Effective Enterprise Architecture

The assignment content revolves around obtaining support from Enterprises Architecture (EA) stakeholders and understanding the EA3 Cube Framework, which consists of four levels: Goals & Initiatives, Products & Services, Applications & Services, and Network & Infrastructure. The importance of communication with stakeholders is emphasized, as well as the need for documenting EA components using artifacts such as diagrams, spreadsheets, and reports. Additionally, the assignment touches on big data projects, cloud computing, and application security, highlighting the role of EA in supporting successful project implementation.

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Portfolio 1.1 (Case Study)
 What are the main problems for the organisation?
After study the case study of Johnson and Johnson organisation I found it is a
decentralised organisation. Decentralised organisation mostly faces the difficulties
when they dealing with their customer, because Johnson and Johnson is a group of
companies and they do not have any central interface where any one can get updated
about their query. The legacy technology is still used in the Johnson and Johnson.
 What solutions do you propose to help solve these problems?
According to my understanding the Zachman Framework is beneficial to solve this
solution because Zatchman Framework on the existing functionality.
 Examine the Zachman Framework. How would you apply this to the case study?
Zachman provide the two dimensional view and the view is given by the
organisations related people. It provide the information related to requirement,
implementation etc. in the form of what, how, who and where basis.
In Johnson and Johnson case study we apply the Zechman framework in the below
two dimensional tables:
What How Who Where
Business
Requirement
Data and
information
requirement
Data
processing
User Application
Conceptual
Model
Overview Information
and analysis
User Tools and
Documentation
Physical Model Physical
overview
Architecture
and
environment
DBA Location of
system
Implementatio
n
Infrastructure ETL Dev and
Maintenance
Hosting needs
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Portfolio 1.2 (Frameworks for EA)
 What processes were proposed for EA?
Compliance Process
Governance Process
Management Process
 Compare the frameworks for EA- Zachman, TOGAF, FEA, and Gartner
Followings are the comparison table:
Criteria for
Comparision
Rating
Zachman TOGAF FEA Gartner
Completeness
of Taxonomy
Good Inadequate Inadequate Poor
Process
completeness
Poor Good Inadequate Acceptable
Practice
guidance
Poor Inadequate Inadequate Good
Business Focus Poor Inadequate Poor Good
Information
availability
Inadequate Good Inadequate Poor
Time to value Poor Acceptable Poor Good
 Relationship between EA and SOA.
EA and SOA both are required for constructing the organisation, EA provides the
basic functionality and the allocation of resources and the SOA provide the service
and operation. And both are required for developing the better organisation.
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Portfolio 1.3 (ERD diagram)
Milk dairy
Quikfix Electronics
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Portfolio 1.4 (Tutorial Questions)
Week-3:
1. What are some of the areas of value that are generated by an EA program?
EA program gives the overall idea about system whatever we developed. This is giving
privilege to build system loosely coupled. In other words we can say that it is creating
solution which maintains minimal risk.
2. What are some of the risks associated with implementing an EA program?
Please see below the list of risks associated with implementing an EA program:
 Taking more time to build the system
 Low adoption rate
 Low acceptance by user
 High cost
 Security issue
3. How does EA help an enterprise to view its strategic direction/goals?
EA provides the idea and planned objectives which will support the major business practice.
EA translating the business goal into the business process and it provide the real value.
4. How does EA help an enterprise to view its business services?
EA help us in order to build the application which is taking care of analyse, design, planning
and implementation of business logic. This is very important consideration to build an
application.
5. How does EA help an enterprise to view technology resources?
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EA is very important in the field of technology, what are technologies we need to consider to
develop an application. It gives the proper business approach between the different
departments of organisation. It is giving idea to use technology in terms of system
optimisation based on server capacity.
6. What is meant by managing risk? Provide two methods to manage risk.
If we are working in any organisation there is always possibility of failure. The concerned
team is always backup plan to overcome the risk.
Following are two methods for managing the risk:
 Mitigate: Minimise the effect of risk
 Exploit: the way to make the risk occurs, so we can train the employee
7. How does EA link to strategy, business, and technology?
Before using the EA in an organisation, the business unit of the organisation and IT
department both are working as individual EA fill the gap between the departments and begin
the relation between the different processes. EA gives the common view to the business unit.
8. Select a real-world medium-or large-sized business and identify the following:
a. Areas of potential value that an EA program would provide.
 Improve the planning
 Establish good communication within the organisation
 Using Technology
EA detects the inconsistencies (Decentralisation IT, redundancies etc.) in the organisation.
b. Areas of potential risk to the implementation and acceptance of an EA program, and
strategies to mitigate those risks.
Potential Risk:
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 Requirement Dissimilarity
 Facing difficulties using EA
 Insufficient implementation
 Compatibility issue
 Security lack
 Low resources
Strategies to mitigate risk:
 Control
 Transfer
 Monitor
 Avoid
 Accept
c. How EA can help develop views of this business’ strategic direction and goals; business
services; and supporting resources.
EA gives conclusion and inspects the organisation and then following these concepts. It also
calculates the effect, risk and how can we control the organisation by using these principle.
EA has always the alternate solution, using this type of solution we can describe the impact
of coming change which is also include the calculated cost, risk and resources.
Week-4:
1. What is an EA implementation methodology?
EA implementation methodology creates and develops methodologies and does the EA
implementation. The ineffectiveness in current EA implementation methodology because of
facing problems developing from EA implementation methodology performs models, factors,
and strategy.
2. What is the role of an EA framework within the EA methodology?
EA Framework is providing the way to overcome from the difficulties using the defined
methodology, given tool and technique etc. EA Framework also defines how we can use the
EA in our organisation.
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3. What is the purpose of Phase I activities in the EA methodology?
In EA methodology Phase I we choose the key player, discuss with implementation plan, EA
governance development and also connect with the process of management.
4. Why are Phase III activities dependent on the completion of Phase II?
In the phase II we choose the resources like (EA Team etc.) and in the phase III we start the
actual development work and we cannot perform the actual development work without
choosing the resources. So phase III activities are dependent on the completion of phase II.
5. Compare and contrast the purpose of Phase II and Phase IV activities.
Phase II is the initial phase of EA methodology because here we choose the resources,
selecting the software and tools. And phase IV is the last phase of EA methodology because
here the development is ongoing.
6. Can the steps of the EA methodology be changed for different enterprises?
No doubt the EA methodology is different for different enterprises
7. Who is responsible for execution of the EA program and EA methodology?
The people in the management team of organisation is responsible for execution of the EA
program and EA methodology, they choose the right framework and proper tool for
development.
8. How often should an EA be updated? Why?
It’s totally depends upon the organisation, suppose if we using the private version of EA
edition and out organisation is going to expand so we need to update the EA edition to
professional edition. It is totally depend upon the current situation of organisation how often
we need to update the EA edition.
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9. Select a real-world medium or large size enterprise and provide:
a. The phases and steps of an appropriate EA implementation methodology.
Followings are the steps:
 Preliminary Preparation or planning
 Data and application architecture
 Application planning
b. The way that EA stakeholder support will be obtained.
To obtaining the support of Enterprises Architecture stakeholder we need to communicate
with them and always take the opinion like what is the best communication tool within the
organisation, if the things going wrong how we can fix etc.
c. The recommended schedule for updating the EA.
 Scope definition
 Architecture documentation
 Architecture design for future use
 Analyse the Gap
Week-7:
1. What is the purpose of current views of EA components?
The purpose of current views of EA is to validate which resources and technology is used for
business process it present the AS-IS view of organisation, it define the capabilities,
dependencies and association.
2. How do artifacts relate to EA components?
Artifacts relate to EA components with real document which is defined in the EA
methodology for example diagram, spreadsheet etc. it collect the essential document to create
the AS-IS view.
3. Provide some examples of artifacts at the Goals & Initiatives level of the EA3 Cube
Framework.
Followings are the Goals & Initiatives level of the EA3 Cube Framework
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 Operation statement
 Strategic plan
 Performance measures
 operational situations
4. What is IDEF-0 modelling and how can it be used to document EA components at the
Products & Services level of the EA3 Cube Framework?
IDEF-0 is very important to start the design of an application. It is explaining what are the
component we need to develop in order to get the optimal throughput for an application.
IDEF-0 is the upper level process documentation which provides the context view of
organisation. It can be decomposed and interrelate to the other. It shows the part of activity
using the input, output etc.
5. What are the differences between traditional (ERD and DFD) data modelling techniques
and object-oriented data modelling techniques (UML)?
The DFD, ERD and UML are designed for different prospective for example DFD only show
the data flow between the process, and ERD designed for database representation like what
are the entities and attributes what is the relation between the entities what is the constrains of
database etc. UML is designed to know how the overall system works.
6. Provide some examples of artifacts at the Applications & Services level of the EA3 Cube
Framework.
Followings are the artifacts of Application and service level:
 Interface diagram
 Communication diagram
 Data flow diagram
 Performance matrix
 Interface matrix
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7. Is vendor-supplied documentation on software and hardware products important to retain
as EA artifacts? Why?
Yes, it is important because it give us the miscellaneous level of detail. It provides us a very
high level of concept to the very low level of facts. For example: executive level, business
activities, system etc.
EA artifacts are required for different department of organisation like network, Infrasture and
development of new system.
8. What are some of the EA artifacts that would be desired at the Network & Infrastructure
level of the EA3 Cube Framework?
 Plan of organisation
 Network Diagram
 Cable diagram
9. Find a public or private sector enterprise and identify the following current EA
Components/artifacts at each level of the EA3 Cube Framework:
a. Identify current strategic goals, initiatives, and outcome measures.
Strategic goal: common process for all in organisation and repository for all flow of data
Initiative: For all we have common principles
Outcome measures: Capital planning, feedback for future use
b. Identify current LOBs, business services, and associated activity/flow diagrams.
LOB stands for Line of Business, in any organisation LOBs is an area of activity. List of
LOBs in business:
 Ability consideration
 Requirement of Preparation
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 IT security
c. Identify current information flows and data documentation in each LOB.
In LOB the flow of data includes in the progress of data models and it provide the structure of
service. Data flow reproduces the process which convert the data within the current system it
involves the creation, update or deletion. Documentation improves the data and information
flow in the organisation.
d. Identify the current IT systems and applications that support information flows for each
LOB.
 IT systems
 ERD
 DFD
 Database
 Service (Front/Back)
 Software
 ERP solution
e. Identify the current IT infrastructure and networks that host IT systems and applications.
IT infrastructure and networks:
 Application Software
 Infrastructural management tool and services
 Physical and virtual server for premises
 Data storage
 Routers, switches, firewall etc.
Portfolio 1.5 (Journal articles review)
• What are the roots causes behind the failure of big data projects?
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Answer:
Please find below the root causes for big data projects failure:
 Complex data models
 Poor communication
 Lack of skilled job
 Poor data quality
 Outdated Data Structure
• How EA can support successful big data project implementation?
Answer:
Using innovation and better planning the EA can support the big data project
implementation. Innovation provides the value of using big data more effectively.
EA breakdowns the policy or approach and convert it into the business requirements to
architecture requirements. It will benefit to know the issues and resolve the new strategy.
EA and Cloud computing
Important recommendations to deal with application security and encryption:
 Cryptography: using cryptography the organisation can search and filter the
encrypted data for example Searchable Symmetric Encryption protocol.
 Control of Access: Control the access; we have to define who can access the system,
and granting the access only to desired person.
 Privacy of Data: No one can know about our sensitive data, if we not provide the
privacy to our data it may be leak.
 Security Monitoring and Compliance
 Validation : This is very important not even for application security and encryption
but also for any kind of developing system
References:
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