Applying Ethical Theory

This essay analyzes the case study on AI, Death, and Mourning, discussing it from the viewpoints of Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue, and Contract theories. It provides recommendations based on ethical theories for decision-making.

Running head: APPLYING ETHICAL THEORY
APPLYING ETHICAL THEORY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note:

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Table of Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................2
Discussion............................................................................................................................2
Deontology......................................................................................................................3
Utilitarianism...................................................................................................................3
Virtue...............................................................................................................................5
Contract............................................................................................................................5
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................6
References............................................................................................................................6

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Introduction
With every passing year, Technology tends to effect the live of large number of people. It
also tends to effect the way by which people respond to death and their mourning. People after
death does not have grieve after death and along with not memorizing their loved ones for their
social media accounts (University, 2019). It is mainly inclusive of digital assets which will be
painfully reminded by large number of associated. Sadness is there from the very beginning of
the world. But with the help of technology the way of responding to students, the method of
responding to it has changed a lot (Drury, Lucia & Caruso, 2017). One such kind of development
is building “griefbots”. Artificial Intelligence in the coming time will help in crafting data which
is left by individual. It emphasizes on convincing on person based on text based simulation for
various person.
In the coming pages of the essay an idea has been provided with respect to research in
this given topic that is AI, Death, and Mourning. It will ultimately help them in analyzing and
providing a discussion of this case study. This particular case study has been analyzed from
viewpoint of four classical theories that is Utilitarianism, Deontology, Contract and lastly virtue.
The last section of the report mainly deals with list of recommendation for this essay.
Discussion
The article in the link mainly discusses about Ahmad which has been working on own
“griefbot”. This particular project has ultimately resulted into death of his father (Edel, 2018). It
comes up with reclaim of effort which is needed for understanding the overall interaction with
whom everything has deceased with time (University, 2019). There is certain amount of
interaction that can provide envision of interactivity. Ahmad father died four years ago so that

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any future children would not be establish bonding with their grandfather. He spent last few
years in collecting required data as his father left him dead. He collected some data like audio
and video messages recordings and last text messages. This particular information is required for
creating new message program which imitate his father (Habermas, 2015). Ahmad has a 2 years
old daughter which he continues to developed based on simulation. He has mainly done this so
that the daughter can look alike her grandfather.
Deontology
This particular class of ethical theory aims in looking to certain number of obligation and
engaged duties (Katsafanas, 2018). It is mainly engaged when the decision making play a critical
role in ethics of this given case study. It merely highlights the fact that the person will follow
obligation to another individual and society. It is generally done as a result of upholding the duty
of an individual or even society because of upholding (University, 2019). It is considered to be
an important aspect which ethical correct in nature. A deontologist will focus on keeping the
promise of an individual and will allow the allow the low follow. If the person adheres on using
deontological theory which helps in providing consistent decision. It will be totally based on
certain number of individual based decision.
Deontology comes up with many kind of positive attributes but also comes up different
kind of flaws (Laitinen, 2016). One of the such flaw can be rational logic which is required for
deciding logic based decision for individual based decision. For example, business person can
easily make decision with respect to duty which is required for meetings on given time. Although
there are some good things in it but facts have been highlighted for understanding the duty.
Students been highlighted for understanding the list of behavior. It mainly arises as a result of

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conflict. If the business person who running for this event is late then it is a big question that how
they can drive.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarian makes use of certain number of ethical theories which are required for
understanding the overall consequence of the given action. Utilitarian focus on getting benefits
of large number of people which is ethical correct in nature (Lee, 2017). There are mainly two
kind of utilitarianism that is act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. The Act utilitarianism focus
on defining the utilitarianism. A person generally does this act which is benefit for most of the
people ignoring the personal feeling on certain constraint like laws. Rule utilitarianism takes into
account certain number of laws which are associated with fairness. It helps in performing the act
which can benefit large number of people. It is with respect to personal feeling or even social
constraint like law (Moor,2017). The biggest benefit of rule utilitarianism is that it can fairly
adjust with the values and justice which is inclusive of benefits on the same time.
Both the kind of methodology that is act and rule comes up various kind of disadvantage
(Norlock, 2016). People from various region of the world can easily use their life experiences for
gathering experiences. It helps in getting certain experiences from life which is required for
predicting outcome (University, 2019). A kind of uncertainty can easily result in unexpected
result which makes the decision of utilitarian decision like an unethical time pass. It does not
result in any kind of choice with respect to benefit of large number of people. The second
assumption which can be taken into account is utilitarian based decision which highlights on his
and her ability. It is merely compared to different kind of consequences against one another. At

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the time of comparing gains like money and intangible gain like happiness. It is considered to be
most difficult aspect for their respect qualities which can differ to a very extent.
The decision of utilitarian is merely achieved with the notion of getting maximum
number of goods (Russell, 2016). So, an individual right can easily vary upon for getting huge
number of benefit for large number of people. With respect to utilitarianism which is not always
connected to justice and benefits. It is mainly due to individual who are oppressing that can
easily result in much better kind of solution for the benefit of the large number of people. Till
now, there are some challenges with respect to utilitarian decision that tends to take place when
an individual encounter for addressing the given condition (Sen, 2017). It ultimately results in
huge number of changes in these condition.
Virtue
The virtue ethical theory focus on judge a person just by his or her character as a result of
action(Yazdani & Murad, 2015). It may deviate from his or her normal behavior. It mainly takes
into account the moral of a person, reputation and motivation for unusual behavior which is
considered to be on the ethical side. If a plagiarized message is detected by an individual, then it
can have peer of a person for understanding its character (University, 2019). It will ultimately
judge the person accordingly. If the given plagiarizer follow rule accordingly then he can be
judge as per the need (Woods & Maguire, 2017). The researcher may have a late night and forgot
the sources as per the need. A person can easily have issues with respect for academic conduct.
One of the weakness of the virtue of ethical theory is that it does not take into account any kind
of change in the moral character of any individual.
Contract

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The whole idea of social theory in the beginning is that man believed a large number of
things in the nature. In the beginning, there was no government for regulating it. There were both
kind of issue like hardship and oppression on different section of the society (Wagner & Dahnke,
2015). For overcoming this particular situation two things can be taken into account that is
Pactum Unions and Pactum Subjetionis. With every passing year, technology tends to affect the
life of large number of people. Sadness in this world is as old as the whole world (University,
2019). There are mainly news ways for responding to the issues through technology. Griefbots
can be considered to be one of the such kind of development (Woods & Maguire, 2017). The
case study mainly tends to highlight the importance of artificial intelligence. This particular
person has been working on the present “griefbot”. This particular project comes up with a
response plan for the death of his father. Ahmad father died four years back so his children will
not be able to see this father image. In the last few years, Ahmad has collected data like audio,
video based recordings and transcript letters. This particular information has helped in creating
messages which can easily imitate his father.
Conclusion
From the above pages, it can be easily concluded that this essay is all about analyzing the
case study of AI, Death and Mourning. A research has been carried out on the present case study
which will help in providing a discussion on essay. An analysis has been carried out from the
point of four theories that is Utilitarianism, deontology, virtue and contract. The last of the essay
mainly deals with list of recommendation for this given case study. Ethical theories are
considered to be a part of decision making which is needed for Decision making. These theories
can easily take into from the viewpoints which is required for getting guidance of the decision
rule.

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References
Drury, M., Lucia, J., & Caruso, V. (2017). Autonomous Vehicles: An Ethical Theory to Guide
Their Future.
Edel, A. (2018). Ethical Theory and Social Change. Routledge.
Habermas, J. (2015). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and
democracy. John Wiley & Sons.
Katsafanas, P. (2018). The Antichrist as a guide to Nietzsche’s mature ethical theory. In The
Nietzschean Mind (pp. 95-114). Routledge.
Laitinen, A. (2016). Hegelian Constructivism in Ethical Theory?. I that is We and We that is I”.
Perspectives on Contemporary Hegel: Social Ontology, Recognition, Naturalism, and the
Critique of Kantian Constructivism, 127-146.
Lee, C. (2017). Mind as Conceptual Structure: On Ethical Theory of CI Lewis’s Conceptual
Pragmatism.
Moor, J. H. (2017). What is computer ethics?. In Computer Ethics (pp. 31-40). Routledge.
Norlock, K. J. (2016). The Challenges of Extreme Moral Stress: Claudia Card's Contributions to
the Formation of Nonideal Ethical Theory. Metaphilosophy, 47(4-5), 488-503.
Russell, B. (2016). Contractualism, Consequentialism and the Moral Landscape: A New Pro-
Contractualist Picture of Ethical Theory.
Sen, A. (2017). Elements of a theory of human rights. In Justice and the Capabilities
Approach (pp. 221-262). Routledge.

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University, S. (2019). AI, Death, and Mourning. [online] Scu.edu. Available at:
https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/internet-ethics/resources/ai-death-and-mourning/
[Accessed 11 Jan. 2019].
Wagner, J. M., & Dahnke, M. D. (2015). Nursing ethics and disaster triage: Applying utilitarian
ethical theory. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 41(4), 300-306.
Woods, J., & Maguire, B. (2017). Model Theory, Hume's Dictum, and the Priority of Ethical
Theory.
Yazdani, N., & Murad, H. S. (2015). Toward an ethical theory of organizing. Journal of
Business Ethics, 127(2), 399-417.