Research Work/Project Work - Medication Summary

This document provides a brief summary of medications for Research Work/Project Work. It includes information on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, contraindications, precautions, and side effects of medications such as Furosemide (Lasix), Atorvastatin (Lipitor), Metformin (Glucophage), and Warfarin (Coumadin).

Assessment Details
Qualification Code: Title HLT54115 – Diploma of Nursing
Assessment Type Assessment 2 Research Work/Project work
Due Date
Location
Term-Year
Unit of Competency
Unit
Code/Title
HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines and intravenous therapy
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Feedback to Student
RESULTS (Please Circle) SATISFACTORY NOT SATISFACTORY
Assessor Details
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Assessment 2 -Research Work/Project Work
Instructions to the students
 Answer the questions below in the spaces provided
 Ensure all references are documented under each individual question.
 Answers are to be written in ink
Group Work
Research Project 1
Assessor will divide the large group into 4 smaller groups Each group will present back to the
larger group with a 5-minute presentation (can be written, oral, slide presentation) on the
information for each medication. The table of medications must be completed by all students
with the research information presented by each group. Please list group members names
GROUP
1
Lasix and Liptor
GROUP
2
Metformin and Warfrin
GROUP
3
Cephalexin and Zoloft
GROUP
4
Morphine and Salbutamol
Research the following medications listed in the table below and complete the pharmacological
information required. (Brief summary for the entire medication information Min 150 words)
GROUP 1
Medication: Furosemide
(Lasix)
Brief summary
 pharmacodynamics Furosemide, a sulfonamide-type loop diuretic structurally related
to bumetanide, is used to manage hypertension and edema
associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and renal
disease, including the nephrotic syndrome. ("Furosemide -
DrugBank", 2019)
 pharmacokinetics Absorption - 60–67% absorbed after oral administration (↓ in
acute HF and in renal failure); also absorbed from IM sites.
("furosemide | Davis’s Drug Guide", 2019)
Distribution- Crosses placenta, enters breast milk. ("furosemide |
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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Davis’s Drug Guide", 2019)
Metabolism- Minimally metabolized by liver, some nonhepatic
metabolism ("furosemide | Davis’s Drug Guide", 2019)
Excretion- Furosemide is excreted in urine. Significantly more
furosemide is excreted in urine following the I.V. injection than
after the tablet or oral solution. ("Furosemide - DrugBank",
2019)
 adverse reactions  blurred vison
 hearing loss, hearing changes such as ringing in the ears.
 hyperglycemia
 paresthesia
 rapid weight loss
 jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes). (furosemide & Lasix,
2019)
 stomach/abdominal pain
 allergic reaction like rash, itching, swelling
 trouble breathing(Cold et al., 2019)
 contraindications and
Precautions
Contraindicated in:
 Hypersensitivity;
 Cross-sensitivity with thiazides and sulfonamides may
occur;
 Hepatic coma or anuria;
 Some liquid products may contain alcohol, avoid in
patients with alcohol intolerance("furosemide | Davis’s
Drug Guide", 2019)
Precautions :
 Severe liver disease (may precipitate hepatic coma;
concurrent use with potassium-sparing diuretics may be
necessary);
 Using this medicine while being pregnant may cause the
unborn baby to be bigger than normal. The doctor should
be informed in such a case.
 Electrolyte depletion;
 Diabetes mellitus;
 Hypoproteinemia (↑ risk of ototoxicity);
 Severe renal impairment (↑ risk of ototoxicity);
("furosemide | Davis’s Drug Guide", 2019)
 Kidney problems
 side effects  increased urination
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 thirst
 headache
 muscle cramps
 itching or rash
 weakness
 dizziness
 spinning sensation
 diarrhea
 stomach pain
 constipation (furosemide & Lasix, 2019)
 fever
 vomiting
 loss of appetite
Medication: Atorvastatin
(Lipitor)
Brief summary
 pharmacodynamics Atorvastatin is used to treat high cholesterol and prevent from the
risk of stroke, heart disease. It helps to clear low density
lipoprotein cholesterol from the body by limiting ability to
produce new LDL cholesterol so live is the primary site of
action. (Lipitor ( atorvastatin Calcium tablets,2019)
 pharmacokinetics
Absorption: It is continuously absorbed after oral intake
maximum plasma concentrations occur within 1 to 2 hours. The
low systemic availability is attributed to presystemic clearance in
gastrointestinal mucosa and/or hepatic first-pass metabolism.
Although food decreases the rate and extent of drug absorption
by approximately 25% and 9%, respectively .Plasma LIPITOR
concentrations are lower (approximately 30% for Cmax and
AUC) following evening drug administration compared with
morning. However, LDL-C reduction is the same regardless of
the time of day of drug administration. (Lipitor ( atorvastatin
Calcium tablets,2019)
Disturbution:The volume of distribution of atorvastatin is 381
litre. It is 98>% bound to plasma protein. The plasma ratio of
0.25 denotes poor medication penetration into the red blood cell.
(Lipitor ( atorvastatin Calcium tablets,2019)
Metabolism: It is metabolized in the bile followed by the liver
and extra hepatically metabolism. The metabolism is performed
mainly by the activity of cytochrome P450 3A4 and its metabolic
pathway produces mainly active ortho- and para-hydroxylated
metabolites2 as well as various beta-oxidation minor
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metabolites.3 The metabolism of atorvastatin is ruled by reactions
of oxidation, lactonization and glucuronidation. The ortho- and
para-hydroxylated metabolites of atorvastatin account for about
70% of the activity against HMG-CoA reductase ("Atorvastatin -
DrugBank", 2019)
Route of elimination: It is eliminated primarily in bile following
hepatic metabolism with less than 2% of it recovered in the urine.
but the medicine doesn’t go through enter hepatic recirculation. It
has an approximate elimination half-life of 14 hours.
Noteworthy, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity appears
to have a half-life of 20–30 hours, which is thought to be due to
the active metabolites.
("Atorvastatin - DrugBank", 2019)
 adverse reactions The adverse reactions of atorvastatin are as follows:
 Kidney failure
 Liver problems like jaundice
 Lung Tissue Problems
 Muscle Inflammation
 Neck Stiffness
 Pancreatitis
 Rupture of tendon
 Depression
 Loss of memory
 Life threading Allergic Reaction
 Hepatitis
(Lipitor adverse effects by likelihood and severity,2019)
 contraindications &
precautions
Contra indication for atorvastatin are as follow:
 Pregnancy
 A person suffering from liver disease.
 Untreated decreased level of thyroid hormone
 Brain hemorrhage
 Loss of memory
 Breast feeding mother
 Allergies
 Recent operation
(Cold et al., 2019)
Precautions
 Use birth control methods to prevent pregnancy because
this medication can cause birth defects.
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 Always inform doctor about the medication you are
having and health problems like diabetes, liver disease,
kidney disease.
 Don’t breasts feed the child if you are taking this
medication.
 Avoid eating high cholesterol, foods as it taking
medication may not be effective.
 Don’t take alcohol as it can increase triglyceride levels
and elevate the risk of live damage.
("Lipitor (atorvastatin) Side Effects, Interactions, Uses
& Drug Imprint", 2019)
 side effects The side effect are as follows:
 Joint pain
 stuffy nose, sore throat
 diarrhea
 pain in your arms or legs
 Dizziness
 Rash
 Mild Muscle pain
 Headache
 Gas
 Nausea
(calcium & Lipitor, 2019)
GROUP 2
Medication: Metformin
(Glucophage)
Brief summary
 pharmacodynamics As body needs insulin hormone to regulate the blood glucose
levels, people with type 2 diabetes has decreased sensitivity to
insulin which causes elevation in blood glucose as pancreas can
no longer compensate. Metformin decreases production of
glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis), it reduces absorption of
glucose from intestine and also enhances insulin sensitivity by
elevating both peripheral glucose intake and utilization. This
process helps to decrease the blood glucose, manages type 2
diabetes and has positive effects on glycemic control.
("Metformin – Drug Bank", 2019)
 pharmacokinetics
After ingestion, when metformin reaches to the liver cells, it
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builds up in cells and in the mitochondria where different
mechanisms regulate with the help of enzymes resulting in
gluconeogenesis and increases liver sensitivity to insulin.
Metformin is absorbed well when given with food and the
apparent volume of metformin after one oral dose is 850 mg of
metformin where it binds to plasma proteins and is excreted as
unchanged drugs in the urine and does not go hepatic metabolism
as no any metabolites have been identified in human.
("Metformin - Drug Bank", 2019)
 adverse reactions Adverse reactions of Metformin are as follows:
 Lactic acidosis which can be seen as being tired, weak,
unusual muscle pain, difficulty in breathing,, unusual
sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, stomach pain and
slow or irregular heartbeat.
 Hypoglycemia, where symptoms include headache,
weakness, confusion, drowsiness, sweating, irritability,
shaking, extreme hunger and fast heartbeat.
("Metformin Adverse Effects – Drug Bank", 2019)
 contraindications &
precautions
Contradictions of Metformin:
 Renal impairment with increased serum creatine levels or
abnormal creatinine congestive heart failure.
 Increased risk of lactic acidosis which is known as a form
of metabolic acidosis due to insufficient clearance of
lactic acid from the blood.
(Dr. Tomislav Mestrovic, 2019)
Precautions:
 Avoid drinking large amount of alcohol on a regular basis
as drinking alcohol elevates the risk of lactic acidosis.
 If the lever is not functioning normally then metformin
should not be taken as liver disease increases the risk of
lactic acidosis.
 Monitoring kidney function test as metformin should not
be taken if the kidney is functioning poor.
 During most major surgeries, metformin should be
stopped temporarily and then should be restarted when
the patient is eating normally again.
 If there is infections, injuries or fever, metformin is not
enough to treat the diabetes, so insulin may be required.
 Metformin decreases the levels of vitamin B12, so if the
patient has deficiency of vitamin B12, it should be
monitored closely.
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(Clinaero, 2019)
 side effects Side effects of metformin are as follows:
 physical weakness (asthenia)
 diarrhea
 gas (flatulence)
 low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
 abdominal pain
 low blood levels of vitamin B-12
 nausea and vomiting
 constipation
 chest discomfort
("Metformin Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term -
Drugs.com", 2019)
Medication: Warfarin
(Coumadin) Brief summary
 pharmacodynamics Warfarin is used to prevent and treat thromboembolic disease
which includes venous thrombosis, thromboembolism and
pulmonary embolism and also prevents ischemic strokes in
patients with atrial fibrillation. Warfarin inhibits vitamin K
reductase which helps to reduce the form of vitamin K and as a
result it reduces the thrombogenicity of clots. ("Warfarin - Drug
Bank", 2019)
 pharmacokinetics Absorption
It is absorbed rapidly when administered orally and also
absorbed percutaneous, however, it varies from individual.
Warfarin binds to blood plasma proteins and is metabolized in
the liver where warfarin is almost entirely excreted by
metabolism, little amount of warfarin is excreted in the urine and
metabolites are excreted into the bile in lesser amount.
("Warfarin - Drug Bank", 2019)
 adverse reactions  Skin necrosis or gangrene
 Bleeding strokes or brain strokes(Hemorrhagic strokes)
 Aortic Valve stenosis or hardening of arteries which means
the calcium accumulates in the arteries and narrows the aortic
valve that goes from heart and carries oxygen to the body.
 If the warfarin is used for a long term, the risk of Alzheimer’s
and dementia is increased
 Purple toes syndrome where the toes is seen in purple for
dark colors with extreme pain.
("3 Dangerous Warfarin Side Effects Long Term Effects of
Warfarin", 2019)
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 contraindications &
precautions
Contraindications:
 Blood dyscrasias
 Bleeding tendency
 Active ulceration
 Threatened abortion
 Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia
 Unsupervised dementia
 Alcoholism
 Psychosis
 Spinal puncture
 Major lumbar block anesthesia
 Malignant hypertension
 Pregnancy
Precautions:
 In order to ensure if the medicine is working properly and
is creating progress or not, regular doctor visit is very
important.
 To get rid of unwanted side effects, blood tests such as
INR are needed to be checked and monitored properly.
 It can harm the unborn baby, so it should not be taken
during pregnancy and if the patient think she is pregnant,
doctor should be informed right way.
 As this medication needs to be stopped several days
before surgery or medical test, doctors must be informed
if the patient is using this medication.
 The identification which denotes that the patient is using
warfarin should be carried by the patient.
("Warfarin (Oral Route) Precautions - Mayo Clinic",
2019)
 side effects Side effects of warfarin
 Unusual bruising
 Nosebleeds
 Bleeding gums
 Heavy menstrual or vaginal bleeding
 Pink or brown urine
 Red or black stools
 Coughing up blood
 Vomiting blood
("Warfarin: Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and More", 2019)
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GROUP 3
Medication: Cephalexin (Keflex) Brief summary.
 pharmacodynamics Cephalexin also commonly known as Cefalexin is a first
generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is one of the most widely
prescribed antibiotics, often used for the treatment of superficial
infections which results as complications of minor wounds or
lacerations. It is effective against most gram positive bacteria
("Cephalexin-Drugbank’, 2019)
 pharmacokinetics Cephalexin also commonly known as Cefalexin is a first
generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is one of the most widely
prescribed antibiotics, often used for the treatment of superficial
infections which results as complications of minor wounds or
lacerations. It is effective against most gram positive bacteria
("Cephalexin-Drugbank’, 2019)
 adverse reactions Severe- Mild, Interstitial nephritis, Bleeding, Confusion,
Dizziness, Fever, Headache, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, seizures
etc (Meyers, Kaplan & Weinstein, 1969). Sensitivity, Super
infection
 contraindications &
precautions
 Antimicrobial resistance, viral infection- Cephalexin does not
treat viral infection i.e. common cold. If this is prescribed in
case of viral infection rather that providing the benefit to the
patient if increase the risk of development of drug-resistant
bacteria. Patients should be recommended to complete whole
session of treatment even if they feel better earlier.
 Pregnancy- Data published by epidemiologic studies and
pharmacovigilance case reports over several decades with
cephalosporin use, including cephalexin, in human pregnancy
have not established drug associated risks or major birth
defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes
("Cephalexin (cephalexin) dose, indications, adverse effects,
interactions... from PDR.net", 2019).
The precautions are:
If the symptoms don’t show any improvement, it is needed to
visit the doctor ("Cephalexin (Oral Route) Precautions - Mayo
Clinic", 2019).
Lactation.
 side effects Joint pain, Vaginal itching, Rash, Swelling etc (Fung-Herrera,
1974).
Medication: Sertraline (Zoloft) Brief summary.
 pharmacodynamics Sertraline, an antidepressant drug which is identical to
citalopram, fluoxetine, and paroxetine, is of the selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRI) type. It mediates a weak
inhibitory actions on the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine or
dopamine and exhibits no inhibitory action on monoamine
oxidase. Chronic administration of sertraline resulted in down
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regulation of brain norepinephrine receptors. It displays affinity
for sigma-1 and 2 receptors binding sites (A31941), but binds
with more affinity to sigma-1 binding sites. The pharmacological
role of sigma receptors in the mechanism of action of sertraline
in unclear.
Drugbank.ca. (2019). Sertraline - DrugBank. [online] Available
at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01104 [Accessed 7 May
2019].
 pharmacokinetics The mechanism of action sertraline is not fully known, but the
drug appears to selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the
presynaptic membrane. This results in an increases synaptic
concentration of serotonin in the CNS, which leads to numerous
functional changes associated with enhanced serotonergic
neurotransmission. This modifications are responsible for the
antidepressant action observed during long term administration
of antidepressants. It has also been hypothesized that obsessive
compulsive disorder is caused by the dysregulation of serotonin,
as it is preserved by sertraline, and the drug corrects this
disproportion.
Drugbank.ca. (2019). Sertraline - DrugBank. [online] Available
at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01104 [Accessed 7 May
2019].
 adverse reactions GI upset including nausea, diarrhea, dyspepsia; decr libido;
tremor; dizziness, insomnia; agitation, somnolence; sweating; dry
mouth, male sexual dysfunction, in children, headache, insomnia,
hyperkinesia, weight loss; other.
Mims.com.au. (2019). page 102. [online] Available at:
http://mims.com.au/ [Accessed 7 May 2019].
 contraindications &
precautions
- before taking sertraline, inform your doctor if you are
allergic to it, any other allergies you have. Because this
product contains inactive ingredients ( such as latex found
in the medicine dropper) which can cause allergic
reactions or other problems
- before having surgery, notify your doctor or dentist about
all the products that you have used including prescription
drugs, nonprescription drugs and herbal products as well.
- During pregnancy, this medication should be used only
when clearly required. It may harm an unborn baby. Also,
babies born to mothers who have used this during the last
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3 months of pregnancy may rarely develop withdrawal
symptoms such as feeding/breathing difficulties, seizure,
muscle stiffness, or constant crying.
- Children can be more sensitive to the side effects of the
drug, especially loss of appetite and weight loss. Observe
weight and height in children who are taking this drug.
Cold, F., Health, E., Disease, H., Disease, L., Management, P.,
Conditions, S., Problems, S. and Disorder, S. (2019). Drugs &
Medications. [online] Webmd.com. Available at:
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-35/zoloft-oral/details
[Accessed 7 May 2019].
 side effects Nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, loss of appetite,
increased sweating, diarrhea, upset stomach, or trouble sleeping
and so on . if any of these effects last long or get worse, then visit
the doctor or pharmacist quickly.
Similarly, if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic
reaction such as rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face,
tongue or throat) severe dizziness and trouble breathing then get
a medical help right way.
Cold, F., Health, E., Disease, H., Disease, L., Management, P.,
Conditions, S., Problems, S. and Disorde, S. (2019). Drugs &
Medications. [online] Webmd.com. Available at:
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-35/zoloft-oral/details
[Accessed 7 May 2019].
GROUP 4
Medication: Morphine
(Sevredol)
Brief summary.
 Pharmacodynamics It is scheduled 8 drug which is used to treat moderate to extreme
pain. It can be used to treat acute as well as chronic pain.
Morphine directly acts in the central nervous system and blocks
the pain signals from travelling along the nerves to the brain.
("Morphine - DrugBank", 2019)
 pharmacokinetics Morphine is absorbed from all routes of administration, except
transdermal. Moreover it can be injected spinally. The most
effective ways of administration are intramuscular and
subcutaneous as it takes 15-20 minutes reach the peak effect,
where as 30-90 minutes after oral administration. However oral
is the most common route of administration.
As it goes through the metabolism in the liver, the peak effect of
oral administration are much lower than after parenteral routes.
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(De Gregori S, 2019)
 adverse reactions  A Spasm Of The Larynx
 Bronchospasm
 Change In Pulse
 Collapsed Portion Of Lung
 Fast Heartbeat
 Giant Hives
 Hives
 Inflammation Of Skin Caused By An Allergy
 Involuntary Muscle Movements
 contraindications &
precautions
The following conditions are contraindicated with this drug. Check
with your physician if you have any of the following:
 systemic mastocytosis
 untreated decreased level of thyroid hormones
 decreased function of the adrenal gland
 alcohol intoxication
 drug abuse
 cor pulmonale
 abnormally low blood pressure
 Asthma Attack
 decreased lung function
 stomach or intestine blockage
 constipation
 severe liver disease
 biliary and gallbladder problem
 acute inflammation of the pancreas
 severe renal impairment
 seizures
 Shock
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 side effects There are some common side effects for morphine such as:
1. constipation
2. feeling or being sick
3. drowsiness
also there are some occasional side effects such as:
1.headache
2. drymouth
3. mood change
4. confusion
5. sudden jerking of the body
6.difficulty sleeping.
Medication: Salbutamol
(Ventolin)
Brief summary
 pharmacodynamics Ventolin is a brand name for Salbutamol. It opens the airways
and make breathing easier with the people who have breathing
problem such as asthma and other chronic obstructive airway
diseases. It is short acting Beta 2 antagonist which works by
stimulating receptors in the lungs called beta 2 receptors. This
causes the muscles in the airways to relax and allows airway to
open. ("Salbutamol – Drug Bank", 2019)
 pharmacokinetics After oral and parenteral administration, stimulation of the beta
receptors in the body, both beta-1 and beta-2, occurs because
(a) beta-2 selectivity is not absolute,
(b) higher concentrations of salbutamol occur in the regions
of these receptors with these modes of administration.
This results in the beta-1 effect of cardiac stimulation,
though not so much as with isoprenaline, and beta-2
effects of peripheral vasodilatation and hypotension,
skeletal muscle tremor, and uterine muscle relaxation.
Metabolic effects such as hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycaemia
also may occur, although it is not known whether these effects
are mediated by beta-1 or beta-2 receptors. The serum potassium
levels have tendency to fall.
Absorption: Following inhalation, salbutamol acts topically on
bronchial smooth muscle and the drug is initially undetectable in
the blood. After 2 to 3 hours low concentrations are seen, due
presumably to the portion of the dose which is swallowed and
absorbed in the gut.
The systemic levels of salbutamol are low after inhalation of
recommended doses. A trial conducted in 12 healthy male and
female subjects using a higher dose (1,080 mcg of albuterol base)
showed that mean peak plasma concentrations of approximately
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3 ng/mL occurred after dosing when salbutamol was delivered
using propellant HFA-134a. The mean time to peak
concentrations was delayed after administration of VENTOLIN
(salbutamol) HFA (Time max = 0.42 hours) as compared with
CFC-propelled salbutamol inhaler (Time max = 0.17 hours)
Distribution: Initially, the drug is undetectable in the blood. After
2-3 hours low concentration is seen due to the portion of the dose
which is swallowed and absorbed in the gut.
Metabolism:
Salbutamol is not metabolized in the lung but is converted to the
4'-o-sulphate ester in the liver, which has negligible
pharmacologic activity. It may also be metabolized by oxidative
deamination or conjugation with glucuronide. Salbutamol is
ultimately excreted in the urine as free drug and as the
metabolite.
Excretion: After oral administration, 58-78% of the dose is
excreted in the urine in 24 hours, approximately 60% as
metabolites. A small fraction is excreted in the faeces.
("Salbutamol - Drug Bank", 2019)
 adverse reactions Adverse reaction of Salbutamol is:
 tremor
 Cardiac Arrhythmias
 Tachycardia
 Hypokalemia
 Palpitations
 Paradoxical bronchospasm
 Oral irritation ("Salbutamol - Drug Bank", 2019)
 contraindications &
precautions
Contraindications for Salbutamol are:
 Salbutamol shouldn’t be given to the patient who are
taking medicines called beta-blockers, such as atenolol,
propranolol or timolol as it has an opposite action to
salbutamol and cause airway to narrow, resulting in
breathing difficulties for people with asthma and COPD.
And precautions for Salbutamol are:
 Some people who have heart disease, arrythmia,
hypertension, hypothyroidism, and diabetes will need
lower dose of salbutamol or extra monitoring as it may
cause adverse side effect.
 Always check the ingredients before using Salbutamol
and consult with doctor if a person has any allergies or
intolerances as it may worsen the allergies.
 Excessive use may induce a non-responsive state leading
to a worsening of hypoxemia.
("Albuterol (Ventolin): Drug Whys", 2019)
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 side effects Most common side effects of Salbutamol are:
 Feeling shaky
 Headache
 Faster than normal heartbeat (tachycardia)
 Feeling tense
 Feeling sick or vomiting
 Muscle cramps
 Sleeping disturbances
 Mouth or throat irritation
("Ventolin (salbutamol): to relieve asthma attacks and
breathlessness", 2019)
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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1. Furosemide - DrugBank. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00695
2. furosemide | Davis’s Drug Guide. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.drugguide.com/ddo/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51345/all/furosemide
3. furosemide, G., & Lasix, B. (2019). Common Side Effects of Lasix (Furosemide)
Drug Center - RxList. Retrieved from https://www.rxlist.com/lasix-side-effects-
drug-center.htm#overview
4. Cold, F., Health, E., Disease, H., Disease, L., Management, P., Conditions, S., &
Problems, S. (2019). Drugs & Medications. Retrieved from
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-5512-8043/furosemide-oral/furosemide-
oral/details
5. V(2019). Retrieved from
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020702s057lbl.pdf
6. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3330/lipitor-oral/details/list-
sideeffectshttps://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3330/lipitor-oral/details/list-
sideeffects
7. calcium, G., & Lipitor, B. (2019). Common Side Effects of Lipitor (Atorvastatin
Calcium) Drug Center - RxList. Retrieved from https://www.rxlist.com/lipitor-
side-effects-drug-center.htm
8. Cold, F., Health, E., Disease, H., Disease, L., Management, P., & Conditions, S.
et al. (2019). Drugs & Medications. Retrieved from
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3330/lipitor-oral/details/list-
contraindications
9. Lipitor (atorvastatin) Side Effects, Interactions, Uses & Drug Imprint.
(2019). Retrieved from
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-atorvastatin/article_em.htm
10. Salbutamol - DrugBank. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01001
11. Albuterol (Ventolin): Drug Whys. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.ems1.com/ems-products/education/articles/439071-Albuterol-
Ventolin-Drug-Whys/
12. Ventolin (salbutamol): to relieve asthma attacks and breathlessness. (2019).
Retrieved from
https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/allergy-asthma/a8236/ventolin-
salbutamol/#contraindications
13. Metformin – Drug Bank. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00331
14. Metformin: Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and More. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.healthline.com/health/metformin-oral-tablet#side-effects
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15. Dr. Tomislav Mestrovic, P. (2019). Metformin Contraindications. Retrieved from
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Metformin-Contraindications.aspx
16. Clinaero, I. (2019). Metformin Warnings and Precautions. Retrieved from
http://diabetes.emedtv.com/metformin/metformin-warnings-and-precautions-
p2.html
17. 3 Dangerous Warfarin Side Effects Long Term Effects of Warfarin. (2019).
Retrieved from https://www.healthdiscoveries.net/warfarin-side-effects.html
18. Warfarin (Oral Route) Precautions - Mayo Clinic. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/warfarin-oral-route/precautions/
drg-20070945
19. Warfarin: Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and More. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.healthline.com/health/warfarin-oral-tablet#interactions
20. Metformin Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term - Drugs.com. (2019).
Retrieved from https://www.drugs.com/sfx/metformin-side-effects.html
21. Morphine - DrugBank. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00295
22. De Gregori S, e. (2019). Clinical pharmacokinetics of morphine and its
metabolites during morphine dose titration for chronic cancer pain. - PubMed -
NCBI. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595069
Names of Group 1 members Research project 2
Khalida Singh
Aakriti Adhikari
Adeepsha rai
AminaChapagain
Amisha pacchhai
Gauri joshi
Gurjit kaur
Kushum poudel
Names of Group 2 members Research project 2
Nishani Sherchan
Nikita Gurung VY
Nikita Gurung SI
Nischal Adhikari
Oshin Ranjit
Nikisha Prajapati
Melisha Maharjan
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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Neha Bhattarai
Names of Group 3 members Research project 2
Puja Adhikari
Puna maharjan
Racahana shahi
Rakshya Kunwar
Rezina lamichhena
Rod byrant villar
Rojina Thapa
Sabina Adhikari
Names of Group 4 members Research project 2
Sajina chapagain
Saleena Gurung
Saleena Shrestha UE
Saleena Shrestha 19J
Sadikar maharjan
Shovanna Shrestha
Shital katuwal
Silpa malla
Group Work
Research Project 2
Assessor will divide the large group into 4 smaller groups Each group will present back to the
larger group with a 5-minute presentation (can be written, oral, slide presentation) of their
research for checking and discussion and enabling all students to complete this tables below.
Please list group members names
What would be the most likely purpose or pathophysiology present in a person that would
require a Medical practitioner to prescribe the following medicine? List your responses in the
table below.
GROUP 1
MEDICATION Provide at least one reason or
pathophysiology condition for a
person to be prescribed this type of
List the form that this drug is
available
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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medicine
Anaesthetics
e.g. undergo a surgical procedure IV Injection
Inhalation
Analgesia
To relieve pain
Oral
IM injection
Buccal
Intranasal
Subcutaneous
Sublingual
Topical
Transdermal
Antacids Treat the symptoms of too much
stomach acid such as stomach upset,
heartburn, and acid indigestion.
Also used to relieve symptoms of
extra gas such as belching, bloating
and feelings of pressure/discomfort in
the stomach/gut. (Cold et al., 2019)
Oral – Capsules, tablet,
powders, chewable tablet,
suspension.
Antianxiety To treat anxiety disorder Oral – tablet
Antiarrhythmic to prevent recurrent arrhythmias and
restore sinus rhythm in patients
presenting with cardiac arrhythmias.
("Antiarrhythmic drugs – Knowledge
for medical students and physicians",
2019)
Intravenous
Oral – capsules, liquid
Antibiotics
To treat an infection
Oral – tablet, capsules and
syrup
Parental -IV, IM
Drop- ear and eyes
Topical – ointment and
powder
Anticholinergics To treat urinary incontinence,
overactive bladder, chronic
obstruction pulmonary disorder
( COPD)
Tablet
Intravenous
Anticoagulants
To reduce the risk of blood clots.
Intramuscular injection
Oral – liquid
Lotion
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Anticonvulsants To treat epilepsy, prevent migraines
and treat other brain disorders.
Tablet
GROUP 2
MEDICATION Provide at least one reason or pathophysiology
condition for a person to be prescribed this type of
medicine
List the form that
this drug is
available
Antidepressants It is used for the treatment of depressive disorder,
insomnia, anxiety and migraine i.e. to treat and
prevent depression.
Oral tablet
Capsule
Transdermal patch
Antidiarrhoeal It is used to treat sudden diarrhoea or decrease the
bowel.
Oral capsule
Antiemetic It is used to treat motion sickness, vertigo, and
nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness
and to prevent vomiting.
Oral tablet
Antifungals
It is used as a topical ointment or cream in the
treatment of Tinea infections i.e. fungal infection
Creams
Sprays
Tablets
Antihistamines It is used for Rhinitis (allergic and non-allergic)
Venomous bites and stings
Dermatitis/eczema
Used to reduce histamine allergic reactions
Tablets
Syrups
Elixir
Drops
Injections
Antihypertensive It is used for high blood pressure
Cardiac failure
Vertigo
Adrenal disorder
Tablets
Anti-inflammatory It is used in Arthritis
Inflammation
Cardiovascular protection
Tablets
Capsule
Injection
Antiparkinsonian It is used to treat Parkinson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Sleep disorders
Tablet
Injection
GROUP 3
MEDICATION
Provide at least one reason or pathophysiology condition for a
person to be prescribed this type of medicine
List the form
that this
drug is
available
Antipruritic
Antipruritic is prescribed in the treatment of inflammation,
allergy, collagen disease, adrenocortical deficiency, shock and
other neoplastic conditions.
Available
either in
injection
orally or
topically.
Antipsychoti It is prescribed in the treatment of schizophrenia, Delusional Oral.
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cs disorders, mental retardation etc. Intramuscula
r.
Antiulcer It is used to treat the ulcers in the stomach and upper part of
small intestine.
Oral.
Topical.
Antivirals Used for treating chronic Hepatitis C, an infectious liver
disease caused due to infection with Hepatitis C virus,
influenza.
Oral.
Intramuscula
r.
Female
Hormone
s Used to promote the development, growth and maintenance of
female characteristics.
Transdermal
patch.
Oral
(Tablet).
Vaginal
(Cream).
Hypnotics,
sedatives
It is used to reduce tension and anxiety and induce calm or to
induce sleep.
Pharmacology2000.com. (2019). Medical Pharmacology:
Sedative-Hypnotic Chapter. [online] Available at:
https://www.pharmacology2000.com/Central/sedhyp/Sedative
18.htm [Accessed 7 May 2019].
Intramuscula
r
Hypoglycae
mic Used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes .
Oral
(Tablet).
Insulin It is prescribed for the management of diabetes mellitus to
mimic the activity of endogenously produced human insulin, a
peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas which
promotes glucose metabolism.
Drugbank.ca. (2019). Insulin Aspart - DrugBank. [online]
Available at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01306
[Accessed 7 May 2019].
Subcutaneou
s
GROUP 4
MEDICATION Provide at least one reason or pathophysiology
condition for a person to be prescribed this type of
medicine
List the form that
this drug is
available
Beta-blockers It slows down the heartbeat which helps to reduce
blood pressure . hence it is given for hypertensive
patient.
IV, oral, injection
Bronchodilators It is used for the patient with asthma, COPD and
allergic reaction which helps to open airway and
relax the bronchial muscles
Inhaler , nebulizer
Laxatives/aperients Used to treat patient with constipation, helps to Oral, via rectum
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lose the bowel and increase the bowel movement .
Contraceptives Used to prevent unwanted pregnancy, it can be
either permanent or temporary
Oral, vaginal,
injection.
Corticosteroids Provide relief for inflamed areas of body, reduce
redness, itching and allergic reactions.
Oral
IV injection
Narcotic analgesia Used as a painkiller to ease the discomfort from
conditions such as sprained legs, removal of
wisdom teeth, or after major surgery.
Subcutaneous
IV injection
Oral
Intrathecal
Vitamins
Used for vitamin deficiency
Oral
IV injection
Subcutaneous
Male Hormones Used for growth of bones and muscles, to regulate
sex drive (libido), production of red blood cells and
sperm.
Intramuscular
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1. Cold, F., Health, E., Disease, H., Disease, L., Management, P., Conditions, S., &
Problems, S. (2019). Drugs & Medications. Retrieved from
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-76860-769/antacid-oral/aluminum-magnesium-
antacid-simethicone-oral/details
2. [Table], Table 3. Routes of Analgesic Medication Administration - PDQ Cancer
Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65949/table/CDR0000062738__252/
3. Antiarrhythmic drugs – Knowledge for medical students and physicians. (2019).
Retrieved from https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Antiarrhythmic_drugs
4. Student Resource. (2019). [EBook]. Retrieved from http://ahi-
elearning.mywisenet.com.au/pluginfile.php/19781/mod_resource/content/1/
LG_HLTINF001_Comply%20with%20Infect%20Prev%20Control%20PP_1.pdf
Names of Group 1 members Research project 2
Khalida Singh
Aakriti Adhikari
Adeepsha rai
AminaChapagain
Amisha pacchhai
Gauri joshi
Gurjit kaur
Kushum poudel
Names of Group 2 members Research project 2
Nishani Sherchan
Nikita Gurung VY
Nikita Gurung SI
Nischal Adhikari
Oshin Ranjit
Nikisha Prajapati
Melisha Maharjan
Neha Bhattarai
Names of Group 3 members Research project 2
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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Puja Adhikari
Puna maharjan
Racahana shahi
Rakshya Kunwar
Rezina lamichhena
Rod byrant villar
Rojina Thapa
Sabina Adhikari
Names of Group 4 members Research project 2
Sajina chapagain
Saleena Gurung
Saleena Shrestha UE
Saleena Shrestha 19J
Sadikar maharjan
Shovanna Shrestha
Shital katuwal
Silpa malla
Group Work
Research Project 3
Assessor will divide the large group into 4 smaller groups Each group will present back to the
larger group with a 5-minute presentation (can be written, oral, slide presentation) their research
for checking and discussion and enabling all students to complete the tables below. Please list
group members names
What equipment is required to administer medication via the following routes or methods?
GROUP 1
ROUTE OR
METHOD
List if any
approved
abbreviations for
route are used
Equipment required for the route or method listed
Bolus dose
Intravenous
antibiotic
IVAbs  IV canula
 syringe
 vial
 infusion bag
 infusion pump
 IV set
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 Label
Gravity fed enteral
feed
 60-milliliter catheter tip or oral syringe
 Cup of room-temperature water
 Formula
 Gravity feeding bag
 IV pole ("Tube Feeding: How to Gravity Feed",
2019)
GROUP 2
ROUTE OR
METHOD
List if any
approved
abbreviations for
route are used
Equipment required for the route or method listed
electronic pump
infusion of Normal
saline
Intravenous (IV) Electronic infusion pump
IV pole
IV tube
IV label
Back-check valve
Luer lock cannula cap or extension set
Normal saline
Sterile gauze or cotton
Aseptic swab
Bolus (10 ml normal saline)
Intravenous lancet
Scalp vein or Butterfly cannula
(Themes, 2019)
Platelets
transfusion via
burette
Intravenous (IV) Platelets that is to be transfused
Burette of an infusion set
IV and burette label
IV tube
IV label
Back-check valve
Luer lock cannula cap or extension set
Normal saline
Sterile gauze or cotton
Aseptic swab
Bolus (10 ml normal saline)
Intravenous lancet
Scalp vein or Butterfly cannula
Sharp container
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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(Themes, 2019)
GROUP 3
ROUTE OR
METHOD
List if any
approved
abbreviations for
route are used
Equipment required for the route or method listed
IV piggyback,
tandem IV line for
antibiotics
IVPB
IVAB’s
-New bag of IVPB solution
- drip chamber
-tubing
- filters
-spike
-needle
-Adhesive tape
-constricting band
Syringe driver for
continuous
subcutaneous
infusion of
morphine
SC - Needle
- syringe driver
- diluent i.e. normal saline or sterile water
- infusion pump
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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GROUP 4
ROUTE OR
METHOD
List if any
approved
abbreviations for
route are used
Equipment required for the route or method listed
Subcutaneous lines
for 2 international
units of Insulin
Subcut Prefilled syringe
Alcohol swab
Cotton gauze
Auto-injector pen
Insulin vial
Z-track injections IM  Select the correct needle and syringe size taking
weight, build and age into consideration.
 Prepare the syringe with medication.
 Relax the muscle to get injected. Insert needle on
skin and fatty tissue. Hold the needle at a 90-
degree angle and insert it quickly and deeply
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enough to penetrate the muscle.
 Inject the medication.
 If there is no blood in the syringe, push on the
plunger to inject the medication slowly into the
muscle.
 Keep the needle in place for about 10 seconds
before taking it out. After you’ve removed the
needle, release your hold on the skin and tissue.
 Use gauze to apply gentle pressure to the site for
a moment. A small bandage may be used if
person is bleeding.
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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1. Tube Feeding: How to Gravity Feed. (2019). Retrieved from
http://www.shieldhealthcare.com/community/nutrition/2015/10/23/tube-feeding-how-to-
gravity-feed-2/
2. Themes, U. (2019). Basic Equipment and Supplies for Intravenous Therapy. Retrieved
from https://musculoskeletalkey.com/basic-equipment-and-supplies-for-intravenous-
therapy/
3. Subcutaneous Injection: Definition and Patient Education. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.healthline.com/health/subcutaneous-injection#complications
Names of Group 1 members Research project 2
Khalida Singh
Aakriti Adhikari
Adeepsha rai
AminaChapagain
Amisha pacchhai
Gauri joshi
Gurjit kaur
Kushum poudel
Names of Group 2 members Research project 2
Nishani Sherchan
Nikita Gurung VY
Nikita Gurung SI
Nischal Adhikari
Oshin Ranjit
Nikisha Prajapati
Melisha Maharjan
Neha Bhattarai
Names of Group 3 members Research project 2
Puja Adhikari
Puna maharjan
Racahana shahi
Rakshya Kunwar
Rezina lamichhena
Rod byrant villar
Rojina Thapa
Sabina Adhikari
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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Names of Group 4 members Research project 2
Sajina chapagain
Saleena Gurung
Saleena Shrestha UE
Saleena Shrestha 19J
Sadikar maharjan
Shovanna Shrestha
Shital katuwal
Silpa malla
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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Individual Work
Research Project 4
PART A:
This project is to be carried out individually using your research and critical thinking skills.
Select one of the medication groups from Research Project 2. Research the drug group you have
selected and find out as much as you can about this medication group so you can develop a
“plain English” brochure that could be used to improve health literacy for a person who is
prescribed and taking this medication.
 Develop an A4 sized information brochure with all the information you have
researched on the medication group. Be as creative as you like. (Min word count is
400 words in total using both sides of A4 brochure.). Attach brochure to this
assessment tool or send as a pdf to your assessor via Moodle platform. Please
inform your assessor of how you have submitted this project.
PART B:
This project is to be carried out individually using your research and critical thinking skills. From
the following list of fluids in the table below list at least 2 pathophysiological conditions that
would require these fluids to be administered
Fluids Pathophysiological conditions that would require
these fluids to be prescribed for a person to correct a
fluid imbalance.
a) Isotonic (Crystalloid)
 0.9% Sodium Chloride
(Normal Saline)
 Hartmann Solution
 Hypovolemic shock- patients with hypovolemic
shock may require either Normal saline solution
or Hartmann solution to correct both electrolytes
and body fluid balance. Hypovolemic shock can
be caused by severe blood loss due to injuries or
excess fluid loss secondary to an underlying
condition(Reddy, Weinberg, & Young, 2016).
 Mild hyponatremia- 0.9noraml saline solution is
also used in the treatment of known mild
hyponatremia as a result of poor diet, fluid intake,
and other physiological conditions.
 Severe Dehydration -9 % normal saline and
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lingers lactate is also used in the treatment of
dehydration caused by an underlying condition
like diarrhea disease.
 Both isotonic solutions are generally used to treat
body isotonic fluid loss. Isotonic fluid loss can be
brought by the loss of body fluids due to
gastrointestinal losses like vomiting, hemorrhage,
burns, diaphoresis, and high use of diuretics. In
order to determine whether a patient has an
isotonic fluid loss, certain health assessment such
as a decrease in urine output, dry mucus, reduced
skin turgor, elevated hectorite levels, and serum
BUN and hypotension need to be observed
(Reddy, et al. 2016).
 Sepsis shock-Both normal saline and lingers
lactate fluids are used as first-line treatment in the
resuscitation of patients with septic shock to
correct fluid volumes.
b) Hypotonic (Crystalloid)
 0.45% Sodium Chloride
 2.5 % Dextrose in water
 0.45% sodium crystalloid is used to control
hypovolemic shock, dehydration brought by
diarrhea and vomiting mainly in patients with
renal dysfunctions.
 Together with dextrose 2.5%, this hypotonic
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solution help to prevent metabolism and loss of
potassium ions and finally providing more water
required for salts excretion thus maintain body
fluids and electrolytes balance.
c) Hypertonic (Crystalloid)
 3% Sodium Chloride
 5% Dextrose with Normal
Saline
 3% hypertonic sodium chloride solution is used to
treat severe sodium depletion and severe
dilutional hypernatremia(NHS, 2013).
d) Electrolytes (Crystalloid)
Potassium K+
(Normal Serum Level 3.5 –5.0
mmol/L)
Hypokalaemia
Hyperkalaemia
Calcium Ca++
(Normal Serum Level 2.15-2.55
mmol/L)
Hypocalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia
 Crystalloid Potassium ions are used to correct
acute and severe hypokalemia and thus bring
balance to both electrolytes and body fluids
 Hyperkalemia occurs when occurs when there are
excessive potassium ions (more than 5.0 mmol/l)
due to conditions such as renal dysfunctions
leading to excess excretion of sodium ions(Reddy,
et al. 2016).
 Hypokalemia usually occurs when the body has
fewer potassium ions than normal (less than
3.5mmo/l). This physiological condition leads to
fluid imbalance and can be corrected using
crystalloid potassium ions. Majorly caused by
vomiting and diarrhea.
 Crystalloid calcium ions are used in the treatment
of acute and severe hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
|RTO NO: 41338 | CRICOS Provider Code: 03449J
Filename: HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines
and intravenous therapy
Version 2.0/ March 2018 Review Date: March
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is majorly caused by malnutrition, vomiting, and
diarrhea.
 Hypercalcemia is deposition of excesses calcium
ions into the body majorly caused by born
resorption(NHS, 2013).
e) Colloid
 Albumin plasma
 Colloid albumin plasma is used in resucitation of
patients with hypovolemic and septic shock to
correct blood plasma levels and thus maintaining
extracellular fluids balance(Reddy, et al. 2016).
PART C:
Using dot points outline what you think should be in a policy and procedure for addressing
medication errors and list when medication errors are most likely to occur. (Min 200 words)
When medication errors are most likely to occur
 Medication errors are most likely to occur when there is poor communication between
health workers, majorly between a nurse and a doctor. This can be bought by various
factors such as poor professional relationships and barriers to communication. When a
doctor prescribes or orders for a certain patient to receive medication without proper
specifications, such instances can lead to medication dose overload.
 Medications with similar terms, class or pronunciations can at times lead to medication
errors. For instance, a nurse can be ordered to give patient albendazole and confuse with
mebendazole.
 Assumptions that certain patients should receive certain drugs can lead to medications
errors. It is always better to countercheck even if it is the hospital routine and guidelines.
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
|RTO NO: 41338 | CRICOS Provider Code: 03449J
Filename: HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines
and intravenous therapy
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 Work overload can at times lead to medication errors. More often nurses may be having
excess patients and thus due to fatigue and excess overworking hours, they may end up
giving wrong medications to different patients.
 Patients with similar names and age might be confused by a nurse giving medication and
end up administering the wrong medication. It is always better to countercheck patient
biodata before administering medications.
Policies and procedures for addressing medication errors
 In order to prevent medication errors, all health care workers should take responsibilities,
commitment and be obligated to comply with guidelines and code of conducts provided
by Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care 2012, in order to ensure
they are familiar with medication and medicines safety requirements.
 The hospital and health care facilities should ensure they have well elaborate mechanisms
for safe medication prescription, dispensing, supplying, storing, manufacturing provided
to all health care professionals working in their institution.
 Nurses should always optimize effective communications with patients and other health
care workers especially medical doctors to ensure proper information regarding
medicines is conveyed, engage patients in drug administration, ensure accurate patient
information including medication history, clinical information, allergies, and continuous
consultations.
 In order to accurately match the medication with the patient, it is good to accurately
identify the patient, family members, and associated community health workers for
consultation.
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
|RTO NO: 41338 | CRICOS Provider Code: 03449J
Filename: HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines
and intravenous therapy
Version 2.0/ March 2018 Review Date: March
2019
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 Technological such as bar -coding, and use of standardized separation and labeling
systems can also be used in reducing medication errors.
 During medication administration, it is always good to correctly identify the patient using
three names to avoid confusion, match patient identify details with medication chart,
check for allergies, march medication in order of prescription chart, ensure medicine
dose, route, frequency, duration, indication and if the therapy is correct, confirm safety of
the medicine, label all the injectables and finally double check if the medications are in
accordance with policies.
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
|RTO NO: 41338 | CRICOS Provider Code: 03449J
Filename: HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines
and intravenous therapy
Version 2.0/ March 2018 Review Date: March
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References
Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. (2012). Safety and Quality
Improvement Guide Standard 4: Medication Safety. Sydney: Commonwealth of
Australia
NHS, (2013). Principles and protocols for intravenous fluid therapy. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333103
Reddy, S., Weinberg, L., & Young, P. (2016). Crystalloid fluid therapy. Critical Care (London
, England), 20, 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1217-5
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
|RTO NO: 41338 | CRICOS Provider Code: 03449J
Filename: HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines
and intravenous therapy
Version 2.0/ March 2018 Review Date: March
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Research Work/Project Checklist
Written Activity Checklist:
HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines and intravenous therapy
For this assessment, the student must complete the group work presentation and written response
to questions.
The written activity is a stand-alone activity that will allow the student to display the required
knowledge and skills that are essential when deciding overall competency.
Student’s name:
Assessor’s name:
Your task is to use your research skills to research the following
information. Use the questions below as a guide to your research:
Has the student
satisfactorily completed
the written activity?
Yes No
Research Project 1 Group work
Research the following medications listed in the table below and
complete the pharmacological information required. (Brief
summary for the entire medication information Min 150 words)
GROUP 1
GROUP 2
GROUP 3
GROUP 4
Research Project 2 Group work
What would be the most likely purpose or pathophysiology present
in a person that would require a Medical practitioner to prescribe
the following medicine? List your responses in the table below.
GROUP 1
GROUP 2
GROUP 3
GROUP 4
Research Project 3 Group work
What equipment is required to administer medication via the
following routes or methods?
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
|RTO NO: 41338 | CRICOS Provider Code: 03449J
Filename: HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines
and intravenous therapy
Version 2.0/ March 2018 Review Date: March
2019
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GROUP 1
GROUP 2
GROUP 3
GROUP 4
- Bolus dose Intravenous antibiotic
- Gravity fed percutaneous enteral gastrostomy tube or gravity
fed nasogastric tube
- electronic pump infusion of Normal saline
- Platelets transfusion via burette
- IV piggyback, tandem IV line for antibiotics
- syringe driver for continuous subcutaneous infusion of
morphine
- Subcutaneous lines for 2 international units of Insulin
- Z track injections
Research Project 4 Individual work
PART A:
Develop an A4 sized information brochure with all the information
you have researched on the medication group. Be as creative as
you like. (Min word count is 400 words in total using both sides of
A4 brochure template.). Attach brochure to this assessment tool or
send as a pdf to your assessor via Moodle platform. Please inform
your assessor of how you have submitted this project.
PART B:
This project is to be carried out individually using your research
and critical thinking skills. From the following list of fluids in the
table below list at least 2 pathophysiological conditions that would
require these fluids to be administered
- Isotonic (Crystalloid) e.g. 0.9% Sodium Chloride Normal
Saline); Hartmann Solution
- Hypotonic (Crystalloid) e.g. 0.45% Sodium Chloride; 2.5 %
Dextrose in water
- Hypertonic (Crystalloid) e.g. 3% Sodium Chloride; 5% Dextrose
with Normal Saline
- Electrolytes (Crystalloid)
- Colloid e.g. Albumin and plasma
- Isotonic (Crystalloid) e.g. 0.9% Sodium Chloride Normal
Saline); Hartmann Solution
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
|RTO NO: 41338 | CRICOS Provider Code: 03449J
Filename: HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines
and intravenous therapy
Version 2.0/ March 2018 Review Date: March
2019
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PART C:
Using dot points outline what you think should be in a policy
and procedure for addressing medication errors and list when
medication errors are most likely to occur. (Min 200 words)
Feedback to Student:
Result  Satisfactory  Not Yet Satisfactory
Assessor’s Signature: Date:
Australian Harbour International College, 114-120 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
|RTO NO: 41338 | CRICOS Provider Code: 03449J
Filename: HLTENN007 Administer and monitor medicines
and intravenous therapy
Version 2.0/ March 2018 Review Date: March
2019
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