Parkinson's Disease Treatment and Discharge

The report discusses Charles' experience with Parkinson's disease and his need for proper treatment and discharge. The assignment highlights the importance of maintaining factors such as medication therapies, surgical operations, and dopamine levels in the brain to facilitate an efficient discharge process. It also emphasizes the need for relief from symptoms and the positive influence on Charles' mind. The summary includes a list of references to relevant books and journals that provide additional information on Parkinson's disease treatment and management.

Assessment 2: Case Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Primary admission diagnosis...........................................................................................................1
Nursing Problem..............................................................................................................................2
Nursing management.......................................................................................................................2
Discharge Planning..........................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
The client as per the given scenario is Charles who is suffering from Parkinson's diseases
and along with that have some minor issues as well. The minor additional problems he is facing
includes a tremor in upper part of lips, monotonous voice, scuffing of the right foot. Also, he
some issues with respiring. The case study involves the details about Charles and the issues with
which he is suffering from (Sampson and Chesselet, 2016). From an analysis made, it has been
evaluated that the blood pressure rate of Charles is 120/72 along with a heart rate of 76. The
report is about identifying different factors which led Charles to be admitted in the hospital along
with any further problems that can be caused by the current condition of Charles. It should be
necessary to consider what further issues can occur to Charles because of the primary diagnosis
that has been made currently. Providing proper management and involving specific nursing
interventions has also been included that can help in providing an efficient and accurate
treatment to Charles, thus helping him in recovering from Parkinson's diseases and the other
minor issues, he is being dealing with. Discharge planning of Charles after the complete
processing and treatment has also been included.
Primary admission diagnosis
The section includes the reasons what have been the situations because of which Charles
has to be admitted in the hospital. It means it includes the primary diagnosis of Charles involving
all the factors and operations that somehow led to this situation. As Charles was suffering from
Parkinson's, so there might be the possibility that lower level of dopamine levels are responsible
for this because it has been observed that people with Parkinson's diseases has a lower rate of the
dopamine present in their body. As per ( Sarrafchi and Rafieian - Kopaei, 2016), it has been said
that the food items that are rich in antioxidants should be avoided when dealing with Parkinson's
diseases. So, it should be ensured that Charles does not consume any such food item that is rich
in antioxidants. Some very well known and common examples of this can be considered as
vegetables like okra, kale, bell peppers etc., berries, grapes, eggs, walnuts etc. In actual,
Parkinson's diseases affects the way person moves. The main reason why it happens is because
some disorder in nerve cells of the brain (Seeman, 2015). It is because dopamine, which is an
important chemical made by the nerve cells. So, when the nerve cells does not able to work
properly, regulation and development of dopamine gets affected as well. Thus, it affects the
movement of the human body. There are some early signs as well that can be considered as a
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warning such as shaking of body parts, lack of sleeping, constipation, abnormal changes in the
movement, unpredictable fainting etc. Thus, these signs if observed can provide an idea of
causing Parkinson's diseases. In case of observance of any such symbol such as abnormal
walking, trembling voice etc., it can be easy and simpler to guess that the person might have
chances to get Parkinson's diseases. These early factors can help as well as on the basis of that,
one can take preventive measures to control the diseases and its symptoms.
Nursing Problem
The section includes the problems that can further occur because of the current situation
of Charles. As a result of primary diagnosis, some further problems can also arise because of the
current situation of Parkinson's disease. As from the information observed, it can be analysed
that if any of the symptom such as trembling of voice, abnormal movement of the organs of the
body has been observed, then it can be analysed that there are equal chances that the person may
get Parkinson's diseases. It happens because the hormone dopamine is being released by the
nerve cells (Sveinbjornsdottir, 2016). So, there comes some situations when there has been
observed some sort of factors influencing the nerve cells. Thus, when these nerve cells get
affected, they lost their ability to produce dopamine which further affects the control of the
movement by the brain. This makes some abnormal movements in the body of the humans.
There can be certain nursing problems as well that can be further caused by Parkinson's disease
and these involve breaking down of the neurons, abnormal functioning of the body etc. The
reason these problems can cause includes the fact that as the nerve cells lose their ability to
release dopamine, it is obvious enough that it can lead to abnormal functioning of the brain,
making it tired and lazier enough to continue or process any idea or action. In this situation,
signals also forget their basic path and no proper signal can be able to send and receive by the
user, thus making the human body confused enough to perform any further function. Therefore,
it leads to the abnormal functioning of the body. Charles was dealing with trembled voice and
constipation as well. Also, he was feeling cough when he drinks some liquid or water. So, these
issues happened to Charles as further symptoms of Parkinson's diseases.
Nursing management
While diagnosing him, it has been analysed that proper assessment has been made. The
level of blood pressure has been evaluated as 120/72 and the heart rate as 76 beats per minute.
So, it can be analysed that the heart beat rate of Charles was quite higher than that of the normal
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rate. So, it can cause him troubles while respiration etc. He was also admitted to the hospital
because of the respiration issue as well. Although he has been diagnosed with Parkinson's
diseases, but he was having many issues along with that. Although there are various types of
treatment available for Parkinson's diseases but a few of them has been discussed as under :
Using medications
In many cases, the doctors suggest medications and medication therapies. Their forte of
providing these techniques is to provide a sort of relaxation to the symptoms of the diseases.
Some very common examples of it includes shaking of different body parts, trembling of voice,
abnormal functioning of body etc. So, using some specialised medications and therapies that are
known to increase the overall rate of dopamine levels by the nerve cells (Postuma and Halliday,
2015). So, it is obvious that if the nerve cells will be able to release efficient amount of dopamine
levels, it can make some improvements in the functioning of the body parts. Also, dopamine is
that hormone that cannot be provided externally to the client because if it is being provided by
means of injection etc., then also it will not enter in the brain. So, it is important to involve some
method which can generate the development of dopamine through nerve cells only. This can
improve the functioning of the body to a huge extent. There are various medications available for
treating Parkinson's and some common examples include Carbidopa levodopa, carbidopa
levodopa infusion etc. So, it can help Charles in getting a sort of relief from symptoms of
Parkinson's diseases.
Using surgical procedures
Along with medications, there are surgical treatments as well that can help in resolving or
preventing some sort of relief to the symptoms of Parkinson's diseases. Some very popular
surgical treatments includes deep brain simulator etc. In this stimulation, electrodes are being
implemented inside the brain (Pont‐Sunyer and Wenzel, 2015). There is a generator that is being
placed near the chest area of the person. The electrodes are being connected to that generator
which is placed near the chest area of the person. It thus helps in maintaining a balance between
the signals and make it in a way that seems effective enough in minimizing the symptoms of
Parkinson's diseases. There are various types of settings that are being adjusted as per the
requirement of the body of the person. It is because there are various risks as well associated
with the surgeries. So, for reducing the risk factors, the settings are being adjusted in an effective
and appropriate manner. Along with surgical operations, one can also try to include a healthy
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diet that is free from antioxidants etc. It can also help the person to a huge extent in getting some
sort of relief from the symptoms of Parkinson's diseases.
Discharge Planning
After the analysis been made, Charles can be discharged from the hospital. It is obvious
enough that there must be some issues that occur at the time of discharging Charles. If the reports
and body functioning of Charles has not been accessed properly, then it can cause further issues
at the time of discharge because when the person is not treated well with all the symptoms they
have, it may further cause issues at the time of discharging from the hospital. Also, it is the
responsibility of the authority to inform the parents or guardians about the fact that it is the right
time to discharge the patient (Dehay and Petsko, 2015). If the family member or guardians has to
arrive a few late because of some immediate options, in that case, it becomes the responsibility
of the hospital to postpone the discharge till the guardians arrive because when a person is at the
time of discharge, it is obvious enough that they require more time to get properly better. They
also need some more time to get properly and completely better. So, if in case, these factors are
being maintained by the authorities, it can help in resolving such issues at the time of discharge.
Thus, making the process of discharge easier and simpler enough. An easier discharge also helps
in providing a sort of relief to Charles as well so that it can also have a positive influence on
Charles mind that he has been treated well now and is free from any sort of diseases or its
symptoms. Considering these factors makes the process of discharge easier and simpler.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the report that Charles has been suffering from Parkinson's
diseases and also, he has been dealing with various symptoms of it. The diseases can also be
responsible for causing many further issues such as trembling voice, abnormal functioning of
body etc. There are various factors that leads to Parkinson's diseases and the basic factor is
referred as the decreased level of dopamine by the nerve cells in the brain. The hormone can also
not be possible inserting the body of the person but it cannot directly enter the brain and staying
of the hormone in other parts of the body does not make any sense. Thus, there are various types
of treatments available for providing some sort of relief from the symptoms of the Parkinson's
diseases. Some very common examples of it can be considered as medication therapies, surgical
operations etc. that can be used for providing an efficient and appropriate amount of treatment to
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Charles so that an appropriate level of dopamine can be released in the brain of Charles, thus
making the functioning and operations normal and functional enough.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Dehay, B. and Petsko, G. A., 2015. Targeting α-synuclein for treatment of Parkinson's disease:
mechanistic and therapeutic considerations. The Lancet Neurology. 14(8). pp.855-866.
Pont‐Sunyer, C. and Wenzel, K., 2015. The onset of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease
(the ONSET PD study). Movement Disorders. 30(2). pp.229-237.
Postuma, R. B. and Halliday, G., 2015. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's
disease. Movement Disorders. 30(12). pp.1591-1601.
Sampson, T. R. and Chesselet, M. F., 2016. Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and
neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Cell. 167(6). pp.1469-1480.
Sarrafchi, A. and Rafieian-Kopaei, M., 2016. Oxidative stress and Parkinson’s disease: New
hopes in treatment with herbal antioxidants. Current pharmaceutical design. 22(2).
pp.238-246.
Seeman, P., 2015. Parkinson's disease treatment may cause impulse–control disorder via
dopamine D3 receptors. Synapse. 69(4). pp.183-189.
Sveinbjornsdottir, S., 2016. The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Journal of
neurochemistry. 139(S1). pp.318-324.
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