Assessment of Rheumatoid Factor using ELISA Assay Technique

This article discusses the assessment of rheumatoid factor using the ELISA assay technique. It explains the role of rheumatoid factors in diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis and the application of ELISA in measuring rheumatoid factor levels. The article also explores the future applications and usage of ELISA in various fields.

Assessment of Rheumatoid Factor using ELISA Assay Technique
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Introduction
Rheumatoid factors are a class of immunoglobulin's which have a different type of
affinities. Its discovery was made a long time ago but its underlying mechanism is
undergoing production, physiologic ability, and pathological factors. Studies have offered
description pertaining promotion of agglutination based in sheep red blood cells sensitized by
sub agglutinating antibodies. Studies have shown that they are found among patients’ with
autoimmune and nonautoimmune conditions. Rheumatoid factors are part of anti- Cyclic
citrullinated peptide bodies which are moderately sensitive and marking often improves
diagnostic accuracy (Falkenburg, von Richthofen & Rispens, 2019).
The immunoglobulin's ant bodies against Fc fragments of the immunoglobulin are
referred to as rheumatoid factors. With its production found in B cells, they circulate in the
blood. Their role is largely unknown. It is estimated that about 60%-80% of persons with
rheumatoid factors have the presence of rheumatoid arthritis during their disease course. RF
positive results are found in less than 40% of patients with early rheumatoid factors. The
rheumatoid factor levels often vary based on disease activity even in cases of drug-induced
remissions due to high titration of rheumatoid factor (Anquetil et al., 2015).
Rheumatoid factors are measurable by the use of blood tests routine. Rheumatoid
factors are normal proteins within the body immune system. Rheumatoid antibody offers to
bind to normal antibodies and is generally referred to as autoantibody. Rheumatoid factors
have been historically been measured using assays (Mori, Hirose & Yonemura, 2010).
The clinical benefits of rheumatoid assessment are crucial in the Assesment of
rheumatoid factors. This results in approximately 755 of the patients with rheumatoid factors.
High rheumatoid factors often indicate poor patient prognosis as compared to patients’ with
higher RF who tend to be having more severity of the disease. The consequential occurrence
of rheumatoid factors causes inflammatory disease which results in progressive functional
limitation, physical disability a premature. Rheumatoid extraction often gets an economic toll
in terms of directs costs related to the production of productivity and premature mortality.
The therapy has been shown to have slow effects in preventing disability and thus reduced
associated costs. The establishment of benefit assessment is crucial in treatment costs
(Waritani et al., 2017).
Diagnostic biomarkers have been used to show identification of rheumatoid factor and
the identification in the early stages is essential in the prevention of erosion and stop the
progression of radiologic changes. Currently, the ACR/ EULAR 2010 is the diagnosis
guidelines which are used in the assessment of rheumatoid factors against Cyclic citrullinated

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proteins. Ventolin protein has been used as citrullinated d reaction dedicated by peptide
arginine which has the formation of anti-vimentin antibodies. In order to improve its quality,
additional change is often required. Additional change often influences vimentin antigenic,
with glycine formation leading to mutated citrullinated vimentin antibodies. This biomarker
has been essential in treating and diagnosis rheumatoid arthritis among apoproteins testing
positive (Luime et a.,2010).
Current application solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Biological biomarkers are objective assessments which are used as indicators of normal
and pathological assessments on therapies. Among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, it
reflects the key rheumatoid factor which is essential in assessing the disease activity.
Rheumatoid arthritis allows for variable disease with joint injury and early identification of
patients with the disease is likely to benefit from aggressive intervention. The key useful
biological markers in the diagnosis for rheumatoid arthritis entail these of rheumatoid factors
and antibody assessment. The presence of rheumatoid factors predicts the various functional
and radiographic factors.
In the assessment of rheumatoid factor isotypes, the IgA, IgG, and IgM are often
investigated with specimen type used being serum. The application of RF assay using the
Elisa method has been applied (Aydin, 2015).
ELISA assessment entails the immobilization of the cells of the sample cells which are
achieved through direct adsorption which is the specific surface on housing capture antibody.
The capture antibody is essential in proving specific target antigen thus leading to the
formation of capture antibody.
The RF describes the antibodies in term so of IgG and IgA which is directed towards
antigenic determinants which are found in animals. The RF-IgM activity is often detected by
agglutination, nephelometry and random assay linked in the immunosorbent essays which
ELISA and EIA have used sued as the best techniques to measure rf-IgM activity (He, 2013).
The used diagnostic specificity of 20% and a predictive value of 10% is used to tests
for Rheumatoid factor has been shown to be low. The specificity and predictive value can be
increased simultaneously by measuring the three isotypes. The principle method being used is
the RF3 assay which employs quantitative methods of sandwich through immune assay
principle.
The role of rheumatoid factors on the identification of patients is crucial and plays a
critical role in disease significance. The use of Rheumatoid factors is essential in identifying
the patient state. In order to increase the underlying specificity in Assesment of rheumatoid

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arthritis, a classification criterion has been used, the anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibody
testing has been added in order to improve specificity. Meat analysis studies have indicated
that the use of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein/peptide antibody and rheumatoid factor are
similar, however, anti-cyclic citrullinated protein/peptide antibody has more specificity
(Rissin et al., 2010).
The rheumatoid factors steps use the ELISA technique in the detection of IgM
antibodies. The purified forms of antigen are bound to be formed. The patient serum samples
are assessed for the antibody is first diluted and added well. In the presence of the antibody,
the serum antigen-antibody forms complexes. After washing off the unbound serum, the
addition of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgM is done. The conjugate will
form binding on the human antibody which is present (Tylor, 2014).
The immunosorbent essays which ELISA kit is found as a commercial product. It is a
strip or full plate ELISA kit. It is essential for analyzing the presence of rheumatoid factor.
ELISA kit target analyst in the biological samples. The resultant concentration gradients use
the standards kit positive control in detecting a range of various biological research samples
which has a rheumatoid factor. The ELISA analytical antibody factor antigens interact and
use an HRP calorimeter detection method to detect Rheumatoid factor antigen. The quality
control in this approach uses reproducibility in identifying intro essay and interassay
(Agarwal, Ressler & Snyder, 2015).
The kit can be undertaken at the point of sale for the patient. Rheumatoid factor is an
indirect solid phase enzyme which is used as an enzyme immunoassay for assessment of
rheumatoid factors in human serum or plasma. The intended objective of the assay is to
assess diagnostic use to ain rheumatoid arthritis. Companion diagnostics offers a test which
assesses biomarker thus allowing for classifying patients into the response and no responses.
The future growth of companion diagnostics will be simply on the bases of a thriving
ecosystem. Companion diagnostics have been used as an assay. The ELISA assay is often
used as a gold standard for assessment of analyte in the blood and other fluids. ELISA
measurement is accurate and reproducible upon generation of color and controlled conditions.
It employs antibody and chromogenic detection system analogs principle method (Murdock
et al., 2013).
Adaptations
ELISA adaptation has been sued on enzyme linked to quantitative analysis. There are
enzyme-linked immunosorbent presences of antibody in a variety of samples. Various types
of ELISA have been sued to detect proteins, viruses, and drugs. The most common

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application of ELISA is the use of toxicants. This assay has been sued extensively in
analyzing analyte. The procedure entails the addition of antigen which coats on the solid
support surface. Thereafter an enzyme is linked to an enzyme which is added to the antibody
complex.
Future applications and usage
ELISA assay is useful in evaluating the presence of antigen in a sample. It is crucial in
determining serum antibody concentrations. This assay technology has been used in
applications related to the food industry and in the detection of potential allergens in foods
produced and also used as a serological blood test for celiac disease. Further it has been used
in toxicology as a presumptive screen for certain drugs. It has been widely been used in
testing of HIV due to its high sensitivity. In ELISA Assay, dilution of serum is done 400
times and applied on the plate which has HIV antigens, if their presence of antibodies, they
can bind to the antigens. A specially prepared antibody is formed which binds and advanced
linkage made on the enzyme. The plate will contain the enzyme, The resultant plate enzyme
in proportion on the secondary antibody of the plate (Ingegnoli, Castelli & Gualtierotti,
2013).
Since a long time, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay is primarily used for the
detection of analytes. The ELISA was the first method used in assessing HIV due to its high
sensitivity. ELISA is a versatile and effective method which can adapt well with
technological advancements. Prior to ELISA introduction, urine swap was used for assessing
pregnancy among women through other means. Over the years technology has changed the
transformation of technology, there are immense changes which have transpired on the rise of
polymerase chain reactions development (Arellano‐Garcia et al., 2008).
PCR was used to incubate and assess various reactions, despite these advances in the
technology and innovations brought about, ELISA assay has remained the same for many
years. Radioimmunoassays are often sensitive methods which use isotopes. the automation
part is designed to offer full assays or individual steps such as delicate wash process and
reduce the setup time. Numerous variants still provide the versatility and possibilities for
future developments and investigations into the assay.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for RF displays great diagnostic tool due to its
highly sensitive methods, various approaches have been used such as proving of the
fingerprint to identify of bio-isolators been proposed. ELISA assay still provides an important
approach to this. Exciting avenues such as the use of ELISA provide a link between ADCC

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ELISA and the association of measuring ELISA to measure ADCC (Vashist & Luong, 2018).
Companion diagnostic biomarkers
The essence of diagnostic biomarkers is essential in medical practice which ensures
accurate diagnosis of diseases and conditions. Diagnostic biomarkers are essential in critical
for determination for the medical condition facing the patient. There is an increasing
appreciation on the use of treatment has been indicative of specific treatments of various
markers, for example, those that predict the likelihood of occurrence of other diseases. Path
physiologic markers such as preserved ejection can reduce the responding treatments such as
predictive biomarker. The genetic markers are often used to distinguish responders and no
responders who can respond to different treatments avenues such as those in cancer
treatments. Thus diagnostic biomarker identifies the disease and nonrespondents play a
critical role in the results of diagnostic classification used biomarkers and predictive markers
(Vashist et al., 2016).
The key importance of accurate on diagnosis warrants assessments of the clinical
performance of diagnostic biomarkers. Diagnostic biomarkers are essential for testing
diseases. The diagnostic markers have been used in combination with prognostic and
predictive markers. Prognostic markers are sued to provide information on likely cause of
cancer in an untreated individual. In low risks, early disease markers guide patients in
identifying patients who need post-surgical chemotherapy. Predictive markers are used to
identify patients for specific therapies. They are essential in predicting the likely benefit for
the patients. Utility predictive markers are established (Gualtierotti, Ciavarella & Meroni,
2014).
Conclusion
Rheumatoid factors belong to IgM type antibodies which interact with assay antibodies
at the FC areas. Often RFs present serum assessment for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
Assessment of the concentration of serum or plasma has been undertaken using commercial
available immune essays. Clinical assessment shaves been used in assessing immunosorbent
assays for IgM and IgG rheumatoid factors assessed in a series of assessments. This essay
reflected on the application of ELISA assays in the assessment of rheumatoid factor towards
assessment of rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, diagnostic biomarkers have been used to
identify the antigens. Future applications of the Assays show strong utilization in the future
due to its high predictive and sensitivity values it has.

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