Inventions and innovation

Table of Contents
A. Introduction.........................................................................................................2
B. Major findings.....................................................................................................3
1. Inventions and innovation.............................................................................3
Invention............................................................................................................... 3
Innovation............................................................................................................3
The highlight of innovation and invention..........................................................4
2. Theory of Von Hippel and functional sources of innovation......................5
Theory of Von Hippel...........................................................................................5
Apply theory of Von Hippel to explain the functional innovation of IBM’s
Selectric typewriters..............................................................................................6
3. Demand-pull and technology push...............................................................6
4. Vision, leadership, culture of Apple and the resistance of customers........8
Vision, leadership, culture...................................................................................8
The resistance.......................................................................................................9
5. The competition...........................................................................................10
The S-curve........................................................................................................10
The performance ...............................................................................................10
Rival technology.................................................................................................12
Performance or cost advantage..........................................................................12
4Ps of innovation and innovation funnel..........................................................13
6. The success of IBM’s Selectric typewriters, frugal innovation................15
C. Conclusion.........................................................................................................17
D. Reference...........................................................................................................18

A.Introduction
Technological innovation has always been an essential part of development through
the ages. IBM is also one of the companies at the forefront of such technological
innovation. This article focuses on the new typewriter aspect of IBM, along with the
innovation of typewriters around the world and other companies.

B.Major findings
1. Inventions and innovation
Invention
The definition of an invention can be described as a new artificial device or process. A
new device is an invention with new physical properties, a new biological life form, or
other efficient software. A new process will have chemical or biophysical sequences
of events that create a product or service (Alfred L. Norman, 1972). Norman argued
that the invention could qualify for the patent, with no guarantee that the invention
would be profitable for production. In 1575, ideas appeared on paper. Or in the 1800s,
there emerged the idea of a typewriter for the blind. Ideas gradually are the premise
for development in the following years.
Innovation
According to Joseph A. Schumpeter in 1934, he adds the definition of "innovation" or
"development" as a "new combination" of new or existing knowledge, resources,
equipment, and other elements. He emphasized the difference between innovation and
invention. Innovation is a specific social activity, or function is carried out in the field
of economics and trade, while inventions in principle can be carried out everywhere.
He believes that innovation is the process through ideas created and put into
commercial practice. Innovation is divided into two categories: Major innovation and
Minor innovation.
Major innovation:
Radical innovation is described as a frame change. Comprehensive, more prominent
changes that have never been seen before (Donald A. Norman & Roberto Verganti,
2012). From another perspective, radical innovation is described as a significant
technological change, showing new features and changing elements or structures. This
innovation is the foundation for the technology system, new fields, or important
breakthroughs in concept. (J. Kasmirea, Janne M. Korhonenb & Igor Nikolica, 2012).

Especially in 1875, improvements of the Hansen Writing Ball made the typewriter
needless to use electricity, convenient for saving resources.
Minor innovation:
The term "incremental innovation" refers to a series of small improvements made to a
company's existing products or services. These low-cost innovations will differentiate
and compete against a competitor while still relying on existing products. (Samantha
Costanzo Carleton, 2019). Typically, the shift key improvement makes the typing
mechanism simpler than ever when the user can type many different characters on the
same bar.
The highlight of innovation and invention
Invention Major innovation Minor innovation
- 1575: The idea of
creating letters on paper
has appeared
- 1714: Get an invention
patent for the typewriter.
The machine can
phoneme the letters on
paper, which can hardly
be erased or errors
- 1802, 1801-1808: The
idea of typewriters for
people with disabilities
(blind people)
- 1829: A secondary
typewriter using dialing
appears
- 1855: There is an idea of
Hansen Writing Ball.
- Father Rasmus
Malling Hansen, the
Danish, was the first
typewriter market.
- The typewriter's
speed is much faster than
the handwriting writer's.
- In 1875, advance
the typewriter without
electricity.
The Sholes typing and
Glidden:
- The typewriter was
successful for commercial
purposes created by
Christopher Latham
Frontstriking
- Intercept the user
when the text is visible.
- Reputed four-bank
keyboard corrections.
Shift key
- Simply knock
mechanism (typing
various characters in a
bar) and mechanism
inside.
- You can type a
flower print and a lot of
special letters.
- A substantial
expense fee.