Sustainable Urban Development

The provided list of books and articles covers various aspects of sustainable urban development, including green infrastructure, urban agriculture, and community engagement. The summary highlights key themes such as balancing human and natural systems, managing resources efficiently, and fostering resilience in the face of climate change.

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Abstract
Economic developments are fast pushing the human population into cities leading to a rapid
wipeout of the city greenery to create more spaces for the erections of buildings and other
facilities aimed at maintaining the life in the new residential areas. Native plant species in
Melbourne are found to be affected by these developments, which serve to replace the soft
natural landscape with sterile landscapes of green spaces. The research aims at bringing back the
lost greenery to the city by encouraging the integration of foodscaping in high-rise residential
buildings. Precedent studies are used in this research to identify the design possibilities to
achieve the goal considering the different systems in which this has been conducted before in the
same as well as different geographical contexts.

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Contents
Abstract...................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 4
1.1. Edible landscape.............................................................................................. 7
1.2. Research Question........................................................................................... 7
1.3. Aim................................................................................................................... 7
1.4. Rethinking Urbanization and landscape, the edible landscape in cities and the
threats to the urban edible landscape.....................................................................8
1.5. Thesis Structure............................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY.................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH BACKGROUND.....................................................................12
3.1. Edible Urban Landscape................................................................................. 12
3.2. Permaculture.................................................................................................. 12
3.3. Australian Edible Native Plants and Growing Conditions for Native Plants.....13
3.4. Climate in Melbourne..................................................................................... 15
3.5. Conservation of Australian Native Plants Growing in Cities............................16
3.6. Role of Architecture in the Conservation of Edible Native Plant Species in
Cities..................................................................................................................... 18
3.7. Systems (Growing, Maintaining, Harvesting)..................................................19
CHAPTER 4: CRITICAL REVIEW OF SELECTED PRECEDENTS.....................................21
4.1. Edible schoolyard, Brooklyn...........................................................................21
4.2. Making the edible Campus-collaborative project of McGill University............23
4.3. In Tokyo, A Vertical Farm Inside and Out.......................................................24
4.4. Sky at One Central Park in Sydney by Jean Nouvel........................................26
4.5. Newton Suites by WOHA................................................................................ 28
4.6. Medibank/ HASSEL......................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS - PROPOSALS......................................................35
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION........................................................................................ 37
References............................................................................................................... 38

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
The research aims at improving greenery in Melbourne (bringing back the lost greenery to the
city) to conserve Australian natural heritage (native plants) because the construction of buildings
consumes Green spaces in the city. This is achieved through integrating edible landscape using
native plants using appropriate systems in residential high-rise buildings in Melbourne. The
expected outcomes are among the conservation of the native plants, restoration of the lost glory
of greenery, reduction in the stress by engaging in gardening among residents, increases
interaction levels among the inhabitants of the residential buildings and above all increase access
and supply of quality food for the residents through foodscaping and helpful for students and
tourists to study about natural heritage.
Australia is one of such countries that are undergoing rapid urbanization with up to the tune of
54% of her population residing in the cities (Lonsdale, 2017, p.377). With such a population
proportion settled in the cities, the cities would need to expand in order to be able to sustain and
provide for the necessary requirements. This results in urban sprawl in such cities. Urban sprawl
refers to the movement of a population from a densely populated city or towns to residential
development of low density over more land that is rural. At the end of the day, the city and its
suburbs will spread to the neighboring geographical boundaries. As this happens, native plants
remain to be a threat, as the rural land would clear to create more spaces for construction.
In as much as urban sprawl comes with such benefits as the creation of local economic growth,
the disadvantages associated with the trend are of dire consequences. Higher water and air
pollution, loss of agricultural capacity, increased traffic jams, harmful effects on humans, loss of
natural habitat, open spaces, and wildlife, as well as increase car dependency, are among the

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effects of urban sprawl (Merino, 2014, p.241). Through urban sprawl, open spaces, farmland,
parks, and habitats of wildlife remain at stake. Productive landscapes and natural environment
are converted to streets; parks and open spaces are converted to strip malls and highways thereby
leading to the elimination of numerous acres of open spaces, farms, and parks. As the sprawling
highways and neighborhood consume the open spaces, the natural habitats of flora and fauna are
engulfed and the open spaces are not spared either as they disappear underneath the concrete
thereby causing a major threat to the important ecosystems.
This research is based in Melbourne, one of the cities in Australia. Of special interest with the
city is the tremendous expansion that it undergoes. The rate of the growth and expansion of
Melbourne has been established to be greater than Sydney (Cardew, 2006, p.265) thereby
meteoric rise in buildings construction can heavily be witnessed. The high growth and expansion
rate comes with numerous economic benefits but still, the negative impacts of the growth of the
environment cannot be ignored. Just like any other cities, Melbourne city has the CBD,
residential areas, and natural areas. The Central Business District is the epicenter of the city and
mainly consists of very tall buildings to maximize the available land in the area. The residential
areas form the large faction of the city and are areas that are used for housing and in the
provision facilities.
The natural areas are the open spaces and offer the city dweller opportunities for recreation and
sports. These areas also serve as the habitats for the native population of plants ensuring that the
plant remains healthy and protected from potential damage or harm. It is estimated that up to
70% of the new housing in Melbourne will be erected in the suburbs by the year 2032 (Cardew,
2006, p.254). This means more natural and virgin land in Melbourne will be cleared and sterile
landscaping including pavements and highways will be the main vegetation cover. Most of the

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vegetation that will be lost is the native plants thereby creating a risk of extinction of those plant
species. Ecosystems will be lost as a result of the destruction of the vegetation.
Still, Melbourne is of interest due to its unique climate in comparison with other cities in
Australia. The weather in the city is never predictable with the four seasons said to be
experienced in a day in Melbourne. Melbourne gets much hotter than the other cities in the
eastern part of Australia during summer. The dry days never go for too long and are usually
followed by spells that are pleasantly cooler. It is seldom heavy and humid in the city. Australia
has an environmentally unique land mass due to its geographical location and the flora and fauna
have successfully managed to adapt to the prevailing environmental conditions (AghaKouchak,
2012, p.278). The vegetation of the city can easily adapt to the ever-changing weather patterns.
This makes maintenance very easy upon the introduction of the (native) plants as long as they
have adapted to the prevailing conditions.
This research is geared towards investigating how edible landscape can be integrated into
residential high-rise buildings in Melbourne using Australian native plants. Introducing plants
that are of health and economic benefits to the residents can be used as a strategy for introducing
the cultivating systems. Australian native edible landscaping can be used to encourage urban
dwellers to grow homegrown food. Residents can use these plants for their culinary and/or
medicinal purposes. There are a wide variety of native plants in Australia of all colors, shape,
and sizes.
Many advantages are accrued by growing native plants among them the protection of the
heritage. Australian native plants are best suited for this research as they are naturally adapted
and equipped to live in the local climatic conditions of the country (AghaKouchak, 2012,

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p.313). This means the plants would need no chemicals and less water in order to be grown into
mature plants. Among the benefits that will come with growing the plants are environmentally
related and including reductions of the noise levels as well as cleaning up the surrounding air.
Growing at individual levels, roof terraces used for community gardens and hydroponics are
among the techniques that will be used to achieve the aims of this research. The expected
outcomes are among the conservation of the native plants, restoration of the lost glory of
greenery, reduction in the stress of engaging in gardening among residents, increases interaction
levels among the inhabitants of the residential buildings and above all increase access and supply
of food for the residents through home gardening, helpful for students and tourists to study about
natural heritage and improve healthy environment in the city.
1.1. Edible landscape
Edible landscape means refers to the incorporation of food plants within a decorative or
ornamental setting. It entails incorporating plants that produce food in the landscape. An
attractive design can be established through combining vegetables, edible flowers, fruit trees, nut
trees and shrubs with berries to produce vegetables and fruits that can be used for home
consumption (Bennett, 2013, p.302).
1.2. Research Question
What are the most appropriate systems to integrate edible landscape using Australian native
plants in urban residential high-rise buildings in Melbourne?
1.3. Aim
The research aims at identifying the most appropriate systems that can be adapted to grow edible
plants in urban residential high-rise buildings

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1.4. Rethinking Urbanization and landscape, the edible
landscape in cities and the threats to the urban edible
landscape
As a result of the tremendous changes in the economic systems, numerous developments have
been witnessed in the urban areas and cities. Urban landscaping has formed an important aspect
of modern urban construction as well as a platform for the development of economic conditions.
Unfortunately, as more and more people find their ways into the urban centers and towns in
search of better conditions of life, the population sizes of towns have seen rapid growth that pose
a threat to the urban landscape (Cohen, 2012, p.218). As urban areas undergo rapid
development, numerous changes are experienced by the impact on the buildings, roads as well as
recreation states. The population increase raises alarm for extra buildings and other amenities in
the urban areas high in turn to consume the natural habitats in the urban areas. The result is the
wiping out of the indigenous plants, as their spaces would be occupied by skyscrapers to
accommodate the overwhelming human population. Still, the increased human population in the
urban areas calls for more food supply which must be derived mainly from the plant, which is at
the highest risks of being wiped out.
In the words of Clean Water Action Council, "The rate at which we chew landscapes and natural
environment in the cities to come up with fringed industrial parks, new highways and sprawled
housing projects is alarming. The losses in landscapes eradicate our ability to grow food, timber,
and fiber. Day in day out, the wetlands, wild forests, and meadows are constantly disappearing
and their places are taken up by building, pavement and other forms of sterile urban landscaping
(Klein, 2014). The remaining habitat section is reduced in size; more fragmented and highly
degraded reducing the chances of survival of certain species wildlife as they strive to get to the

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sites of hibernation, breeding ponds and locations for feeding. The ability of such wildlife to
establish their nesting areas is as well eliminated.”
1.5. Thesis Structure
The thesis is structured into six chapters.
Chapter 1 which serves as the introductory chapter and encompasses such sub-chapters among
them introducing edible landscape, research statement, aim, and urbanization, rethinking
urbanization and landscape, the edible landscape in cities and the threats to the urban edible
landscape.
Chapter 2 is based on the methodology of the thesis. The chapter defines the approach that will
be adopted to achieve the research aims and objectives.
Chapter 3 is the research background chapter and gives insights into the various subtopics that
are related and are of utmost significance to the thesis such as urban edible landscape,
permaculture, climate of Melbourne, Australian edible native plants and growing conditions for
native plants, conservation of Australian native plants growing in cities, role of architecture in
the conservation of edible native plant species in cities, systems (growing, maintaining,
harvesting)
Chapter 4: Critical review of selected precedents which gives an in-depth analysis of the chosen
solutions that could be of utmost relevance. The precedents are chosen on the basis of the
uniqueness in terms of geographical and climatic locations in order to enable exploration of a
range of options.
Chapter 5 is about research findings-proposals in which the design proposals are made on the
best options for integrating edible urban foodscape in high buildings in Melbourne. The design

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proposals are made based on the critical analysis done in chapter 4 above. The subtopics
categorization from critical review data points, design framework for edible landscape using
native plants – fruits, vegetable and herbs in urban residential high-rise buildings in Melbourne
help in exploring into finer details this chapter.
Chapter 6: Conclusion. This is a chapter that gives a brief summary of the findings in the thesis
as a whole. It is in this chapter that recommendations for further work can as well be made
should there be a need.

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CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
Critical review based on precedents will be conducted to gain an in-depth analysis and
understanding of the research. Critical review as a research methodology is important in helping
in gaining an understanding of complicated issues or objects and can further an experience and
add strengths as well as identify weaknesses to something that is already to the knowledge of a
researcher through previous research. Through the critical review, detailed contextual analysis of
a number of conditions or events is done and their relationships established (Cardew, 2006,
p.299). Numerous critical reviews will be selected for this research with the focus being on
urban edible landscape applications and successes in various contexts. The research topic will be
investigated, explored, the data found out from precedents, and data from other research papers
as secondary data collection method compared with the research filed.
Specific issues within the boundaries of specific environment or situation are analyzed through
critical review in the three different categories. While explanatory precedents are used in
answering the questions how or why descriptive case studies give an in-depth analysis of the
pattern and sequence of interpersonal events after a certain period. In this research, explanatory
precedents will be used to explore the question how edible landscape can be integrated into
urban residential high-rise buildings in Melbourne using native Australian plants. It will also
explore why such integration is deemed important to the residents of the city (AghaKouchak,
2012, p.338). Exploratory precedents, on the other hand, seek answers to the questions who or
what and are in most cases accompanied by additional methods of data collection among them
experiments, questionnaires, and interviews. The following steps will be used in conducting the
precedents analysis:

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 Determination and definition of the research question(s)
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH BACKGROUND
3.1. Edible Urban Landscape
To the tune of 66% of the population of the world is expected to inhabit the cities by 2050
according to the predictions by the United Nations. These statistics have implications for the
environment and humanity as the cities are ideally resource-intensive and thus need large
amounts of energy, water food and many other natural resources (Augustin, 2011, p.112).
The vast requirements leave the faction of the planet with a very large burden, which does not
need to be that way. The urban areas can provide an excellent laboratory that can be used for the
purposes of transforming the world into a highly sustainable place as opposed to being the source
of the tremendous drain of the environment and the available natural resources (Lonsdale,
2017, p.268). Cities have the capacity to be self-sustaining and meet the needs of every dweller
of the urban areas. The cities are able to supply their own energy, conserve water, produce their
own food as well as continually recycle resource should permaculture design and other principles
of sustainable living be incorporated in the cities.
3.2. Permaculture
Integration of permaculture design into the design of cities and the manners in which we dwell in
such cities can enable us to generate and recycle most of what we need and thus eliminate the
unnecessary pressure on the resources sourced from the rural areas. This would enhance the
recovery of most of the ecosystems and thus lead to ease of restoration of the already degraded
landscapes. The overall results will be the restoration of the soil and sustainability of the human
basic needs. Among the many ways through which permaculture can help in the tackling of some
of the highly pressing challenges faced in the cities, including energy use, the effect of urban

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heat island, demand and wastage of natural resources, food and hunger and water among other
challenges (Klein, 2014, p.415). Permaculture proposes solutions to all these challenges from
the within the challenges.
Elaborate information into permaculture has mainly been derived from the traditional culture in
which ecosystems that are edible and regenerative can be established through observations from
the modern technology and natural environment to meet the needs of human beings in the
creation of sustainability (Bennett, 2013, p.201). Permaculture revolves around observing
nature and following it keenly to come up with an everlasting supply of food. This was a concept
derived from Australia that adopted various design principles that could change balcony,
gardens, patio or rooftops into areas that could produce food sustainably. Even though it is a new
idea to some extent, urban permaculture is not absolutely new in practice. It aims at changing the
cities through make them greener and more sustainable through encouraging the dwellers to be
part of a more holistic way of living even in the biggest of all cities. It facilitates the generation
of a continuous cycle in which everything is exploited to their fullest potential and nothing is left
to waste or idleness (Birnbaum, 2014, p.142).
3.3. Australian Edible Native Plants and Growing Conditions for
Native Plants
Populations have been sustained for thousands of years by the Australian native plants despite
having been ignored by the early European settlers. These foods are rich in vitamins, proteins,
and minerals and are in the forms of seeds, fruits or tubers. The interest in the use of native
plants for food is rapidly gaining interest (AghaKouchak, 2012, p.420). The design and
purpose of the plant are one of the fundamental considerations when a choice is being made on
the most appropriate edible Australian native plant. The ability of most of the native Australian

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plants to resist most of the pests and diseases is an added advantage as this would reduce the care
and maintenance cost in terms of eliminating drugs that can be used in ensuring they are kept in
good health conditions.
The native edible Australian plants are classified into trees, herbs, fruits shrubs, and climbers as
well as vegetables depending on their growth habits. Each of the classification groups has
numerous examples of plants that belong to the group. Vegetables are among them bush
tomato/desert raisin and solanum central while herbs include native ginger and alpiniacaerulea
(Bowden, 2015, p.150). Climbing apple berry, climbing or nodding saltbush, midyim berry
and oval leaf mint bush are among the examples of native edible Australian plants that are
classified as climbers and shrubs. Fruits include Blue flax lily also called dianellacaerulea, bush
cherries, and the finger lime. Mountain pepper, native finger lime, macadamia nut tree, bibbery
and lemon myrtle are among the examples of edible native Australian plants that are classified
under trees.
Among the plants are as discussed:
Macadamia nut: It is in most cases eaten by the Aboriginal people inhabiting the southern
Queensland in which the climate supports the growth of the plant. Macadamia nuts have been
grown in Australia on a commercial basis since 1963.
Sweet quandong: A very common desert or savory fruit is in most cases taken fresh. It is in most
cases halved, dried and then reconstituted before a little sugar is added to lower the levels of
acidity thereby enhancing the flavor.
Macquarie Island cabbage: A plant endemic to Macquarie Island and has leaves like geranium
that is edible and were mostly consumed by the shipwrecked sailors and seal hunters. It was used

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for medicinal purposes in the prevention of scurvy. The plant produced numerous seeds per
annum and can adapt to various soils and tolerate a wide range of temperatures (Cockrall-King,
2012, p.177).
Blackwood: The seeds are used in the manufacturing of quality flour that is usable in making
cakes, pastries, beverages, damper, and desserts. Ripe seeds have very high protein, fat, and
carbohydrate content.
Redbush apple: This is an important food source for the Aboriginal people residing in the
northern parts of Australia. It is a fruit with a spongy texture known for its rich vitamin C
content. Mostly grows in sandy soils behind the beaches. The fruits are used in ice cream, jam,
sorbets, and relishes (Cohen, 2012, p.230).
3.4. Climate in Melbourne
Melbourne is a city located in the southern part of Australia and has a subtropical ocean climate
with mild winters and summers that are pleasantly warm. Due to the location of the city on the
south, the weather is ever changing following the flow of westerly winds that brings amount low-
pressure systems during most of the months of the year. The city does not experience a lot of
rainfall as the amount of rainfall is about 650 mm which is normally well disturbed over the four
seasons of the years. This means Melbourne does not experience a completely dry season even
though the least seasons of rains are experienced in summer (Hepperle, 2017, p.172).
The city is reachable by both the cold air masses from the sea is that surrounding Antarctica as
well as the dry and hot air masses which originate from the deserts of Australia. This leads to
temperature swings in the city. On the other side, the winds are more prone as there a westerlies

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which blow during most of the times of the year and the sea breeze that is experienced in the
afternoons during summer when the weather of the day is sunny.
Springs in the city are experienced between September and November which are initially cool
and gain mildness progressively. The springs are normally accompanied by rains and windy
weather due to the clashes between the hot and dry air masses from the desert and the cold air
masses from the sea that surrounds Antarctica. Winter is experienced between late May and
August and is normally windy that is accompanied by a wind that normally increases the feeling
of cold during this season (Dhakal, 2017, p.258). The season is accompanied by frequent
rains. Nevertheless, between a disturbance and another that may be experienced on sunny days.
The city experiences very few very cold days with the average coldest month being July during
which the temperature is 9.5⁰C.
Summer is experienced by December and mid-march with pleasantly warm temperatures as the
maximum temperature during such seasons is approximately 24/26⁰C. During summer, the
nights are still cool and maybe a bit cold with the possibilities of temperatures dropping to as low
as 8/10⁰C. Sunny days and winds are a common phenomenon with this seasons which
experiences minimal rainfall even though there are low-pressure systems which bring about
rainfall in additions to short thunderstorms that have the capability of breaking out. Autumn is
experienced from March to May and is normally mild, gaining a rainier and cooler weather
progressively over the days. Fair amounts of windy days are experiences and it might it relatively
cold during the nights as the temperature may drop to as low as 5⁰C (Cribb, 2010, p.310).
3.5. Conservation of Australian Native Plants Growing in Cities
The world climate has been undergoing rapid transformation and focus has shifted to native
gardens following the harsh environmental conditions that are caused by global warming, a

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significant reduction in the levels of rainfall and the disappearance of the natural habitats. The
concept of the built environment has historically rejected the notion of creating a balance with
the natural environment to the extent that the safety of home is a factor if how much far it is from
the wild and cruel nature of the outside (Eanes, 2013, p.203). Design of buildings and other
structures were done in response to the fear of the natural disasters, the untamed growth of
woodland areas and forests as well as uncontrollable animals. To this extent, it is unfortunate that
there is the destruction of the natural infrastructure as results of the aims by human beings to
achieve what they term more convenience in life.
The convenience is determined by how easily they can drive through services and large shopping
malls. There has been an immense disregard for the natural process that occurs in the cities and
the implications of such actions have turned out to be dangerous and costly. Numerous cities
have had to suffer the cost of failing to consider natural processes which have by far extended to
the quality of life of human beings that dwell in such cities (Fanzo, 2013, p.360). This is a fact
that has been witnessed with the unprecedented growth in the urban areas around the world and
as can be observed from urban history, the problems associated with contemporary urbanizations
are seemingly here to stay should the necessary measures nit be adopted as soon as possible.
The focus has to shift from perceiving nature as a superficial embellishment and a luxury that is
only achievable in gardens and parks. Instead, nature should be viewed as one of the integral
aspects of urban forms as opposed to an important force that permeates the city. The ecosystems
are important in the provision of the basic human and social systems. The biospheres help in the
nurturing of the human minds besides the lungs and the stomachs. The current city is an organic
process which is an unhealthy biosystem suggestion has been made by the biophilic hypothesis
that human beings tend to affiliate with other living organisms as well as living processes

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(Gliessman, 2009, p.190). There is needed to be contact between the biodiverse world and
humans in order to stimulate the development of the social, emotional and cognitive potentials.
An extinction of experience is lost when the living community of other organisms is lowered and
the interaction between such a community and humans is lost. This results in a total loss of the
real ecological knowledge as well as the emotional attachment to nature (Gossop, 2011,
p.306). The need to conserve the natural vegetation goes hand in and with the need to reduce the
negative impacts that have been caused by the activities of human beings in the urban areas.
Vegetation helps in the absorption of materials that cause pollution as well as facilitating the
generation of oxygen. Still, the vegetation has assisted with the rainfall and the maintenance of
the temperature and humidity, soil reinforcements thereby promoting the tolerance of the living
conditions of the urban areas and hence healthier. Greenery in the cities plays an important role
in improving the conditions of water, air, and soils as well as conserving the native ecosystems
of Australia (James, 2014, p.142).
3.6. Role of Architecture in the Conservation of Edible Native
Plant Species in Cities
Architects and designers have a major role to play when it comes to integration of edible
landscape into the urban cities. This goes hand in hand with the landscape architects changing
their approaches to the current gardening and agricultural design to produce more edible species
of plants (Downton, 2010, p.269). The role of a landscape architect is to create the meaning
of our experience and landscape and to establish solutions to the challenges that we experience in
our environment time and over again. With this understanding in place, the challenge of food,
which is our greatest challenge, should form the central focus of landscape architects.

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Architects have a role in fostering the integration between architecture and urban ecosystems.
This is achievable through encouraging ecological planning and design as one of the best options
when it comes to saving the resources for the future generations. The architects motivate and
support the mutual relationships with the various professionals and stakeholders who handle
planning and design of both the natural and the built environment (James, 2014, p.200).
Teamwork is encouraged and the spirit of cooperation with landscape designers, agriculturalists,
officials of urban conservation, biologists, activists for wetland and clean water, musician and
artists, policymakers, community organizers, advocates for environmental justices among other
stakeholders.
The cooperation will seek to adopt a critical analysis of the environmental issues and challenges
as a strategy in fostering a systems approach to taking care of the fragile environment. The
cooperation will as well introduce a system design model that encompasses all the academic and
professional boundaries and creates a distinction between the physical sciences and social
sciences to gravitate towards a transdisciplinary approach to solving the environmental and
social problems. Through this approach, high-quality building design, natural light, water,
integration of greenery and natural building materials will achieve a harmonious balance (Lal,
2017, p.270).
3.7. Systems (Growing, Maintaining, Harvesting)
Urban food scaping can be achieved through divergent approaches. The examples below are
among such that will need some time, output levels, different food, and management in order to
achieve:
 Planting of food-bearing trees by individuals or communities to get vegetables or fruits

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 Creation of ecosystems in the arid and semi-arid areas to help in the production of food in
the form of communities that are in small scales but rich is sophistication.
 The creation of gardens on rooftops to aid in the generation of fresh air, beauty,
cultivation of crops for food even making habitats (Hepperle, 2017, p.261)
 Location of private gardens in a specific and particular area in the suburbs as opposed to
the urban areas.

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CHAPTER 4: CRITICAL REVIEW OF SELECTED
PRECEDENTS
The following are the precedents that have been selected for the purposes of in-depth analysis in
a bid to gain an insight into the research problem:
4.1. Edible schoolyard, Brooklyn
Figure 1: Edible Schoolyard and the external facades
This was a project that aimed at ensuring that sustainability projects are introduced into the lives
of children at tender ages. The edible elements in the project would pique the interest of the
children and thus aid the next generation in realizing the significant of eco-friendly movement
(Klein, 2014, p.302).
The Edible Schoolyard project was designed mainly to offer a unique learning experience to the
younger learners in New York. The design is a series of sustainable systems that are interlinked
in which the building generates energy and heat, processes compost, collects rainwater as well as

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sorts waste using an off-grid infrastructure. The school is composed of a mobile greenhouse and
a kitchen classroom. These structures bring together the children in an environment of learning
that fosters eco-friendliness (Lonsdale, 2017, p.320). The roof of the kitchen classroom which
is the facility used by the children in the preparation of their meals directs rainwater for
reclamation. The mobile greenhouse works in such a way that it lengthens the growing season by
covering 1600 square feet of soil during the colder months. The gardens are used as avenues for
allowing the children to take care of the plants.
On the opposite side of the yard is a systems wall which is a series of spaces such as a space for
sorting wastes and composting, a cistern, a tool shed, solar batteries, facilities for dishwashing
and a chicken coop (MacLean, 2012, p.166). The project offers one of the greatest ways of
introducing the various sustainable methods and techniques into the lives of children at an early
age. Through the incorporation of edible elements into the project, the interest of the children is
piqued and hence helpful in making the next generation notice the need for eco-friendly
movement. This forms one of the strengths of the projects. The context of the project is such that
a greater task in the success of the project is done by the children who instill the spirit and
interest of sustainability on one hand and provide food to the children on the other hand.
Numerous systems involved in the project make it a fully sustainable system. From reclaiming
rainwater to the use of solar batteries and compositing of wastes, the processes involved in the
project are fully environmentally friendly (Maheshwari, 2016, p.206). All these processes
end up producing food that is sufficient to feed the 30 children throughout their meals. By
providing food to the children, they are motivated to continue working on the project as they all
have a reason to inject efforts in the task. This gives an opportunity to the children to make sense

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of direct benefits of sustainability besides learning the various approaches that can be used in
achieving sustainable development.
4.2. Making the edible Campus-collaborative project of McGill
University
Figure 2: The external facades and the incorporated plantings were done by McGill University
This was a collaborative project between McGill School or Architecture, Alternatives and
Santropol Roulant and aimed at involving the citizens in the establishment of green and edible
community spaces through illustrating how productive planting can be integrated into the urban
spaces without losing their functionality or utility (Massy, 2017, p.211).
The project was done by the Burnside Terrace that aimed at illustrating the strategies that may be
used in improving the production of food in the urban areas and making part of the sustainable
food cycle that is inclusive of food production, preparation, delivery as well as composting. The
project used about 200 self-watering containers and a rock basin that was 100 m2 which were

Architecture 25
changed into raided beds. The yield from the project was vegetables that could serve about 90
clients who had mobility impairments (Merino, 2014, p.174). The project was expanded
further following the support it received from Sustainability Fund that has enabled consolidation
of the garden to extend to the community with various educational initiates among them
interactive panels, posters, workshops, publication and public events making Edible Campus one
of the showcases of effective urban agriculture for all. The purpose of Edible Campus was to
illustrate how sustainability, quality of the environment and food security can be connected
through creative and innovative urban design to generated food in a challenging urban set up as
well as to illustrate ways to weave productive planting in the urban areas without losing the
functionality and utility of such urban spaces (Klein, 2014, p.471).
Still, the project has managed to deliver a lot of food to the campus and the community at large.
The project serves as a source of food to the occupants of the university through the fresh
vegetables harvested from the project returns. The campus has numerous students which
translates a large number of beneficiaries of the project. A significantly large population of
people benefits from the project which reduces the burden imposed on rural agriculture. The
excess supply from the project may be sold out to other consumers (Merino, 2014, p.158).
This serves as a motivation of the possibility of incorporating urban edible agriculture into office
buildings with success. Through this project, numerous vegetable species are conserved and
hence a guarantee of a continuation of the existence of such species even as the human
population remains high on the rise.

Architecture 26
4.3. In Tokyo, A Vertical Farm Inside and Out
Figure 3: External façade of Pesona HQ Office Building illustrating the incorporated edible
vegetation
As the population of the cities remains on the rise as a result of the ever-migrating large number
of young people, the concern for future agriculture grown. This has led to the development of
prototypes of vertical/urban farms which have taken into account the projected growth in the
urban areas which is a forecast for the future (Bennett, 2013, p.301). This was a project
developed in Tokyo Japan in response to the growing concern over food security following the
rapid migration of people into the cities. About 20% of the 215, 000 square feet of the offices in
Pesona have been dedicated to growing fresh vegetables in response to the increasing concern for
the future of agriculture thereby creating an urban farm in Japan.
The gardens incorporate a mix of soil-based farming and hydroponics and come with strict
climatic needs and controls within the building. Due to the specific climatic controls offered to
the gardens, it calls for keeping such spaces a bit warmer than is required of the comfort levels
for the office spaces. This has been considered as the greatest shortcoming of the building. The
food grown in the offices are meant for feeding just the employees at Pesona. The architecture
firm that is behind the project, Kono Designs, has illustrated its hopes of an inspiration from this

Architecture 27
new office type to the young urbanites to take another look at agriculture and if possible even
reinvigorate rural areas (Nelson, 2018, p.281). At the least standard, this project can be seen
as a poised inspiration to other offices to incorporate this new design trend.
Following the specific climatic needs of the plants grown in these offices, the main challenge
remains discomfort among the office dwellers. This results from a relatively warmer than the
stipulated thermal comfort zones of the offices (Otto-Zimmermann, 2011, p.328). This has a
negative impact on the service delivery of the office dwellers that have to bear with relatively
harsh environmental conditions as they go about their daily duties. It is most probable that the
management of the building may need to incorporate such services as mechanical cooling
systems in order to achieve the desired comforts required by the occupants of the offices. This in
the long run results on increased management and operation costs of the building. The overall
impact of the project is thus an interference with the designed functionality of the spaces of the
building as the focus shifts to agriculture at the expense of the comfort of the occupants (Weller,
2013, p.414).
On the other hand, the project has managed to deliver the largest urban farm in Japan. The
project serves a source of food to the occupants of the building offices through the fresh
vegetables harvested from the project returns. The Personal Office Headquarter Buildings
contains numerous offices spaces which translates a large number of beneficiaries of the project.
A significantly large population of people benefits from the project which reduces the burden
imposed on rural agriculture (Shelton, 2012, p.205). The excess supply from the project may
be sold out to other consumers. This serves as a motivation of the possibility of incorporating
urban edible agriculture into office buildings with success. Through this project, numerous

Architecture 28
vegetable species are conserved and hence a guarantee of a continuation of the existence of such
species even as the human population remains high on the rise.
4.4. Sky at One Central Park in Sydney by Jean Nouvel
Figure 4: The exterior façade of Sky at One Central Park
The public park that is located right in the middle of the precinct climbs on either side of the
glass towers from the floor to ceiling forming what is defined as a lush 21st-century canopy. The
canopy is composed of over 250 species of Australian plants and flowers in which the blooms
and the buds of the vegetation form a composition that is depictive of music on the facades. The
perfect frames of the skylines of Sydney are provided by the vines and foliage which spring out
between the floors (Tan, 2017, p.170).
Done by Ateliers Jean Novel architects, One Ocean Central Park which is located in LOT 1
Broadway, Central Park, Chippendale NSW 2008, Australia aimed at coming up with a building
which incorporated experienced for dwelling in harmony with the natural world. Using the
numerous species of Australian flowers and plants, the project forms a canopy of the 21st century
from the perfect frame in makes for the skyline of Sydney. Placed at the heart of enormous
masses of concrete, the project serves to bring back to the city the lost glory to the greenery and

Architecture 29
the natural environment. The park provides a lush tranquil meeting place that one can find
relaxation and fun wind friends and family members (Veenhuizen, 2014, p.203).
One of the strengths of the projects is its ability to conserve numerous native species of
Australian plants. There are up to 250 species of native Australian plants in the park. This
ensures conservation of such species in the urban dwelling context. This project as will illustrates
and offers inspiration of keeping the native species of plants even at the heart of cities that are
perceived to be meant for only lifeless landscapes and masses of concrete structures. Through the
project, the natural world and environment are brought back to the city thereby promoting
sustainability and conservation (Parry, 2007, p.371).
The park has gardens with lawns. These lawns offer convenient meeting place to the city
dwellers. Such features tend to bring back into the city a living. The environmental impacts of
the landscapes among them air purification, reduction of noise levels, and climatic control
among others benefits are attributed to the landscapes.
The park occupies about 64000 square meters of space in the city. This is a relatively large space
that is highly susceptible to encroachment by urban developments. This serves as one of the
shortcomings of the project. As the city population remains on the rise, the park among other
parks may later be perceived as the only undeveloped places in the city. This will give room for
elimination of the plants' species and clearance of the landscapes to create spaces for the
development of structures (Visscher, 2011, p.411). As such, the project needs firm and
immense support from the various environmental and sustainable agencies to protect it from
possible elimination by developers both in the private and public sectors. The political goodwill

Architecture 30
is as well as determinant of the future of the park of which it will be challenging to convince the
political class of the need to keep such open large spaces in “undeveloped” states.
4.5. Newton Suites by WOHA
Figure 5: The exterior façade of Newton Suites project
A 36 storey development that incorporates landscape as a material in which there are rooftop
plating gardens, green walls and sky gardens incorporated into the design all the way from the
beginning. The building also has creeper screens applied on the blank walls in a bid to absorb
sunlight and carbon thereby enriching the supply of oxygen.
The New Suites project is a building that sits at the edge of a zone of high rise and fronts an area
in which height is controlled thereby affording most of the expansive views of the reserves of the
central nature (Beatley, 2011, p.178). The design of the building incorporates numerous
sustainable devices thereby resulting into a contemporary addition to the skylines of the city. The
building's exterior makes uses of sun shading elements, patterned panels of textured panels and
protruding balconies in the creation of a façade which is both functional and expressive. The
strong tropical light is screen by the horizontal expanded mesh while insolation is prevented by
the angled mesh which also allows the visual connection to the ground.

Architecture 31
The use of landscape as a material in the design and construction is dominant from the sky
gardens, rooftop planting to the green walls that have been incorporated into the design. Creeper
screens have been used on the blank walls to provide delight, absorb sunlight as well as carbon.
The creeper screens also create an environment that is rich in oxygen. Most of the building parts
if not all the available vertical and horizontal surfaces are landscaped (Philips, 2013, p.230).
At the car park of the building are trees which also projects from the sky gardens at each and
every fourth level, crowing the building at the penthouse roof decks. The parking works in such a
way that the car park that is above the ground uses extremely less energy than the underground
car park. The above-ground park is also wholly enclosed with creepers which aid in the
absorption of the emissions.
The main strength of the project lies in the experience it gives to the end user. The end user is
treated with an experience of panoramic views which are foregrounded by the greenery and the
sky gardens (Sarte, 2010, p.389). This serves to bring about the indoor-outdoor capability of
living into the tropics into the sky. The sky gardens which form an integral part of the landscape
material creates delight at every lobby of the lift thereby changing the wait for the lift in the rush
to function as brief contact with the trees, fresh air, and the sky. These environmental elements
that have been added to the apartments make it liveable and their extension to the communal
areas bring about a unique building that attains the national vision of the country for a greener
city as well as an improved environment for dwelling among the inhabitants (Bennett, 2013,
p.312).

Architecture 32
Figure 6: Sky Garden
The landscape of the deck was skillfully conceived following the geometric order of the mosaic-
lined pools which are sparkling, the tiled paving using granites from China laid in patterns of
olive green, light grey and pale grey next to the wall panels, the rows of trees that have
judiciously been placed. The detailing throughout the project illustrates utmost care.
4.6. Medibank/ HASSEL
Figure 7: The Medibank/ HASSEL project exterior façade

Architecture 33
Incorporates into its design an edible garden placed adjacent to a demonstration kitchen and is
used in the promotion of healthy eating to the staff, non-profit organizations and the community
as a whole (Veenhuizen, 2014, p.250). Numerous enormous plants are incorporated into both
the building and the workplace. There are 520 in modular boxes of planters on the facades, 2300
plants inside the building and two 25 meters high green walls that are facing the streets.
This project was inspired by the need to create a Health-Based Working environment as opposed
to merely an Activity Based Working which is the conventional approach in the creation of
working spaces (Perlman, 2010, p.250). The Health-Based Working environment was one in
which the approach prioritized on the mental and physical health of the workers. The plants used
both within and without the building play an important role in relieving stress, transforming
views of the place from grey to green and improve the quality of internal air. Approximately
10% of the exterior of the building is covered by native Australian plants which provide a living
and breathing building. These plants also provide a welcome relief within the heavily concreted
urban surroundings of the building.
These plants take the building back to nature, making it more sustainable than the surrounding
concrete structures. Still, the curves of the building in conjunction with the effects of the planting
offer a foster and more human character to the building. The building has a tactile and
unpredictable façade which offers a unique stark contrast to the impenetrable and solid nature of
most of the city towers (Tidball, 2013, p.268). The design of the building has offered a perfect
solution of giving something back to the surrounding community through establishing a public
precinct at the ground level using timber amphitheater, a public park, cafes, and shops.

Architecture 34
Medibank, the owner of the building has expressed confidence that the building will manage to
deliver culturally as well as the financial value through increased efficiency and productivity and
it will also help with the inspiration of customers to focus on innovation through creating
breathing spaces needed for the growth of ideas. So far, the project has indicated signs of
delivering to the expectations.
The Medibank/ HASSEL are one successful project that has managed to integrate sustainability
into the building by introducing into the building plants and vegetation. The plants used both
inside and outside the plant have managed to offer an opportunity to the building to give back to
the community (Shareable, 2018, p.185). The project has completely transformed the
workplace environment by creating an environment that increases the productivity and efficiency
of the workers. The workers are having a direct touch with the natural environment and are able
to enjoy such services as improved air quality which has seen the rate of absent among the
employees reduce by 5%. The project success brings nature into the building giving the
occupants of the building an opportunity to enjoy the natural environment from the comfort of
their workstations without necessarily having to get out of the building (Maheshwari, 2016,
p.261).
The design of the building and the landscape is done in such a way that they are in harmony and
unit. One of the strengths of the building is the ability to maintain its functionality and
workability even with the inclusion of the landscape. The presence of the landscape in the
building does not in any way interfere with the functioning of the building but instead foster and
promote service delivery and efficiency. The makes the building appears to be one such that
grows out of the natural environment and is not experiencing any negativity from the
environment (Birnbaum, 2014, p.257). This is contrary to the case of the project “In Tokyo,

Architecture 35
A Vertical Farm Inside and Out” in which the project messed up the workability and functioning
of the building by introducing excessive heat.
The project incorporates plants and other landscape materials all of which are not edible. This
serves a shortcoming of the building. With non-edible landscape inside and outside the building,
the occupants of the building are not in any way motivated to keep the plants. This is because
most of these occupants may not find any direct benefit or otherwise have an understanding of
the impacts of the plants on the building. Through incorporating edible plants, there could have
been an injected inspiration to the users of the space as they would count on the plants as a
source of their livelihood.
The precedents are a source of information on how urban landscape has been integrated into the
urban cities in the various geographical regions across the world. Each of the precedents has a
unique aspect that helps in gaining a deeper understanding of the design challenges besides to the
various objectives of urban landscape integration in residential buildings in the various cities.
The precedents will be studied to aid in the analysis and making comparisons of systems that are
used in plants (Maheshwari, 2016, p.239). The systems will focus on the general layout and
construction of buildings. How plants were integrated into the design in such a way that they did
not interfere with the functionality and aesthetics of the building and facilitated the survival of
the inhabitants of the various residential buildings will as well be considered (Merino, 2014,
p.369). The ways in which the plants are grown maintained and harvesting will as well be given
priority in the critical review of the precedents. This will give ideas on the various ways in which
integration of plants into buildings can be achieved. The advantages and advantages of the
various approaches adopted will form the basis of the analysis of such precedents.

Architecture 36
The chapter will make an analysis of the comparison between the precedents establishing the
pros and cons of each of the precedents (Cardew, 2006, p.589). This will help in identifying
the most appropriate and effective ways to integrate edible landscape in buildings. Still, the
analysis of the comparison made will help in the identification of the weaknesses of a precedent
and recommendations or adjustments made during proposals. The adjustments will be in line
with the aesthetic and functional aspects of the buildings even as they will be integrating edible
landscape.
CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS - PROPOSALS
Following the in-depth analysis and study that is conducted in chapters 3 and 4, the most
appropriate design proposals will be established. The preceding chapters 3 and 4 are vital in the
identification of the various forms and patterns of adoption of the edible landscape in various
geographical contexts. These chapters help in the identification of the most appropriate systems
that can be used in the integration of landscape architecture in high-rise buildings. From the
information gathered and the analysis made, design proposals are issued based on the prevailing
conditions of the site on to which edible landscape is to be integrated. The concepts learned will
be studied and their feasibility in the application in both the contemporary buildings and new
buildings in Melbourne established (Cohen, 2012, p.278). Various precedents were chosen for

Architecture 37
this study so as to allow the making of comparison between the various techniques and concepts
on the integration of edible landscape in high-rise buildings. The most effective and sustainable
precedents will be chosen and their applicability established.
The following techniques are thus proposed in integrating urban edible agriculture using native
plants in urban residential high-rise buildings in Melbourne:
Vertical farming: A has been observed in the case of the Tokyo project, vertical serves as a
source of food to the occupants of the high-rise buildings through the fresh vegetables harvested
from the project returns. The high-rise buildings contain numerous dwelling units or spaces
which translates a large number of beneficiaries of the project. A significantly large population
of people benefits from the project which reduces the burden imposed on rural agriculture. The
excess supply from the project may be sold out to other consumers (MacLean, 2012, p.232).
This serves as a motivation of the possibility of incorporating urban edible agriculture into office
buildings with success. Through this project, numerous vegetable species are conserved and
hence a guarantee of a continuation of the existence of such species even as the human
population remains high on the rise.
Using landscape as a material in a building: The use of landscape as a material in the design and
construction from the sky gardens, rooftop planting to the green walls should be incorporated
into the design. Creeper screens can be used on the blank walls to provide delight, absorb
sunlight as well as carbon (James, 2014, p.204). The creeper screens also create an
environment that is rich in oxygen. Most of the building parts if not all the available vertical and
horizontal surfaces are landscaped. Landscape materials will ensure that all the spaces in the

Architecture 38
building are effectively utilized and thus an illustration of the design of all the spaces including
those that cannot achieve utility or functional requirements of the building.
Creating gardens on rooftops: A has been observed in the case of the Newton Suites by WOHA
project, rooftop gardens form an integral way of utilizing spaces in high-rise buildings which can
serve as a source of food to the occupants of the high-rise buildings through the fresh vegetables
harvested from the project returns (Beatley, 2011, p.257). The high-rise buildings contain
numerous dwelling units or spaces which translates a large number of beneficiaries of the
project. A significantly large population of people benefits from the project which reduces the
burden imposed on rural agriculture. The excess supply from the project may be sold out to other
consumers. This serves as a motivation of the possibility of incorporating urban edible
agriculture into office buildings with success. Through this project, numerous vegetable species
are conserved and hence a guarantee of a continuation of the existence of such species even as
the human population remains high on the rise (Bowden, 2015, p.365).
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
From the study, it has been established that there are various approaches and strategies that can
be used in integrating urban edible agriculture in the cities. Each of the strategies has strengths
and weaknesses that need to be analyzed before a choice can be made on the strategy. The
vertical farming and the use of rooftop gardens are the most appropriate systems and design
techniques that can be used to integrate edible landscape into high rise buildings in Melbourne as
has been illustrated from this research study. The approaches that have been proposed by this
research are those that would ensure that the occupants of the building are motivated towards

Architecture 39
urban agriculture. This will be achieved through careful planning and design so as to ensure that
the growth of the plants does not in any way reduce or interfere with the utility or functionality
of the building even as they directly impact on the lives of the occupants of the units. Different
native edible Australian plants are available for the vast excellent climate of Melbourne that is
supportive of numerous plant species.
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