Healthcare Experiences for Adults with IDD

This assignment focuses on the healthcare experiences of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). It examines research findings, literature reviews, and statistical data highlighting the disparities and unique challenges they encounter in accessing and navigating healthcare systems. The aim is to understand their specific health concerns, care needs, and the barriers they face in receiving adequate medical attention.

Research Project
(Do health professionals have the appropriate
knowledge, training and skills to treat people
with intellectual disabilities?)

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................5
Research idea/problem.....................................................................................................................5
MAIN BODY: BACKGROUND....................................................................................................5
Issues faced by health care professionals to deal with ID patients..............................................7
Issues in appropriate knowledge, training and skills to treat people with intellectual disabilities
.....................................................................................................................................................8
Deinstitutionalization and IDD....................................................................................................9
Models on IDD..........................................................................................................................10
Aim of study..............................................................................................................................11
Objectives..................................................................................................................................11
Research questions.....................................................................................................................11
Plan of investigation..................................................................................................................11
Ethical consideration.................................................................................................................12
Feasibility/strengths/limitations.................................................................................................13
Dissemination plan....................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
1. Summaries key points...........................................................................................................15
2. Potential impact of the study...........................................................................................15
3. Implication for future practice.........................................................................................16
4. Implication for further research.........................................................................................16

ABSTRACT
The proposed research study has based on to assess the knowledge, training and skills
possessed by health care professionals to treat people with intellectual disabilities. But from the
research, it has been found that there is a clear lack of training and skills in health professionals
when treat this group of people. Therefore, the researcher has conducted this study to understand
the relationship between intellectual disabilities and required knowledge, skills and trainings in
the healthcare professionals to treat this group of people. To carry out the investigation in
appropriate manner, the researcher has selected both primary and secondary methods of data
collection. For primary information gathering, a questionnaire has prepared by the scholar which
has filled by the doctors of primary care of London hospitals. On the other hand, for collecting
secondary information, the investigator has taken the help of books, articles, journals,
newspapers and previous research on the similar topic. The findings of the study shows that
health care professional of the hospitals are facing lack of knowledge and skills which affect the
treatment of ID patients. During the phase of the entire research, the researcher has taken various
ethical consideration so that it will not affect the outcome of the study and meet the objectives of
the investigation. Along with this, from the feasibility process, it has been found that the
proposed research subject has able to address the research issue in appropriate manner. But, there
have some limitations which has affected the final result of the investigation in both positive and
negative way. For communicate the findings of the entire researcher, there is a need of
communicate in front of the audience. In this context, the scholar has chosen various modes such
as publishing papers, attending conferences, in the form of articles, journals etc. From the whole
study, it can be concluded that there is a clear lack of training and skills in health professionals
when they are treating ID group of people. So, to minimize this gap, some actions needed to be
taken by the health care organizations so that these group of people can get appropriate treatment
and care.

INTRODUCTION
Research idea/problem
Intellectual disability (ID) is also called mental retardation which is occurred due to
neurodevelopmental disorder. It has found mostly in the inborn children and the responsible
causes of this are Down syndrome, fetal alcohol spectrum syndrome and velocariofacial
syndrome (Dyer and Das Nair, 2013). There are various reasons that are responsible for ID in the
children. In the present time, medical science has evolved different ways and methods to treat
such type of group of people (Emerson and Baines, 2011).
The present research study is being carried out on finding out as to whether health
professionals have the appropriate knowledge, training and skills to treat people with intellectual
disabilities or not. Form the viewpoints of researchers it has been found that there is an absence
of training and skills of health professionals because of which they are not able to treat such
patients in as best possible manner. In this regard, there has been an intake of important steps to
address the needs of intellectual and developmental disabilities patients.
But there still remains a presence of significant barriers to deal with such patients. This is on
account of clear lack of training and skills in health professionals when treat this group of
people. Moreover healthcare professionals also face the barrier in terms of having enough
knowledge so as to deal with such patients (Hanna, Taggart and Cousins, 2011). Communication
deficits also exist between providers and patients that lead to creation of complex and
unnecessarily issues thereby limiting access to appropriate care (Evenhuis and et.al., 2012).
Hence the present study will focus on understanding the concept of intellectual disabilities,
issues faced by health care professionals to deal with ID patients. These will aid in generating
steps that are required to be taken for providing access to appropriate and culturally competent
care.
MAIN BODY: BACKGROUND
The concept of Intellectual Disabilities
The intellectual disability is a disability in which the person loses his mental capacity and
has trouble in doing the basic day to day activities. The people suffering from intellectual
disability tend to take more time in learning new things than the average person would take.
Children with intellectual disability takes more time to walk, speak, and learn and to do their
regular activities (While and Clark, 2010). The children may show signs in their early ages and

this has be observed by the parents. They would not crawl, walk or sit like the children of their
ages. They find social gathering a tough place to be and have hard time in remembering things
(Hilgenkamp, van Wijck and Evenhuis, 2012). An intellectual disability condition is usually
found at birth or in early ages of the child. It affects the ability of a person as they take more time
to learn when compared to people of their ages. More than 200 types of intellectual disability
cases have been found in the whole world and each one has its own characteristics (Buntinx and
Schalock, 2010). Some people may not require much assistance from others while the severe
cases needs lot more assistance. The main causes of intellectual disability are:
 Genetic disorder: Many a time’s genetic disorder or abnormal genes from the parents
develop the problem of intellectual disability (Marks and Heller, 2003).
 Problems during birth: If the baby is not developed properly inside the mother or his cells
did not properly divide then this can cause the problem.
 Problems at birth: The insufficient oxygen level during the birth may also give rise to
intellectual disability in the child (Wagemans, Van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de‐Valk and
Curfs, 2010).
 Health problems: Diseases like malnutrition, measles, meningitis and exposure to lead or
mercury can cause intellectual disability (Lin and et.al., 2010). Intellectually disabled
people only affect 1% of the population and out of which 85% have mild intellectual
disabilities. This shows that these individuals are just slower than the average person. If
proper care and attention is given to them they would be able to live their lives
independently. The intellectual disabled people are treated as a part of society and all the
facilities are provided to them. They have the right to participate in the social events and
they cannot be discriminated on the basis of their disability (Emmerich, 2006). The
government in every country runs special schools and education centres in order to
provide them with educational facilities.
Issues faced by health care professionals to deal with ID patients
ID patients have limited skills and they find difficulty in doing basic tasks as well. They
have to be continuously monitored and taught. Many of the times the health care professionals
have to do their basic tasks by themselves. This not done builds frustration in the professionals
but they get really tired after handling the patients (Brookes, 2006). The health care professionals
face lot of problems while dealing with the intellectual disabled patients. These patients are

different and they may do activities which develops frustration in the health care staff (Lunsky
and et.al., 2012). The health care professionals find it difficult to establish a conversation with an
ID patient. The patients can become aggressive and refuse to get the treatment. The ID patients
cannot do the regular day to day activities that a normal person would do (Hsieh, Rimmer and
Heller, 2012).
The health care professional assisting him has to keep patience as they have to teach a
simple task to the ID patient for a long time before he understands it. An ID patient can be
repulsive, he can causes self-injury or injury to the health care professional assisting him
(Larson, Anderson and Doljanac, 2005). This is a risky situation both for the patient as well as
the doctor. The patients can be aggressive; can show hyperactivity and causes destruction to the
property. The health care professionals have to deal with all such issues and they have to be
prepared to everything as the actions of ID patients cannot be predicted (Hayden and et.al.,
2005). An ID patient has to be taught everything from the beginning and that too for a series of
time before he could grasp it. If the ID patient is a child then special attention has to be given to
it. Not only during the day but also at night such patients may need assistance. The health care
professionals who treat and train ID patients are specialised in their work (Lunsky and et. al.,
2011). They have a tiring and a tough job with them. They have to give their entire time and
attention to the ID patient. Some ID patients are easy to handle and they would follow all the
instructions of the doctor. But when a patients start to oppose the directions of the health care
professional then the problem arises. These types of patients would not even listen to the doctor
so there is no point of convincing them. The health care professionals then have to forcefully
make them do all those things which are essentials (Werner and Stawski, 2012). This situation is
very tough both for the ID patient as well as the doctor. The patient or the doctor may get injured
during this. Even though such situations make the task of the health care professionals difficult
but still many people are working in this field (Emerson, 2012). They have been able to
successfully deal with all kinds of ID patients and have treated them as well. The regular support
and assistance to the intellectually disabled person has treated many patients and they have been
living their lives independently (Oeseburg, Dijkstra and Jansen, 2011).
Issues in appropriate knowledge, training and skills to treat people with intellectual disabilities
A study carried out by Nicholas and et.al. 2008 has found that there has been an absence
of improper care for patients suffering from IDD. This is as the practitioners who deal with such

patients have not been trained in a proper manner. This leads to their awareness about physical
and medical concerns (Nicholas and et.al. 2008). Emeriti, 2008 has found that providers have a
lack of information about the health history of a person who is suffering from IDD. Nor they are
aware about the other aspects of the patient related to his or her life (Emmerich, 2008). The study
by Heslop and et.al., 2014 has concluded that healthcare system has often given emphasis on the
acute medical conditions that may not be related to chronic conditions. They have further been
found to be poorly equipped in terms of interacting with healthcare needs of patients who are
suffering from IDD (Heslop and et.al., 2014).
A study by Larson et al. has further reviewed that there has been a gaps that are left
between what is needed by people living with IDD within the community and what that are able
to receive in terms of health and social care (Perkins and Moran, 2010)
It has further been found that there has been a use of emergency departments to deal with
IDD patients. But the healthcare providers have quoted that these departments are inappropriate
and have been regarded as more expensive alternatives than the quality primary medical care.
Hence the overall health status of IDD patients lags behind than that of the general population
(Larson and et al., 2005).
It has been recommended by Lowes and Hulatt, 2013, that the care systems should be
made such that it is able to actively engage people who are suffering from IDD. This is in terms
of increasing their health awareness, making them self-advocated, enhancing their literacy levels
as well as carrying out the health promotion activities (Lowes and Hulatt, 2013).
It has further been found that the patient suffering from IDD as well as their caregivers,
and families face difficult in presenting the health concern. This is on account of lacking
understanding in terms of how complex healthcare delivery systems work (Anders and Davis,
2010).
Soni and et.al., 2014 have further found that people with intellectual disabilities have
been receiving poor care in comparison to non-disabled counterparts. Training that has Breen
provided to healthcare professionals has been very scant in the area. It has often been found to be
nonexistent. The study focused on developing a structured clinical exam “station” that was
designed to analyze the ability of trainee psychiatrists for communicating with simulated patient
who was suffering from intellectual disability. It has been found from the study that the station
performed well in terms of discriminating between candidates that are of varied abilities. It has

further been implied that people with intellectual disabilities can be used in training and
assessment. This can further help healthcare professionals to increase their knowledge, attitudes
and skills. This can be followed by providing increased opportunities for intellectual disabilities
people to undertake valued social roles (Soni and et.al., 2014).
Models on IDD
There has been a presence of significant growth in community healthcare delivery
systems that are there to offer access to high quality services for the people who are suffering
from IDD. The growth has been slow but has been observed on a significant note (Larson and et
al., 2005). In this regard, there has been a presence of programs related to New York City
Premier HealthCare Program and New Jersey’s Developmental Disabilities Health Alliance.
They have been offering care that has been community based as well as integrated in nature
(Schieve and et.al., 2012).
In the same way, there has been a development of other models such as Developmental
Disabilities Health Center which has made an attempt to offer multidisciplinary as well as
primary healthcare to the adults who are suffering from IDD (Higgins and Field, 2012).
. The model was conceptualized in 2007 with the help of a meeting that made an attempt to
bring local, national, and international experts on healthcare together (McIlfatrick, Taggart and
TRUESDALE‐KENNEDY, 2011). This led to development of a model so as to meet the needs
of those people who are suffering from IDD. The concept has been borne out of five objectives
that are as follows;
 To enhance the overall availability of integrated healthcare.
 To bring improvements in quality of care as provided by community healthcare
providers.
 To develop health promotion resources for dealing with the patients who are suffering
from IDD (Hanna, Taggart and Cousins, 2011).
 To enhance awareness among people for meeting up the needs of IDD affected.
 To develop a model for healthcare delivery system.
On the basis of these objectives there has been a development of healthcare delivery system
concept model that has a presence of three components. These are related to;
 primary healthcare
 health promotion and wellness

 caregiver education
Aim of study
To assess the knowledge, training and skills possessed by health care professionals to
treat people with intellectual disabilities.
Objectives
 To understand the concept of intellectual disabilities.
 To assess the issues faced by health care professionals to deal with intellectual disability
patients.
 To understand the required knowledge to be possessed by health care professionals to
deal with intellectual disability patients.
 To assess the skill set needed to deal with intellectual disability patients.
 To recommend training needed by health care professionals to deal with intellectual
disability patients.
Plan of investigation
To carry out an investigation, it has important for the researcher to develop a plan of
investigation. In this regards, the right research methods and techniques have to be considered.
The proposed research is relating to assess the knowledge, training and skills possessed by health
care professionals to treat people with intellectual disabilities (Robson and McCartan, 2016). For
this, the scholar will be select deductive research approach because the discussion has started
with the general topic and end on specific subject. The reason of selecting this approach is it has
easy to understand the reasons by which health care professionals are not able to treat ID patients
in more effective manner (Mackey and Gass, 2015). On the other hand, the investigator will be
chose positivism research philosophy. It will help the researcher to collect the accurate the
information without making any kind of changes or modifications. Beside this, exploratory
research design will be select scholar to identity need of knowledge, skills and training in the
health care professionals to treat ID patients in right manner. There are two types of data
collection: primary and secondary. For the present research, the researcher will be select both the
methods (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). For primary data collection, scholar has been
prepared the questionnaires. Similarly, secondary data has been gathered from the different
sources of information such as books, journals, newspapers, articles, previous researches etc. The

chosen research type for the present research will quantitative because it is more reliable and
objective (Silverman, 2010). It will help the investigator to define the relationship between the
training, skills and knowledge of health care professionals and ID patients.
There are two types of research: one is qualitative and second is quantitative. Qualitative
research has used to gain an understanding of reasons and opinions related to the research
problems. It helps in generate the ideas and hypothesis of the quantitative investigation. Data
collection in this method is unstructured but provide the deep information about the research
issue. On the other hand, quantitative research is used to quantify the problem on the basis of the
collected data that can be transform into usable statistics. It explain the uncover pattern of
research and under this method, the data can be collected with the help of paper, mobile, online
survey, face to face interviews etc. The chosen research type for the present research will
quantitative because it is more reliable and objective (Silverman, 2010). It will help the
investigator to define the relationship between the training, skills and knowledge of health care
professionals and ID patients.
A plan of investigation to conduct to the research and collect primary information is
preparing questionnaire. The researcher will select A&H Hospital of London. For this, doctors of
primary care hospitals will be considered as a respondents (Panneerselvam, 2014). Questionnaire
will contain different types of questions that will related to communication skills of doctors and
based in rating scale from 1-5. It will place inside to an envelop with a paper that will all the
require information mention to complete it. After this, the collected data will be statistically
analysed by the researcher to reach on a particular outcome.
Ethical consideration
To carry out the investigation in the right direction and meet the objectives of the
research, the researcher has to take some ethical consideration. In the context of the present
study, the first ethical consideration will be take by the scholar is plagiarism (Pickard, 2012). To
avoid this issue, the investigator will mention the name of the researchers from which he will
take matter. On the other hand, another ethical consideration will be taken by the scholar is
safety and security of the personal information of the respondents. For this, he will ensure the
participants that their personal information will not be used to some other personal benefits and
not shared to the third parties (Flick, 2015). Beside this, poor data storage and retention will also
a ethical issue and to solve this, the researcher will use different new methods of data storage and

take their backup.
Rather than this, the scholar will respect the dignity of the respondents on the highest
priorities (Malhotra, 2010). An adequate level of privacy of obtain research data will be secure.
Along with this, for collecting the secondary information from access denied websites and
government sources, the researcher will take permission to access it. During the primary data
gathering process, investigator will maintain the transparency. There will no misleading
information will be deliver by the researcher to the audience and participants about the research
(Blumberg, Cooper and Schindler, 2014).
Feasibility/strengths/limitations
During conducting the investigation, there are three things taking into the consideration:
feasibility, strengths and limitations of the study (Billig and Waterman, 2014). Feasibility defines
as an assessment process of proposed topic in practical manner. It is a state of examine the
situation to decide whether the suggested plan or method is appropriate or not. In the context of
present research, the research will need to identify the feasibility of the proposed study title
(Miller, Birch Mauthner and Jessop, 2012). For ensuring the research topic is feasible or not and
able to address the issue, various things will be taken into the consideration such as complexity,
capability, resources, ethics and skills require to complete it.
On the other hand, the strengths of proposed research study will be it is able address the
research issue in appropriate manner. Along with this, it will help in determine those problems
face by healthcare professionals which affect the treatment of ID patients (Geerts, 2011).
Similarly, it will assist the scholar to identify the knowledge, skills and training needs to treat
group of people of ID patients.
Every research is consisting some limitations which may affect the success of study. The
proposed research have some limitations that will be faced by the scholar during conduct the
investigation (Green, Camilli and Elmore, 2012). First limitation will be time because their will
be less time to complete the entire investigation. To solve this, the researcher will develop a
research plan in which the time will be allocate to the activities. On the other hand, second
limitation will relate to cost where investigator will face the budget issue (Ho, 2011). For solving
this, he will adopt activity based costing where the fund will be assign to tasks according to the
priorities.

Dissemination plan
Dissemination of information means how we circulate the information of the research to
others. A dissemination plan would enable a person to properly draft a plan about how the
information is circulated. Communication plays an important role in the dissemination plan. The
information can be shared with individuals, stakeholders, institutions and other organisations.
The important elements for the formation of a dissemination plan are:
 Purpose: The initial step is to define the purpose of dissemination. In the present context,
the purpose is to educate the community about learning disability.
 Audience: audience that has to be targeted is health care professionals, learning disabled
patients as well as the community.
 Message: message is to let the people know about learning disability and issues faced by
the patient.
 Method: The main methods of dissemination are journals, newsletters, flyers, press
releases and presentations.
 Timing: As soon as the project is accepted.
CONCLUSION
1. Summaries key points
Findings of the current investigation has concluded that Intellectual disability (ID) is a
mental disorder. At present research and development has helped in determining different
methods for resolving this medical issues in effective manner. But, study has found that, health
care professionals and social workers do not have appropriate knowledge and skills and training
for treating these patients in effective manner. Therefore, health care professionals are not
capable enough to handle that patients in appropriate manner. Communication gaps also exist
between doctors and patients that leads to creation of complex and unnecessarily issues which
affect their medical treatment and process. At present health care professional uses
Deinstitutionalization for dealing with the patients of Intellectual disability. But it is not feasible
for resolving this issue of patients in effective manner. In addition, research and also found that
enhance the overall availability of integrated healthcare is major requirement for resolving this
medical issues in effective manner. Along with this this, health care professional needs to focus

on improving the quality of care, health promotion, etc. As per the findings of the research
author has concluded that patients and health care professionals of Intellectual disability do not
aware about different ways which can satisfy the needs and requirement of patients. Overall,
research has suggested that different health care institutions needs to make appropriate
arrangement of training and development program for improving skills and knowledge of health
care professionals about Intellectual disability. Along with this, health care organization can
arrange workshops and conferences about increasing awareness of patients and health care
professionals about sign, symptoms and treatment of Intellectual disability.
2. Potential impact of the study
Findings of the current investigation are beneficial for different health care professionals
and health and social care workers. It will raise the overall skills and knowledge of different
health care workers by which they can provide beats treatment to all patients of Intellectual
disable patients. Along with this, it helps in improving training and development plan of every
health care institutions. Findings of the investigation will be fruitful for improving mental and
physical health of patients. Overall the whole investigation is beneficial for future research and
medical practices on similar subject and medical issues.
3. Implication for future practice
Findings of the current investigation can be applied for improving future practices of
different patients of intellectual disabilities. Health care professional can increase their
knowledge and skills about disabled patients. In addition, the current investigation will provide
all necessary infomrtaion about treatment and care services for disabled people. The current
investigation has analyzed that health professionals, doctors and other social care workers do not
have appropriate skills and knowledge to handle different intellectual disable patients. So, using
the findings of the different health care institutions can improve their actual training cells. It is an
appropriate research for conducting future investigation in effective manner.
4. Implication for further research
The current research study is based on whether health professionals have the appropriate
knowledge, training and skills to treat people with intellectual disabilities or not. After
completing this investigation future research scholars and PhD students can conduct research
study on similar subject. Including this, there are number of researcher which can conduct

similar investigation on any other medical issues. Including this, researcher can conduct
investigation on medical treatments for resolving issue of Intellectual disability. Further the
current study has increased the scope of research on different training methods which are
required for increasing skills and knowledge of health care professionals. In addition, number of
researcher can conduct future study on sign and symptoms of Intellectual disability. Overall,
entire investigation has increased the overall scope of future investigation.

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