Chronic Kidney Disease Assignment 2022

Running head: NURSING
Nursing:
Name of the student:
Name of the University:
Author’s note

1NURSING
Chronic kidney
disease
Risk factors
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnostics
Treatment
Diabetes
Polycsytic
kidney
disease
Glomerulonephri
tis High blood pressure
Diabetes
Decrease in
renal glucose
excretion
Loss of nephrons
Hyperfiltration at the
glomerulus
Activation of
RAAS
Proteinuria
Nephrotoxic
inflammation
Decrease in
GFR
Pruritus or itching
Accumulation of waste
products
Sodium and water
retention
Edema
Decrease in
production of
erythropoietin
hormone
Anemia
Fatigue
Increase in urine
output
Urine test
Blood test
Ultrasound scan
Diuretics Itchy skin
Decline in kidney
function
Accumulation of urea in the
blood
Uremic toxicity
GFR value
less than 20
to 25
mL/min/1.7
3 m2
ACE inhibitors
and statins
Hypertension
Erythropoeitin
stimulating agent and
iron supplements
Diet modification

2NURSING
Relation between the disease risk factors and aetiology to the disease pathophysiology:
The case study is about Steve McManus who came to the GP with symptoms of
fatigue and itchy skin. He has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease due to diffuse
nephron loss. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical condition caused by long term
progressive and permanent loss of nephrons. In Steve’s case too, the risk of chronic kidney
disease increased because of long standing history of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. As
diabetes cause damage to the nerves and small blood vessels, it damages the small blood
vessels of the kidney resulting in water retention and swelling. Diabetic nephropathy or
diagnosis of kidney disease in patients with diabetes occurs because of interaction between
the metabolic and the hemodynamic pathways. The alteration of metabolic and hemodynamic
abnormalities and hemodynamic pathways result in inhibition of the various pathways and
various functional and structural changes contributing to albuminuria and renal function
decline. In addition, chronic kidney disease is often linked to presence of hypertension in an
individual because uncontrolled hypertension is associated with rapid progression of chronic
kidney disease and exacerbation of renal function because of volume expanasion and increase
in systemic vascular resistance. High blood pressure lead to intraglomerular pressure and
increase in protein filtration contributing to albuminaria. In many patient, proteinuria
develops due to progression of CKD and it contributes to poor prognosis of kidney disease
(Leticia & Charlotte, 2015). For this reason, blood pressure is prioritized in treatment of
patients with CKD (Judd & Calhoun, 2015). Hyperlipidemia is one of the risk factor of CKD
and patients with hypelipidemia are highly likely to suffer from CKD because of decrease in
HDL level. Therefore, history of diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension has been
identified as a major risk factor of CKD in Steve’s case.