Critical thinking skills in analyzing arguments in medical testing on animals

This article discusses the application of logical reasoning in analyzing arguments presented in a case study on medical testing on animals. It also evaluates the sources of information and data used to validate the positions taken in the case study. The article concludes by commenting on the systematic and rigorous process used in producing the case study and the objectivity of the author's views.

Critical thinking skills

Table of Contents
1.Apply an understanding of logical reasoning to analyse the arguments presented in the given
case study.....................................................................................................................................3
2. Critically evaluate the sources of information and data to validate the positions taken in this
case study.....................................................................................................................................3
3. In your conclusion, comment on a systematic and rigorous process carried out in producing
the above case study. How far do you think the author has remained objective in his views?...4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

Introduction
Medical testing on animals is one of the main issue that has occurred within US. There is
an estimation of approximately 26 million animals who are tested within US. There are several
animals who are involved in medical treatments and these determine toxicity of medications. The
following report includes an in depth analysis of medical testing on animals.
1.Apply an understanding of logical reasoning to analyse the arguments presented in the given
case study.
The given case study is related to animals who are used in medical testing. Supporters of animal
research contend that it has allowed multiple life-saving therapies to be created for both humans
and animals, that there is no alternative approach for the study of a full living organism, and that
stringent rules prohibit animal cruelty in laboratories. Animal experimentation is one of the most
dangerous issue that has came into consideration since years. It is essential that animal
experimentation in the medical science must be stopped so that there is no way of problem to
them. It is concluded that experimenting upon animals must be unethical legally as it creates
problems. It is seen that there are more than 100 million animal including dogs, frogs, hamsters,
monkeys, etc. on which medical training and chemical testing is done. At the time of their
deaths, there are few animals who are forced to inhale the toxic fumes and the immobilised
animals are having hole drilled into skulls and spinal cords. According to the research conducted
in Pew, it is analysed that more than 50% of US adults are opposing the animal testing. There are
majority of animal experimentation that are contributing to the value and health of the animal
experimentation. There are several medical researches which have shown that care of human
disease and poor replication of the high quality studies implies that diseases are induced in
animals within laboratory. It is concluded from the NIH that experimenting on animals is
becoming a problem. Animal experiments have led to substantial developments in the treatment
of diseases such as prostate cancer, brain injuries, childhood leukaemia, muscular dystrophy,
multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and more and have played an important part in the production of
pacemakers, heart valves, and others. Other types of study, such as in lab experimentation (tests
conducted on living tissues or petri dish tissue), provide ways to minimise or substitute animal
testing. The potential for material regenerative medicine is made feasible by technical

developments in 3D printing: a French firm is trying to bioprint a liver that will assess a drug's
toxicity. Artificial human skin may be produced from casts of human skin cells grown in plastic
containers or plastic wells, such as the commercially available products EpiDerm which
ThinCert, and can yield more valuable outcomes than the application of drugs on animal skin.
The Environmental Protection Agency is so optimistic in solutions that the Agency plans to cut
mammalian chemical research by 30 percent by 2025 and bring an end to it by 2035 entirely.
Humane Society International found that almost any case analysed, animal experiments were
more effective than in vitro (testing carried out outside of live organisms). A survey is conducted
for managing and creating a successful SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, using a modern technique they
have developed that can theoretically manufacture vaccines even faster than traditional methods.
The team has successfully developed a novel SARS-Cov-2 vaccine candidate with MRC funding
a mere two weeks after obtaining the virus' genetic sequence. In early February, animal tests
began, with early findings in mice promising. In cooperation with researchers in Paris, the team
has now progressed into researching their vaccine in monkeys.
2. Critically evaluate the sources of information and data to validate the positions taken in this
case study.
There are various sources of information and data for validating the medical tests on animals.
Advocates of such science have repeatedly argued that it is necessary for human illnesses to be
avoided, healed or alleviated, and that the best advances of medicine have only arisen with the
use of animals. Many who champion such arguments, though, also have careers that are based on
such study. In addition, the contributions or necessity of such studies to further medical
advancement are disputed from counter-narratives by some. Advocates on each side often cite
situations in which animal and human results are identical or different in order to justify their
point. However in such studies, only small numbers of tests are generally used and their
collection may be susceptible to prejudice. This are regarded as analyses of narratives.
Systematic analyses of the human clinical or toxicological usefulness of vast quantities of animal
studies are required to provide much more conclusive conclusions. A systematic analysis is a
review of a clear policy question that uses systematic and straightforward methods to identify,
select, and critically evaluate quality literature and to gather and analyse data from its research
articles." To interpret and summarise the findings of the included experiments, statistical
techniques (meta-analysis) can or may not be used. (Moher et al., 2009). Systematic assessments

have been widely used in recent years to investigate a wide variety of health and other scientific
issues. Their priorities are to collect as much high-quality information as possible that is
applicable to the study topic and to reduce bias mostly during collection, review and presentation
of findings. Any facts presented should thus be as close to biological, physical, chemical, or
other realities as possible. During the 2020 global pandemic, scientists who are racing to produce
a coronavirus vaccine need to test functional magnetic resonance to guarantee that the injection
does not make the epidemic worse. Nikolai Petrovsky, professor at the College of Medicine and
Public Health at the University of Flinders in Australia, said it is "absolutely essential to test a
coronavirus vaccine on animals and to miss that step will be "filled with difficulty and danger."
Researchers have to test thoroughly to prevent "advancement of the vaccine," a condition in
which a vaccine potentially makes the condition worse for other individuals. Peter Hotez, Dean
of Baylor College's National School of Tropical Medicine, said The way it reduce that risk here
would be to display that it does not happen in animal studies." For example, experimental mice
live for just two or three years, meaning that researchers can observe the results of medications
or genetic modification over a whole lifetime or over many centuries, which would be difficult
for human subjects to use. It is also concluded from several articles that there are different
universities which are exaggerating the findings from various animal experiments. There are
several media coverages that have involve within validity and crucial data crisis. There are
different taxes and charitable donations that have been involved in the testing. There is need to
manage the fund experiments clearly so that facilities are properly managed. It is concluded from
various researches that there are various rodents, rabbits, fish and birds, that are used within
animal testing. It is analysed that there is need to have testing on living beings for checking
whether new medication is apt or not. The medical testing has to be done properly for having
more efficient results.
These are different articles used while conduction of this analysis.
https://animal-testing.procon.org/history-of-
animal-testing/
History of medical testing
https://www.petaindia.com/issues/animals-
experimentation/whats-wrong-with-
experimenting-on-animals/?
gclid=EAIaIQobChMItbzQz6nS7QIV1AorCh
What is wrong with the testing on animals

0bfw96EAAYASAAEgLUR_D_BwE
https://www.hsi.org/news-media/about/ Concept of animal testing
https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-
experimentation/animals-used-
experimentation-factsheets/animal-
experiments-overview/
Facts regarding animal testing
3. In your conclusion, comment on a systematic and rigorous process carried out in producing
the above case study. How far do you think the author has remained objective in his views?
It is concluded from the case study that several efforts have been made within animal
research to incorporate similar criteria. In 2009, Kilkenny and colleagues found that rather than
the obligation to report ethical analysis of the proposed guidelines, the majority of biomedical
publications offered little or no advice on disclosing animal testing. In this respect, they noted
the difference around biomedical journals and those in many other research fields, especially
medical research. Consequently, in 2010, the Animal Research: Documentation of In Vivo
Studies (arrive) recommendations were proposed by Kilkenny and colleagues. These
recommendations, prepared in collaboration with scientists, statisticians, journal editors and
research funders, include a checklist of 20 items intended to provide basic information on issues
such as the number and unique features of animals used with organisms, disease, gender and
genotype); conditions for accommodation and domestication; laboratory, statistical analysis
requirements. Human beings and animals are highly dynamic living structures. While often
beneficial, studying cell cultures in a petri dish does not offer the ability to study interrelated
processes that exist in the central nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system. A
circulatory system is needed to test a prescription for side effects in order to deliver the treatment
to multiple organs. In tissue cultures, disorders such as blindness and high blood pressure will
not be studied. [9] Even the most powerful supercomputers are unable to reliably replicate how
the 100 billion intertwined nerve cells of the human brain operate. Millions of animals that may
otherwise have died from rabies, distemper, feline leukaemia, viral hepatitis virus, tetanus,
anthrax, and canine parvo virus were rescued by vaccinations tested on animals. Treatments for
animals that have been developed using animal tests also include heart disease pacemakers and

glaucoma and hip dysplasia treatments. Animal research, including the black-footed ferret, the
California condor and Brazil's tamarins, has been instrumental in protecting endangered species
from extinction. Animal research to establish safe medicines, vaccines, and diagnostic equipment
is approved by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA).
The lives of human volunteers should not be put in danger unnecessarily when checking
drugs for potential toxicity. Before the techniques were tested on primates, it would be
inappropriate to perform intrusive laboratory procedures on human beings, and some
experiments require genetic modification that would be undesirable to be imposed on human
subjects before animal testing. The Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association
specifies that research on animals should be followed by human trials. Mostly used by humans,
such chemicals that are unsuccessful on or toxic to) animals prove useful. For certain animal
species, aspirin, for example, is harmful. Intramuscular vitamin C was seen to be beneficial in
combating human sepsis, but in mice, it does not make a difference. According to neurologist
Aysha Akhtar, Fk-506 (tacrolimus), used to lower the probability of organ transplant rejection,
was 'nearly shelved' because of animal test findings. A Slate.com study indicates that the root of
death and suffering may be the thousands of promising medications that are mothballed because
they cause livestock complications that may not be unique to humans. Upwards of perhaps one
females only purchase from companies that do not use animal tests for cosmetics. It is projected
that by 2024, the demand for cruelty-free products (products not made from animals) would hit
$10 billion. At least 37 countries, namely european union countries, have prohibited or limited
the selling of cosmetics with substances animal derived. California will become the first state in
the US to make it a crime to market many animal-testing cosmetics. Humans could still develop
a model of human skin cells, monocytes, and manufacture natural skin or even a model what
simulates a skin condition such as psoriasis," said Michael Bachelor, Senior Scientist and
Product Manager at biotech company MatTek." Or to create a hyperpigmented model analogous
to natural skin from various ethnicities, we can use human moisture neurons.

REFERENCES
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Ayuningtyas, F. and Putri, J.N., 2019. Creative Strategies to Drive Brand Awareness
(Case of “Forever Against Animal Testing Campaign” The Body Shop
Indonesia). International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious
Understanding, 6(10), pp.1-11.Mardani, P.B., Ayuningtyas, F. and Putri, J.N., 2019.
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Campaign” The Body Shop Indonesia). International Journal of Multicultural and
Multireligious Understanding, 6(10), pp.1-11.
TÜRKEZ, H., Arslan, M.E., Di Stefano, A., Cacciatore, I. and MARDİNOĞLU, A., 2020.
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Wang, Y., Zhao, Y. and Song, F., 2020. The Ethical Issues of Animal Testing in Cosmetics
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