consequently, Stone planned a dark sightseeing band considering six shades of gloom ranging
from darkest to lightest, the reason being to differentiate and underline the amount of dark of
particular class of site supported to the multifaceted issues in the intend and reason of the
multilayer of dark sightseeing supply (Martini and Buda, 2020).
From the above graph, it implies several typologies of dark suppliers, supported to
classifying components like level of authenticity, chronology, destination, orientation like
entertainment and education etc. These sections and classes permits for the assessment and
placing of sites within a systematic framework through which several destinations of dark
sightseeing can be evaluated and distinguished, altering from the lightest class, that might
consider dark fun plants to the darkest (Seaton, 2018). For instance, the Castle Dungeon at
Warwick Castel in the UK, administrated by Madam Tussauds, can be included as a dark fun
4

plant offering because it does a medieval knowledge considering death and distress but in a
protected cool atmosphere. In comparison, the darkest class consider sites like focus on caps and
genocide destinations. The nature of dark locations can be wholly modified when it impact and
influence by the aspects like political manage and the control of civilisation and culture. These
factors can crucially change the natural world a destination, acting like memory administrator for
those who need to disentangle the dark narration liked with the location.
For example Port Arthur was a regally punitive complex and in current era; it has become a
tourist magnetism based in its punitive history. While, Port Arthur was also the site of a
slaughter, when 35 individual were killed and 23 injured when a person approved out a shooting
in this famous traveller site (Weaver and et. al., 2018). Therefore, once administrated for its
lighter shade of sightseeing in the form of its popular lamp lit ghost tours, it has now also turn
out to be a position of the memorial of more new death, referring it a double location of being
both, dark and lighter. The dark typology stays to the memorial of that carnage, the lighter for the
Victorian era prison experience. Therefore, Port Arthur as now become a destination which
promotes reconciliation, celebration and commemoration that can be find out as a shadow more
serious. Stone’s model demonstrates a push of provide typologies, the definition of this
framework attempt to show the form within a provided site or magnetism matchs to a scrupulous
supply typology. While, in numerous cases, destination may have concurrent connections with
more than one typology being one site.
As per Stone’s framework, the seven dark suppliers is known as shady fun plants, dark
display, dark dungeons, dark resting places, dark memorial, dark conflicts and dark camps of
genocide. The typology of Dark tourism based on the visitors’ motivations and sites such as
war/battlefield tourism, tragedy tourism, Prison tourism, graveyard tourism, ghost tourism and
holocaust tourism. Most travellers obtain two major purpose and efficiency from the tourism,
schooling and amusement. For dark tourism, there is a tendency less amusement and more
edification (Stone and et. al., 2018). Not each dark tourism site can bring visitors both enjoyment
and teaching Dark tourism encourages are dark and complex to untangle: a mix of admiration
and excitement of coming into shut nearness with loss. From the dark tourism, more and more
individual and travellers get knowledge, teaching and explanation from the real account
particularly for the topic reliable to the life and death. Along with this, visiting black heritage
within dark tourism magnetism can be a very enlightening knowledge by creating consciousness
5

of appalling proceedings of the history, dark tourism leads human to acknowledge the globe.
When much of modern sightseeing is basically about exercise, travelling a dark magnetism can
be a multi dimensional knowledge that can have a bottomless influence on their life.
CONCLUSION
This has been concluded that dark tourism is comparatively rare aspect which is mainly to
be manifested in the context of one-off events like disasters or murders, with interest in the
destination or event trailing offer quickly. There are several political and social events like
exhibitions, museums and others which have driven the maximised awareness of black heritages
within dark tourism. These kinds of events provide detailed information about the historical
backgrounds of sites and dark tourism destinations. Along with this, the Stones Dark tourism
Spectrum offers a detail information regarding typologies of dark tourism. Also this assist in
offering a future direction with educational and knowledge perspective regarding Black heritage.
6

REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Stone, P.R. and et. al., 2018. The Palgrave handbook of dark tourism studies (pp. 335-354).
London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Martini, A. and Buda, D.M., 2020. Dark tourism and affect: Framing places of death and
disaster. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), pp.679-692.
Podoshen, J.S. and et. al., 2018. Dark tourism, abjection and blood: A festival context. Tourism
Management, 64, pp.346-356.
Boateng, H., Okoe, A.F. and Hinson, R.E., 2018. Dark tourism: Exploring tourist's experience at
the Cape Coast Castle, Ghana. Tourism management perspectives, 27, pp.104-110.
Stone, P.R., 2018. Dark tourism in an age of ‘spectacular death’. In The Palgrave Handbook of
Dark Tourism Studies (pp. 189-210). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Lennon, J.J., 2018. Dark tourism visualisation: Some reflections on the role of photography.
In The Palgrave Handbook of Dark Tourism Studies (pp. 585-602). Palgrave
Macmillan, London.
Seaton, T., 2018. Encountering engineered and orchestrated remembrance: a situational model of
dark tourism and its history. In The Palgrave Handbook of Dark Tourism Studies (pp.
9-31). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Weaver, D. and et. al., 2018. Dark tourism, emotions, and postexperience visitor effects in a
sensitive geopolitical context: A Chinese case study. Journal of Travel Research, 57(6),
pp.824-838.
Online
Dark Tourism: Concepts, Typologies and Sites. 2020. [Online]. Available Through: <
https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/dark-tourism-concepts-typologies-and-sites-oSTE.php?
article_id=4911#:~:text=The%20consensus%20between%20the%20literature,Ghost%20Tourism
%2C%20and%20Holocaust%20Tourism.>.
Dark Tourism: Concepts, Typologies and Sites. 2020. [Online]. Available Through: <
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/70647233.pdf >.
7

8