Critical Evaluation of Health Impact Due to Obesity in UK Adults and Adoption of Dietary Intervention as a Preventive Measure

This research paper analyzes the health impact of obesity in UK adults and explores the adoption of dietary intervention as a preventive measure. It examines the causes of obesity, its effects on health, and strategies to address the issue.

CRITICAL EVALUATION OF HEALTH IMPACT DUE TO OBESITY IN UK ADULTS
AND ADOPTION OF DIETARY INTERVENTION AS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE

Acknowledgement
I keen to show my gratitude to concerned faculties of my department for giving me a chance to
do research on this major topic. On other hand, continuous encouragement and gratitude of my
team leader also help me to reach every important aspect of this project utterly. I also show my
gratefulness to my departmental head for allowing me to continue with this project. I also want
to thank the other involved person who helped me to complete this research performance by
providing appropriate information, their suggestion, support and motivation during the research
process. At the end, I also wish to thank my friends and family members who have provided
their assistance indirectly or directly for completing my research work successfully.
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Abstract
Introduction
The problem of obesity is increasing very much day after day and has become an area of concern
for the country. Obesity is increasing due to both internal and external factors. The surrounding
environment and lifestyle of an individual plays an important role in increasing the rate of
obesity. This paper analyses the use of “Health Belief Model” to overcome obesity by
understanding the behavior of people and changing their lifestyle.
Methods
There are two primary components of the methodology of the research: the quantitative data
analysis process and the qualitative data analysis process. Here the primary focus point will be
on the research onion and the research design, which will help to understand the proper
methodology of this research. There will also be a discussion of the research philosophy,
research ethics, and limitations of this particular research. The discussion about the research
methods and data collecting method will take place with the help of a sampling method that will
help this research paper to fulfill its purpose. There are several research approaches, but here the
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approach that will be used is Interpretivisim” for this research topic obesity in the people of the
UK. Secondary data analysis is a unique method of analyzing the data in a secondary method
which is based on the internet surveys and the information which are available on the internet. In
this research the researcher has used the qualitative data analyzing method and all this
information and data are collected from the secondary sources. These all are associated primarily
with the emotion of the researcher and feelings about the color, sound and the other elements
which are non-quantifiable
Results
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In this section the primary focus point will be on the data analysis and the findings and analysis,
where the data analysis process will be dependent on the secondary data analysis process where
the complete process of data analysis will be based on the online articles and the journals from
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rate of obesity is increasing with passing time due to improper lifestyle and diet
structure.
It has been found that obesity is a condition that can pose various health complications if
it is not addressed effectively. the condition is usually self-treatable and can also be
treated with the help of a professional.
Conclusion
The public health strategy needs to be reviewed to understand that the strategies are
implemented properly or not. The result of the policy can help to reduce the increasing rate of
obesity in the UK but this will require proper gathering of data and the implemented process
should be executed with concern of solving all the problems associated with obesity.
Government measures and policies and the changes based on the data collected can help to
control the issues and risk obesity. Different tactics and techniques can be used to make people
concerned about this problem. The standard of all the policies need to be upgraded and then
implemented to get the desired result.
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the secondary source of the internet. This process of data analysis will focus on the qualitative
data analytical process to complete the overall process of data
analysis.
Discussion
Obesity and cardiovascular diseases are quite natural symptoms that often occur in adults, these
symptoms are often in children’s too. The relearn or cause of obesity is uncertain or
unpredictable in several cases. This particular disease or syndrome is associated with low
secretion of chronic inflammation; at this its status is affected by an innate immune system that
affects the health condition. The causes of obesity that prevalence and is relevant for programs
on public health which focuses on prevention and reduction of obesity. Most of the countries the

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction 7
1.1. Introduction 7
1.2. Background 7
1.3. Research Rationale 9
1.4. Research Aim 9
1.5. Research Questions 10
1.6. Significance of the Research 10
Chapter 2: Literature Review 12
2.1. Introduction 12
2.2. Conceptual Framework 13
2.3. Theories and Models 14
2.4. Research Factors 15
2.5. Research Challenges 16
2.6. Conclusion 16
Chapter 3: Methodology 17
3.1. Introduction 17
3.2. Research Onion 17
3.3. Research Approach 18
3.4. Research Design 18
3.5. Research Philosophy 18
3.6. Research Method 19
3.7. Process of Data Collection 19
3.8. Sampling Method 20
3.9. Time Frame 21
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3.10. Conclusion 21
Chapter 4: Data Analysis 22
4.1. Introduction 22
4.2. Findings and Analysis 22
4.2.1 Empirical studies 22
4.3. Recommendation 27
4.4. Conclusion 28
Chapter 5: Discussion 29
5.1. Introduction 29
5.2. Discussion 29
5.3. Research Limitation 30
5.4. Conclusion 30
Chapter 6: Conclusion 31
6.1. Introduction 31
6.2. Future Scope 31
6.3. Conclusion 31
Reference list 33
Appendices 41
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Introduction
Obesity is health condition which results from the intake of excessive calories that are burned
through exercise daily. This can lead to an increase in the risks to the health of individuals and
impact the lifestyle as well. In this research paper, the primary focus point will be the Obesity
and its effects toward the people of UK and adaptation of a dietary intervention that will help
them to prevent the dangerous side of the Obesity. There will also be a discussion about this
specific issue in light of the literature review from the existing literature and the analysis of the
data to establish a strong position regarding this research topic. There will also be a critical
evaluation of Obesity and its impact on human health, especially to the people of the UK and the
way to get rid of this situation.
1.2. Background
Obesity is defined as excessive fat that causes a health risk, the body should contain 25 BMI
(Body Mass Index), and when it's over 25, then it is considered as overweight, and 30 is
excessive and is called obese. According to the "Global Burden of Disease", this issue became
an epidemic, where more than 4 million people die every year due to Obesity. The rate of
Obesity is increasing day by day, and it continues to be seen in children and adults (Dekkers et
al. 2019). Obesity is one of malnutrition's double burden, and most of the people are becoming
obese except for the region of Asia and Africa. Obesity is increasing in the area of high-income
countries and middle-income countries. Most of the children and adults are from developing
countries where the increasing rate has been more than 30% than the developed countries.
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Figure1: Obesity Statistics in the UK
(Source:https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/image_data
/file/98700/NCMP_201819_Graph.png)
In this above graph the statistics has given about the most deprived and the least deprived in the
United Kingdom. This graph says that the obesity rate is high where the adults are most deprived
and the obesity rate is low where the adults are least deprived. Obesity is a medical condition
that can be serious for the human body as it brings complications in the body with several
aspects like high blood pressure, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, sleeping disorders, cancers,
and other illnesses. Obesity can develop several issues in the body that can be harmful to a
person; it mostly affects every part of the body, including blood vessels, bones, joints, liver,
heart, brain, and all. Three are so many people who blame individuals for developing Obesity
and some people who blame parents, groceries, and restaurants for this, though it is an act of
individuals (Burgoine et al. 2017). The government of UK is taking several steps to reduce the
obesity rate within the children, the governments decided and taken the step of controlling the
sugar level in the drinks and food and encouraging the school going children to have healthy
food that is made in the home instead of having junk food like cakes, pastries, patties, etc
[Referred to Appendix 4].
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1.3. Research Rationale
The growing scenario of Obesity is one of the serious issues which is related to health. A present
with the highest obesity level is a threat to the future because this rate is growing day by day.
This research topic refers to a specific issue of Obesity to see the clinical impact of Obesity on
humans' bodies. Different age groups are affected through Obesity, the adults those who are over
18 years for them obesity prevalence is 41.2%, the group of people those who are between 18 to
24 years age for them the obesity prevalence is 22.4% and its highest among the adult's age
group of 45 and 74 (Farmer et al. 2019). This age is increasing as the age is getting to a higher
level.
The issue itself can be a solution by controlling having excessive food. Obesity is the primary
effect of consuming too much energy as a food with high calories and fat, which needs to be
burned through the workout and physical exercise. To get rid of that situation, there needs to be
the prevention of the Process of consuming excessive foods. Obesity is the primary effect of
eating in an excessive manner and very few workouts; the main reason for Obesity is eating too
much energy and no scope of use of that energy (Upadhyay et al. 2018). If someone consumes a
tremendous amount of energy with fat and sugars and does not burn calories throughout the
exercise or other physical activity, then the surplus energy is stored in the body as body fat,
which leads someone towards Obesity.
1.4. Research Aim
From the above research topic, this research aims to analyze the situation of Obesity to
demonstrate the conditions of the people of the UK. According to the rationale of the research,
this study will help to bring out those major vital elements which will help to prevent the issue of
Obesity and the way to get rid of this situation where it is a threat to human life. Through this
research, the people of the UK will understand the risk factor of this issue, which will affect the
whole system of humans and the illness related to this issue of Obesity (Tomiyama, 2019). The
aim of the research is to determine the knowledge about the statistics regarding Obesity among
the UK people. This research will also help to see the potential factors related to the factor of
Obesity and to derive the ways to move out of the situation of Obesity.
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1.5. Research Questions
There are several research questions which are directly connected to the issue of Obesity in the
people of the UK (Ortega et al. 2016). These questions are
● What are the major risk threats of obesity among UK adults?
● Why do people need to educate about the amount of nutrition and calories are required
for them to intake to control obesity?
● Why do departmental stores need to keep organic and healthy food in their stores and its
benefit if it is far from the home of adults?
● How can this obesity issue be overcome with the proper preventive measurements?
1.6. Significance of the Research
The significance of this research is to have a proper understanding of the significant issues of
Obesity and how it's affecting the people of the UK to know the situation of the UK adults and
their physical changes due to the obesity issue. There are several signs of this research which can
be discussed here. The UK is one of the highlighted countries that can be explained for the issue
of Obesity (Hales et al. 2020). The health survey for the country of England says that 28.7% of
adults are obese, and 35.6% are overweight that can be obese in the days to come. This survey
also refers to the ratio of males and females in the light of Obesity; it says 67.2% of men and
61.5% of women are overweight in the present and obese in the future (Braya et al. 2019). These
statistics say that there is a competition of the gaining obese between men and women; no one is
letting their space to each other; everyone is gaining weight and acquiring Obesity.
This research is based on the research topic of obese in the people of the UK; this will focus on
the primary aspects of the issue and find out the main reason who is responsible for this specific
issue, to stop the spread of this illness and the way to get rid of this situation. This research paper
will help to handle the issue by knowing the reasons and consequences related to this issue of
Obesity (Smith et al. 2019). This will also help to handle the illness which can occur with this
specific health issue; moreover, this research will help the UK society to prevent this issue in the
people of its country and to take an intervention through the adaptation of dietary intervention.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1. Introduction
In this research the analysis to find the problem of obesity needs to be cleared by seeing the
various views of the researcher and the government to promote a health improvement program to
ensure healthy life. Obesity is gaining the area of concern by many and is need to be focused to
ensure that the people are leading healthy lives. In this regard many researchers had shared the
review on obesity. “Health Belief Model” is focused with the concern to understand the role
played by human behavior to increase or decrease the rate of obesity. Human behavior is related
to obesity as it focuses on the way they lead their life and need to make necessary changes to
improve their lifestyle. The theory of Health Belief Model is discussed below to show the reason
for obesity. It is seen that obesity is a problem seen in every age group from the health of child to
adult. Obesity is a national issue for the United Kingdom and this is an important issue because
it is an issue of health in the United Kingdom which is affecting the future of the United
Kingdom. Adults are the future of the nation, if they are not strong enough then the future will
be in danger, to protect the future there is a need to analyze this serious issue.
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2.2. Conceptual Framework
Figure 3: Conceptual framework
(Source: Self Created)
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2.3. Theories and Models
“Health Belief Model” goes well with obesity and it is used in context to nutrition level to help
people to follow a healthy diet to remain healthy or not. It helps to change the kind of lifestyle
people are leading and lower the risk of diseases involved. This model shows the way people
show their behavior in context to a healthy diet plan. The behavior of one is fundamental as this
decides the way people think regarding the health plan and the concern they want to give to lead
a healthy life. It is very important to remain fixed to one's diet plan and this depends on their
ability to control them to remain strict to their diet plan. The way people behave depends on their
belief the amount of stress people take also tends to influence the rate of higher obesity. The
people who are following unhealthy diets began to see problems in their early age itself that
result in various kinds of disease (Hruby et al. 2016). This model helps to understand the
strategy that helps to change the way people respond to health issues. They help by directing
people to follow healthy habits.
This model is widely used as it helps in all respects by making people focus on health habits.It
is essential to understand the use of the proportion of energy gathered from food while sleeping.
Thus it helps to mind the amount of calories humans’ burn everyday while sleeping. It is
essential for one to live a healthy and fit life that is free from diseases. This model focuses on
making people understand about the problem that can evolve by the problem of Obesity in life.
Thus people should focus on such behavior that will help them to cure the disease. If the people
behave properly by putting concern on the problem of Obesity then they can overcome the
problem. Thus this model helps to set such measures that help in the prevention of the disease.
This model also helps to understand the behavior that is connected to diet plan (Masa et al.
2019). The behavior of both people having Obesity and non-Obesity is compared and understand
the difference in the behavior of the two people. Obesity is highly dependent on the lifestyle of
people which indeed depend on their attitude and behavior they show regarding their health.
Thus "Health Belief Model" helps to understand human behavior giving rise to the problem of
Obesity [Referred to Appendix 2].
It is essential to get a healthy life by understanding the diet behavior of people, and it is essential
to set programs that help people to understand the amount of nutrition is required for them to
take (Landrier et al.2019). The model focuses on providing education to people to make them
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understand the result of unfit life and the problem coming in between the maintenance of a
healthy life and the advancement of keeping oneself healthy. In this competitive world, one
needs to maintain a healthy lifestyle making it easy to cope up. Thus, proper dedication needs to
be provided to ensure that practices are involved keeping in mind health benefits (Apovian,
2016). The proper analysis of the nutrition intake by one previous week and its result need to be
understood, and the proper diet plan is essential to follow and make the changes required.
2.4. Research Factors
Obesity depends on the various factors. It depends on both internal and external social factors.
Obesity is followed by the lifestyle of people engaging to complete their day to day activities
(Iacoboni et al. 2019). It depends on the income of people as poor people undergo many physical
activities in their daily life as they have to do hard work. obesity depends on certain factors, such
are:
The income of the individual: this factor is linked with obesity as if the people having a low
income will not have fast food in much quantity as they will focus on maintaining their daily
need; thus, they will consume pulses, cereals, and vegetables as theft can but it once from the
departmental stores (Engin, 2017). But it is seen that fast food costs a lot, and people with
moderate income will not visit restaurants frequently.
Education level: it is seen that in the UK, people having more education know the risk involved
in having excess body weight (Koliaki et al. 2019). While people lacking education feel like
obesity is very familiar, and there is no risk as they look at obesity, not as a problem. They keep
eating the food they feel having more carbohydrates and lack knowledge about nutrition they
will need to take. But educated people focus on every extra bite they have and manage it by
doing the extra workout.
Food Habit: the food habit varies among different people as people having different customs
have different food habits. Many people eat food that they have seen from their parents also. The
change in work and surroundings also demands a change in one's food habit (Jantaratnotai et al.
2017). They need to focus on the thing they actually have should be healthy and meet their
habits too. Thus by keeping in mind the value of keeping proper health, one needs to change
their food habits [Referred to Appendix 3].
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2.5. Research Challenges
The challenges in the research that is experienced by the previous researcher are seen in the steps
to understand the obesity problem that varies due to various factors. Thus it is difficult to
understand and say that obesity is dependent on any one of these factors. Obesity needs to be
taken seriously by the people of the UK to avoid the further arising of associated disease to
obesity (Nudel and Sanchez, 2019). The challenge was setting the objectives that are necessary
to meet to avoid the problem faced by the adults of the UK. They faced problems in gathering
data that can help them more to understand the lifestyle followed by the people in the UK. they
should gather more information about the reason the obesity is increasing even after making
changes in their diet chart. The standard of the research should be improved more to get detailed
information about the activity performed by the individual person in their day to day life routines
( Kleinert et al. 2018). it is essential for them to develop a survey of the obesity rate in a proper
way to understand that obesity is caused due to the improper lifestyle or due to genetic
susceptibility.
2.6. Conclusion
From the above data, it is concluded that many researchers have given their view on obesity after
researching their problems associated with it. It is seen that education intervention is significant
to make people aware of the problem associated with obesity. They need to know the need of
involving physical activity in their day to day life. It is seen that physical activity is essential not
only to keep an individual physically fit, but it also helps in maintaining mental fitness. The
government needs to be serious and start a program educating the adults of the UK regarding the
danger hidden in the form of overweight. The interview needs to be set, clearing the risk threats
of obesity. The health belief model helps to understand the behavior of an individual and also as
a group that leads to the rise of obesity. The model helps to understand the risk of obesity to
people by which they can minimize the risk involved in it, this is more of a larger problem than
an individual because it is an issue of health in the United Kingdom. Behavior change can play a
significant role in controlling the problem of overweight. The theories mentioned above help to
understand that obesity is also caused due to increased stress levels and the anxiety of oneself
that is caused due to unwell work conditions and other objectives. Obesity is associated with
every aspect of one's life, whether it is a lifestyle, income, and education.
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Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1. Introduction
The methodology of the research is a unique process of comprehensive study; it includes a few
elements such as strategies of methodology, techniques of methodology, data collection process,
etc. there are several research methodologies that contain different tools to collect the data for
the future analysis of those collected data. There are two primary components of the
methodology of the research: the quantitative data analysis process and the qualitative data
analysis process. Here the primary focus point will be on the research onion and the research
design, which will help to understand the proper methodology of this research. There will also be
a discussion of the research philosophy, research ethics, and limitations of this particular
research. The discussion about the research methods and data collecting method will take place
with the help of a sampling method that will help this research paper to fulfill its purpose. There
are several research approaches, but here the approach that will be used is “Interpretivism” for
this research topic obesity in the people of the UK.
3.2. Research Onion
Figure 4: Research onion
(Source: Saunders, 2007)
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3.3. Research Approach
The research approach is an outline of the overall research that contains the stages of detailing
methods for the analysis of research processes and understanding the Process research. This
Process research is mainly based on the previous research problem that existed before. The
approach of the research can be identified in two main categories, like the approach of data
collection and the approach of data analysis (Poston et al. 2016). The first research approach
under the research methodology is a data collection approach where the data is collected from
several sources that are authentic, and this data is collected for analysis in the future. The second
research approach under the research methodology is the data analysis approach, where the
collected data is utilized and analyzed to get the correct information by the majority (Alase,
2017). The interpretivism approach is used because it will help the researcher in interpreting the
results of the research from the data that has been collected. This will help the research to
understand the positive sides of recovering from obesity.
3.4. Research Design
Research design is a strategy of the research that is well planned and applicable to incorporate
the different elements that are related to the research topic (Reilly et al. 2018). The primary goal
of the research design is to help in the data collection method and to address the significant issue
with the proper solution to that particular issue related to the research topic. This research design
will help to understand the importance of the research topic. It will help to collect the
authenticated data and analyze those data to get the correct information from those collected
data. This research design will primarily focus on the issue of obesity in the people of the UK
(Rahi, 2017). The research design will help here in this research is “Descriptive” to understand
the issue obesity and its impact on human health, especially in the adults of the UK, and to make
an adoptive intervention of dietary. The Descriptive design will help to describe the health issue
related to obesity and the way to get rid from this issue.
3.5. Research Philosophy
The research philosophy is one of the essential elements of the methodology of the research; this
helps to deal with the knowledge and its source and the Process the development of those
various parts of the knowledge that are related to the research topic. Research philosophy is a
primary system of belief that refers to the ways of data collection from several sources and
analyzes those data with the variable methods (Muhammad, 2016). The research philosophy
has four different
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aspects in which the preprocessed research philosophy is mainly based on; these are Realism,
Positivism, Pragmatism, and Interpretivism. Here the research philosophy will follow
“Positivism” which will help this research paper to fulfill its purpose to get rid of the issue of
obesity in the people of the UK. Positivism philosophy will be used here to interpret the risk
factor of obesity and the data of obesity. Through this Positivism research philosophy will help
to understand the social context with the human experience and improve the quality of the
research paper. This will also help to find out the way of obesity of adults in the United
Kingdom.
3.6. Research Method
The research method is a strategy of the research; it also includes the techniques and the
Preprocessor use in the Preprocess data collection, which will be analyzed in the future to
uncover the new information which was unknown and making a better understanding of the
particular research topic (Lusso and Lumeng, 2018). There are different types of research
methods, such as "Quantitative" and "Qualitative". Still, here the main focal point will be on the
"Qualitative” research method, which includes the interviews, observation, oral history, and life
stories from an authenticated person (Mohajan, 2018). The Qualitative research method will be
helpful to collect the data from several sources which are authentic and proper. The data
collection process and research method will help this research to complete the discussion and
findings to understand the risk factor of obesity and the possible way to get rid from that. Here in
this research paper, the primary Process qualitative research method will be on the interviews,
observation, and the oral history and the life stories from an authenticated person, which will be
used to get useful information to reach to a conclusion in the area of the research.
3.7. Process of Data Collection
The Process data collection refers to the unique Process in which the required data will be
collected from the different legitimate sources under the Pr Process, analyzing those collected
data to make a permanent solution to the respected issue of the research topic. The Process of
data collection depends on the various aspects in which the data is collected; these steps are
discussed later. The first step of data collection needs to identify the issue and the opportunity
for collecting data because there is a need to identify the particular issue on which basis the data
will be collected. The second step of data collection is for planning and methods, which will be
used
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in the development of the research paper (Cohen et al. 2020). The next step of the data collection
needs to collect those data which are relevant to the particular research topic. This research will
follow the principles of the obesity disease and the risk factors associated with this.
Figure 5: Method of Data Collection
(Source: https://theintactone.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/research-methodology-
24- 638.jpg?w=638)
3.8. Sampling Method
The sampling method is the method of using the sample of data and analyzing those data with a
particular method by identifying the population of the target, which includes the individual or
group to which the data has been collected by the researcher, then there is a need to select a
sampling frame in which the researcher will collect the data in the form of playgroups or
individual. Then there is a need to specify the sampling technique which will verify the data and
for analyzing them (Rhee et al. 2020). Then there is a need to determine the sample size and
execute the sampling plan. Here in this research, the sampling method will be used to validate
the data which are in a group or individual. In this section there is need to understand the
methods of literature review, the literature has been accessed from Google Scholar in order
to obtain the articles appropriate for the respective research.
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Time Frame
Figure 6: Time Frame
(Source: Self Created)
3.9. Conclusion
From above the discussion it is very clear that Obesity is one of the significant issues in the UK
people and there is a need to conduct a study to know the statistics of the issue which will be
used to utilize the problem and the risk factors that are associated with this particular issue. In
this research the discussion points were the research methodologies that are related to the
particular topic obesity in the adults of the UK. This research topic will help UK adults to
analyse the risk factors of obesity and the way to get rid from this health issue by attending the
best way of research.
Botticello 26/11/20 14:52
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Chapter 4: Data Analysis
4.1. Introduction
Secondary data analysis is a unique method of analyzing the data in a secondary method which
is based on the internet surveys and the information which are available on the internet. In this
research the researcher has used the qualitative data analyzing method and all this information
and data are collected from the secondary sources. In this section the primary focus point will be
on the data analysis and the findings and analysis, where the data analysis process will be
dependent on the secondary data analysis process where the complete process of data analysis
will be based on the online articles and the journals from the secondary source of the internet.
This process of data analysis will focus on the qualitative data analytical process to complete the
overall process of data analysis. In this section the discussion will be on the rate of Obesity in the
adults of the UK and the effects on the human body which is increasing the risk factors for the
UK people. This will also help to understand the statistics of obesity people suffering due to
extreme consumption of the high calories in their food habits.
4.2. Findings and Analysis
4.2.1 Empirical studies
Obesity is one of the most common problem that the United Kingdom and affects many adults as
well as children. In a research conducted by Pauline F D Scheelbeek and Laura Cornelsen on the
topic “Potential impact of the prevalence of obesity in the UK”. The main objective of the
research was to estimate the impact of BMI or body mass index and prevalence of obesity of a
20% increase in the price of high sugar snacks (Potential impact on prevalence of obesity in the
UK of a 20% price increase in high sugar snacks: modelling study, 2020). Statistical analysis of
the data that had been collected by the researchers. the results of the sensitivity analysis in the
study revealed that the modelled impact of changes in the prices on the purchase of energy was
more prevalent in households without children and that have low income. Apart from this, it was
also found that in households that were classified as obese, the effect of price increases on energy
purchase that varied by purchase. The respondents for the study comprised of mainly general
adult population of the United Kingdom. In the result, it was found that with a 20% increase in
the price for three categories of high sugar snacks such as biscuits and cakes, the average
reduction in energy consumption was recorded to be 8.9×103 kcal. Another finding of the
research was that there can be other direct impacts of high sugar intake in individuals directly
and this could lead to an increased risk of diabetes as well as different cardiovascular diseases.
Any increases in the prices of cakes were associated with an increased energy in low-income
groups. There were various strengths as well as limitations of the study, like one of the strengths
of this research is that all of the information was achieved through high quality databases. Apart
from this, one of the limitations of the study was that 25% of the households were excluded from
the analysis as the information was missing.
Botticello 26/11/20 14:54
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Another article which can be

referred to is the one on the topic “Obesity, Diet and Lifestyle”. The study has been conducted
for the people living in the United Kingdom and the article states that nearly 25% of the people
in the nation can be regarded as obese. Apart from this, 37% of the people are overweight, which
has led to a poor health and premature death in many cases. People who are overweight, are at
risk of facing many consequences related to health such as hypertension, high cholesterol and an
increased risk of strokes as well as heart disease. The article mainly focuses on three areas, such
as prevention of weight gain, treating obesity and personalizing care by identifying people who
are at great risk. It has been noticed in the article that for the treatment of obesity, various
interventions will be developed and it will be tested if these interventions can improve the care
of people who are dealing with obesity as well as other health conditions such as fatty liver
disease. As per the research, in order to prevent obesity, there are various new ways which can
be developed. They will help in reducing the overall risk of gaining excess weight. For instance,
latest technology will be used so as to make healthier food purchases of food, either from
physical stores or online (Obesity, Diet and Lifestyle. 2020). It was also analyzed from the
respective article that although there are many people who are obese, it is not necessary that
everyone will develop diseases related to obesity. The data for this type of research was
collected from large populations. It has been found that being overweight leads to an increase in
the pressure on joints. As a result, this leads to back pain as well as an increased need to get knee
replacement. Obesity is very common among children within the United Kingdom and hence
various measures are being taken in order to address the situation to avoid any kind of serious
health consequences.
According to the research paper written by Jameson Donahue, on the topic Obesity in the US
and UK”, a statement released by the National Health Service or NHS in the UK said that the
levels of obesity in the country are more than triple to what they were back in the year 1980. As
per the research paper, the obesity levels in the United Kingdom have only increased over the
years. The health condition is developed from similar circumstances which are developed across
various geographic locations (Obesity in the US and UK. 2020). The research paper describes
obesity which is measured through BMI or body mass index in adults as well as children. The
research paper talks about the general health effects that obesity can have upon individuals in the
United Kingdom. There are multiple negative effects that obesity can have over people as they
are directly associated with the Body Mass Index. And one of the most significant effects of
obesity is diabetes wherein the body of the person is not able to use the insulin properly. There
are also various economic effects of obesity such as obesity in children is also increasing day by
day. Different sources of information have been compared in the research to facilitate a better
understanding of the obesity epidemic. In the United Kingdom, children belonging to 2-13 years
of age are either obese or overweight. This can lead to two time more risk for them to develop
type 2 diabetes in the later stages of their lives. The research concludes that the rate of inactive
lifestyles is greater than 40% in both the United Kingdom as well as the United States. One way
through which the government can create awareness about obesity and its effects on health is by
developing a campaign that is federally funded. Some of the very significant issues of obesity
that are present in both the countries include weight stigma, general health effects of obesity as
well as economic strain. If not addressed effectively, the obesity epidemic can have a significant
toll on the economy of the United Kingdom in the coming years.
22

Based on the research, conducted by the Medial Research Council, it has been found that
obesity is a socio-economic and complex psychological issue. The objective of the research is to
provide an understanding of the different mechanisms of obesity as well as their link to the health
condition. Apart from this, another objective of the research is to use the insights in order to
develop effective as well as appropriate interventions in order to prevent such conditions. All the
activities within the research are primarily focused on the causes of obesity as well as the processes
that contribute to its development in people. The researchers state that the consequences of obesity
for the health are one of the leading causes for concern. In order to reduce and prevent obesity, it
is important to develop an immediate approach. Therefore, the priorities that have been identified
in the respective research provide a basis for the various approaches to be designed. Therefore, it
can be said that obesity is not affected by a particular factor and thus cannot be managed easily.
This is because the factors keep on changing. In order to manage this health condition, different
measures can be used such as therapies in order to reduce energy intake (Obesity research
priorities. 2020). Obesity is influenced by a number of factors such as lifestyle, intake of
increased levels of energy as well as eating habits. Therefore, it is important to take measures so as
to reduce the ill effects of the same on the future of the individual.
According to Rebecca Rees, there are high levels of concerns about childhood obesity in
the United Kingdom. The author of the research states that with obese children being at higher risk
of poor health both in long as well as short terms. In the United Kingdom, the attitude of children
as well as their beliefs about their bodies have raised concern. In the methodology, various studies
published in the start of 1997 were referred. The studies were coded and quality was accessed by
the reviewers independently. The findings of the studies were synthesized in two different analyses
such as an interpretive synthesis as well as an aggressive synthesis. The results of the study
showed that instead of a focus on the health, children were more emphasized on the social impact
of body size and describing their experiences as well as isolation for children with a greeter body
weight.
Body size became seen as below the character's control and children attributed poor traits to
overweight humans. Children actively assessed their own size; many wished their our bodies have
been different and some had been aggravating about their shape. Reviewers judged that children's
engagement and participation in discussion had only hardly ever been supported in the covered
research, and few have a look at findings had depth or breadth. Body size was visible as below the
person's control and kids attributed negative traits to obese humans. Children actively assessed
their very own size; many wanted their our bodies had been unique and some were demanding
approximately their form. Reviewers judged that kid's engagement and participation in dialogue
had handiest hardly ever been supported within the covered research, and few look at findings had
depth or breadth. Two reviewers labored at the syntheses (The views of young children in the
UK about obesity, body size, shape and weight: a systematic review. 2020).

In the interpretive synthesis, we used thematic synthesis to look at every line of each have
a look at's findings and create codes that defined their which means and content. We then searched
for similarities and variations among codes, grouped them into a hierarchical tree shape and wrote
a narrative to demonstrate each subject matter.
Another article that is based on the Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet,
Overweight and weight problems are terms that talk over with an extra of frame fat and that they
commonly relate to extended weight-for-peak. The maximum commonplace method of measuring
obesity is the Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI does no longer distinguish between mass because of
body fat and mass because of muscular body, nor the distribution of fats. The proportion of adults
who have been overweight or obese extended with age among each women and men. It turned into
maximum among guys aged among fifty-five and 64 (82%), and ladies elderly among 65 and
seventy-four (70%).
The proportion of adults who have been overweight additionally extended with age and changed
into maximum among guys elderly between forty-five and 54 (36%), and among girl’s elderly
between fifty-five and sixty-four (37%). Total diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed) become
related to imperative weight problems, measured by waist circumference. 14% of guys and 10% of
women with a completely excessive waist circumference had either diagnosed or undiagnosed
diabetes. This in comparison to six% of guys and three% of girls with high waist circumferences
and five% of guys and four% of women with an applicable waist circumference. Diagnosed,
undiagnosed and general diabetes were all related to BMI reputation. Prevalence of total diabetes
become best among folks who were overweight (13% of guys and 12% of women) in comparison
to folks who had been obese but not obese (7% of fellows and 6% of ladies), or those who have
been not overweight or obese (6% and 4% respectively).
Overweight and Obesity are a large problem international. The value to the United
Kingdom NHS is £5.1 billion annually with £eleven.5 billion annual price to wider society. This
does no longer account for the significantly decreased health related best of lifestyles for obese or
obese people. Overweight and obesity also are closely associated with type 2 diabetes,
cardiovascular disease and sure cancers, which vicinity further burden on individuals and society.
The Obesity Network aimed to carry together professionals from all over the UK, and past, from
quite a number disciplines in academia, retail, neighborhood government and charities to discover
and generate ideas to make exceptional use of the wealth of records to tell high quality trade. The
community aimed to deliver together experts from all over the UK, and beyond, from more than a
few disciplines in academia, retail, local government and charities to discover and generate
thoughts to make nice use of the wealth of information to inform advantageous exchange.
The datasets consist of lifestyle and hobby information, such as the range of gymnasium
memberships in a place or proximity to green area; purchaser behaviour tendencies, together with
retail records on food purchases; and health facts, which include the yearly Health Survey for
England. The recognition of the community is closer to know-how elements of the environment
which each promote and discourage the chance of becoming overweight or overweight with view
to positively improve those for a healthier destiny.

analysed after which wrote a descriptive account of the reported findings. Each locating changed
into then focussed on from the two syntheses in turn to look if it associated with a topic or question
inside the different synthesis (The views of young children in the UK about obesity, body size,
shape and weight: a systematic review, 2020). This brought together findings about perceptions
and reports of frame length rooted in kid's perspectives with findings approximately the situations
in which youngsters might keep these and other sorts of perspectives about body length.
As per another research article, Almost 1 in 5 kids are overweight or obese after they start
number one school, growing to at least one in 3 once they begin secondary college. By 2020 it’s
expected half of of all children may be overweight or overweight. Obese kids are more likely to be
obese adults, inflicting widespread fitness dangers as well as low vanity and frame image. As
deprivation increases the range of children at a healthy weight decreases, and the number of kids
measured as overweight or overweight will increase. The maximum latest records display that
obese and weight problems occurrence for kids residing in the maximum deprived areas is greater
than it's miles for the ones residing inside the least deprived regions: in England, 25.8% as
compared to 18.0%. He causes of obesity in adolescence are multifaceted, with contributions from
more than one aspects of environmental change collectively with genetic and in all likelihood
epigenetic elements. There is consequently no unmarried intervention or coverage technique that
can be applied to deal with the difficulty (About childhood obesity, 2020). When enforcing
tasks it's miles vital to don't forget the multitude of stakeholders concerned, which include mother
and father, children, corporations and civil society actors, similarly to government. It is likewise
essential to consider the social and cultural context of early life obesity and, particularly, cope with
the developing inequality in early life weight problems.

4.3. Recommendation
In this research it can be recommended that it is essential to make certain changes in the day to
day activity of the adults of the UK. It can be done by involving a proper diet that includes
healthy fruits and vegetables. The calories consumed need to be calculated as eating too much
calorie can cause obesity. The lifestyle needs to be improved by including habits such as waking
up early and involving physical activity. It is seen that a proper lifestyle can avoid the problem
of obesity and even excess consumption of alcohol and smoking also involve improper lifestyle.
They can consult their dietitian to control their calorie intake. Further joining a gym or any group
that involves fitness practices everyday is beneficial. Even swimming, jogging and exercises are
effective measures to cure obesity. Along with exercises, eating grains, cereals and fresh fruits
and vegetables help to keep oneself overall healthy and avoid obesity and its associated problem
[Referred to Appendix 7].
4.4. Conclusion
The Qualitative method of data collection is a unique process of the data collection method. In
the qualitative data collection method, there is a need to understand the issue of obesity and the
27

risk factor associated with this particular issue in the adults of the UK. In this research, the
researcher has used the qualitative data analyzing method, and all this information and data are
collected from the secondary sources. The qualitative data collection strategy is essential to
address the issue of obesity in the UK people and to understand the risk factors which are a
complication of human health. In the above section, the qualitative data collection method is
used to collect and analyze the secondary data, which are related to gathering the data that are
collected from the secondary resources, and they vary according to the age. There is a low
obesity rate in the people of the UK where the risk factors of obesity increase with the increased
age. This concluding section of the issue regarding obesity refers to the factors of sugar, and the
consumption of excessive food are relevant in this area. This section also discussed the
government of the UK, and their role to inereducinghe the obesity rate from the people of the
UK is very important. The ways to get rid of this situation are so many important roles of the
government in the areas of increasing the cost of the product that contains high rates of sugar and
glucose.
28

Chapter 5: Discussion
5.1. Introduction
In this section the primary focus point will be on the discussion of obesity factor in relation with
the literature review, finding presented in the research report and the adopted methodology.
According to the researchers and the different literatures the discussion will take place. The
methodologies used here in this research are associated with the factors and findings which
researchers have discussed and pointed out from the literatures. in the discussion section the
discussion will take place according to the connection of literature review and methodology with
findings of the research presentation.
5.2. Discussion
The discussion of the obesity factor can be seen in the light of literature review, finding
presented in the research report and the adopted methodology. According to the research paper
written by the researcher Chen(2017), discuss the high mobility group box that is associated with several
factors of obesity, inflammation, and cardiovascular risks. obesity and cardiovascular diseases are quite
natural symptoms that often occur in adults, these symptoms are often in childrens too. The researn or
cause of obesity is uncertain or unpredictable in several cases. This particular disease or syndrome is
associated with low secretion of chronic inflammation, at this its status is affected by an innate immune
system that affects the health condition. Based on the research paper written by the researcher Hales
(2016), monitoring the causes of obesity that prevalence and is relevant for programs on public health
which focuses on prevention and reduction of obesity. Most of the countries the rate of obesity is
increasing with passing time due to improper lifestyle and diet structure. Comparing the obesity rate of
different countries respective to sex, it has been observed that sympptomes of obesity are often seen in
women’s at large scale but sometimes obesity rate are quite high in the Hispanic men as compare to non-
Hispanic men. According to Zaho and Zheng (2019), the intervention that consists of physical activity,
diet chart change, and lifestyle habits need to be changed to enable them to overcome Obesity and the
problems it involves. They need to focus on ensuring that the practices of maintaining weight are
appropriately followed. In this, they need to consult with the dietician, gym trainer, and even doctor to
know the reason for their increased weight as well as the steps they need to flow because, in some cases,
people gain weight due to specific health problems and disease. weight management of people who are
experiencing heavy bodyweight and need to provide support in overcoming their Obesity and leading a
healthy lifestyle. According to Walsh et al. (2018), the unbalanced life discipline leads to obesity and
genetic obesity that tend to increase the risk of other dangerous diseases. The diseases that can
be
29

followed due to obesity are type 2 diabetes, which is due to genetic susceptibility, and also the
surrounding plays a major role. This problem is seen in adults aged above 13. The impact of both
adults's lifestyles as well as type 2 diabetes effects is different from adults as they have a different
genetic susceptibility. According to Flórez et al. (2019), there are few adults who give importance
to the workout factory in a gym center or in other places, still there are a huge number of adults
who don't want to invest their time for workout and this is leading to a cause of gaining weight
or obesity. There is a need involving the diet plate plan in which the nutrition level involving fat
and the amount of energy needed can be decided by seeing the weight of the individual that
experiences a greater risk of genetic obesity. This diet helps to control the problem of weight
gain even and adequately this diet is beneficial for children and adults too.
5.3. Research Limitation
Research limitation is a way of acknowledging the shortcomings of the overall research work. In
every research work, there are some limitations and shortcomings that are very common because
no research topic exists where it's without any limitation. These research limitations are essential
for the research's honesty. It helps to improve the quality of research by accepting the
shortcomings and limitations. In this research paper, the limitation relies on the data collecting
method
s becaus
e ther
e ar
e differen
t opinion
s o
f th
e peopl
e o
f th
e UK,
which ar
e subje
ct to
change and differ from person to person. This limitation of the research
helps to identify the issue of Obesity, and it talks about the limitation of the research paper in the
area of taking individual opinions and experiences.
5.4. Conclusion
The above discussion held on the discussion of a critical thin king of the results and analysis of
those results with reference to the literature review and their theoretical arguments.. Most of the
countries the rate of obesity is increasing with passing time due to improper lifestyle and diet structure.
The researn or cause of obesity is uncertain or unpredictable in several cases. This particular disease or
syndrome is associated with low secretion of chronic inflammation, at this its status is affected by an
innate immune system that affects the health condition. Weight management of people who are
experiencing heavy bodyweight and need to provide support in overcoming their Obesity and leading a
healthy lifestyle.
30

Chapter 6: Conclusion
6.1. Introduction
It is seen in this research that every objective mentioned is linked below, which shows that the
objectives met properly can help to solve the problem properly to control obesity in UK adults.
This ensures a healthy life in all respects by involving exercises and healthy eating habits to lead
a healthy life. The changes that are necessary to overcome the obesity problem are mentioned
below. The weight reduction process should be controlled by weight management, and the
necessary guidance provided by the need to be followed to avoid any risk arising after weight
loss [Referred to Appendix 6].
6.2. Future Scope
This research helps to understand the objectives clearly and helps to understand all the factors
that contribute to the rise of the problem of obesity. The entire research is focused on the obesity
problem and the way it can be overcome to lead a healthy life. it is very important to understand
the obesity risk in life (Milaneschi et al.2019). It lowers the ability to do work and causes the
ultimate death of the person by causing various other diseases. In this research it is also seen that
obesity makes people feel tired very early but the healthy people remain fresh for a long time
and they do work more efficiently than the people having obesity. Thus this research helps to
understand the overall idea of obesity and its impact and the way it can be reduced to ensure a
healthy life.
6.3. Conclusion
From the above discussion it is clear that obesity is followed by numerous health problems in the
individual. The objectives need to be met to ensure that the adults of the UK are healthy and fit.
This can be understood by finding the risk threat involved due to obesity among people and in
this respect it is very important to understand the way such risk can be overcome. Then another
objective is to motivate departmental stores to encourage healthy food items in the stores in their
front door and unhealthy items in the corner to develop the increase in sale of more healthy
products than unhealthy products. Through this they also avoid children from buying
unnecessary chocolates and sugared beverages. From above the discussion of the particular issue
of Obesity, it is clear that Obesity is a very dangerous health issue in the people of the UK
because it's increasing the rate of Obesity. The UK adults are being attacked by Obesity and
31

overweight by gaining their weight through consumption of the high calories food and drink and
not doing enough physical exercise and workout. In this portion, it can be said that UK adults
love to have foods and drinks with high calories, and they don't want to do enough workout and
physical exercise to burn those calories, which is affecting their health in terms of Obesity and
overweight. They need to have control over the food and drinking habits, which includes a high
level of calories, and they need to have enough workout seasons to burn those calories to be
physical. Though the UK Government took several steps to control this situation by controlling
the sugar level in the food and drinking products, people of the UK need to be much aware of
this issue to get rid of this dangerous situation. Then it is important for every individual to
engage themselves in physical activities to overcome the issues related to obesity. The
government should generate policy for the sugared and calorie product to contain the warning
detail in the packaging to ensure that the consumer can gain knowledge about the harem it can
cause by having intake of that product. This helps to change the thought of the adults toward
unhealthy products and helps to overcome obesity.
32

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Appendices
Appendix 1: Weight Statistics in the UK
(Source: https://cdn.healthexpress.co.uk/images/uk/page/weight-statistics-in-the-uk.jpg)
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Appendix 2: Body Mass Index
(Source:https://psu.pb.unizin.org/kines082/chapter/the-health-belief-model/)
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Appendix 3: Factors affecting Obesity
(Source: https://www.sickkids.ca/IMAGES/Research/Obesity-in-Youth/50765-
factors_contributing_obesity.jpg)
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Appendix 4: Ethical of the Research
(Source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/85/f4/85/85f4856ddfb7e01ca67516fa217ecfb3.jpg)
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Appendix 5: Genetic risk score
(Source:https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190419/New-scoring-system-based-on-genetic-
markers-predicts-obesity-risk-at-birth.aspx)
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Appendix 6: The UK Government focus point to overcome obesity
(Source:https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/the-childhood-obesity-pandemic-now-more-
important-than-ever.html)
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Appendix 7: Diseases arising Due to Obesity
(Source:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278973/)
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