Entrepreneurship Assignment 2022

Running head: ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneurship
10/1/2019

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Background Information of Mark Zuckerberg.......................................................................2
Growth is Exceptional............................................................................................................4
Growth is Intentional............................................................................................................10
Growth by Design................................................................................................................13
Growth through teams..........................................................................................................17
Growth through duplication and franchising.......................................................................20
Growth through internationalization....................................................................................22
Growth through business development................................................................................25
Entrepreneurial Exit: Divestment and career choices..........................................................28
Conclusions..............................................................................................................................30
References................................................................................................................................32

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Introduction
The aim of this paper is to review on the biography of an entrepreneur who has able to
scale. Consequently, in order to do this, the paper has followed a structure of the course and
segregated the paper as per the class lectures. In order to start the paper, a brief background
of the entrepreneur and its venture is being presented and in the end a conclusion is being
made related to the topic. For this assignment, the entrepreneur that has been selected is Mark
Zukerberg one of the founder of Facebook, because it is one of the most interesting story of a
Harvard dropout who is presently the chairman of the leading social networking platform.
Besides this, the paper has also considered the biography written by David Kirkpatrick on
Mark Zuckerberg with the title “The Facebook effect- The Inside Story of the Company That
Is Connecting the World” in order to know more about the founder and the evolution of
Facebook. I believe that Facebook is one of the pioneers of the social media, which has
continually provided innovative ways to bring people together in the industry that is still
growing and used by people to get social. Hence, presenting the story of Mark Zuckerberg
would let me understand his growth process and relate it to the eight lectures of the course.
Background Information of Mark Zuckerberg
On May 1984, Mark Zuckerberg was born in White Plains, New York, but was raised
at the near location Dobbs Ferry. Mark was born in a well-established and education family
and was able to generate his interest in the computer programming at his early age. When he
was 12, Mark designed a program for messaging with the name Zucknet that was installed by
him as a communication system of inter-office for the dental practice of his father (Dicker,
2019). During his initial signals of success, his parents provided him the tutor of computer
programming at the time when he was in the high school, and registered him in New
Hampshire’s prep school. After taking education from the prep school, Mark took admission

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in the Harvard University. Where most of the intelligent and genius people use to attend
Harvard University, Mark very quickly got famous in the campus due to his skills of
computer programming. By the time of his sophomore year, he already has two programs in
his hand which were developed by him that were FaceMash and CourseMatch. Both the
developed programs by Mark became very famous, but latter the programs were shut down
by the university when they were declared to be inappropriate (Beahm, 2013).
Depending on his praise within the campus, Mark got involved in the partnership with
his friends for the development of the social networking site that enabled students of Harvard
to get into touch with each other. The social networking site went officially live in the month
of June of 2004 with the name "The Facebook". After his sophomore year, Mark was
dropped out from Harvard and pursued his dream and social networking site Facebook. In the
year 2004, the social website touched around 1 million users. This increasing exposure of the
users gained the attention of number of venture capital (VC) firms, and Mark ultimately came
out from Silicon Valley in the year 2005 (Moore, 2016). Mark and his invention that is
Facebook got his first investment from the VC firm that is Accel Partners, which totally
provided its investment of around $12.7 million. In the end of 2005, Facebook was
introduced to different students of other schools which resulted in reaching the increasing
number of users to around 5.5 million. From the year 2005, Facebook got involved in number
of acquisition offers from the likes of Microsoft and Yahoo and Microsoft, has been done
lawful battles, and has significantly augmented the number of users (Woog, 2010).
In 2018 on July 25, Facebook introduced Q2 earnings. The business revealed that the
day to day active users got an average of around 1.47 billion for June, which is an 11%
increase on an yearly basis. Active users on the monthly basis totally were 2.23 billion as per
the report of 2018 June 30. As per the report of Forbes, Mark holds the new worth of around
$63.5 billion as per the reports of 2018 of 30 June (Fertig, 2013). When the time arrived to

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influence, Zuckerberg got involved in the contract of Giving Pledge under which he donated
around 50% of the worth to benevolent causes before he dies. In the year 2010, Zuckerberg
donated $100 million as charity for saving the system of Newark school of New Jersey.
The time Mark Zuckerberg’s daughter was born, he and his wife Priscilla Chan
presented an open letter that was representing a pledge of give their net worth’s 99% during
lifetime. But, many people have critiqued the technique under which Zuckerberg is
contributing his wealth. The benevolent foundation was introduced as the limited-liability
corporation and not just as the charitable trust. This verdict enabled them to do things as per
the charitable trusts that can make the more effective foundation and can also provide benefit
to their family. This corporation was introduced to make investments for the profit and
political donations. Uncommon like charitable trusts, corporations are not necessarily need to
present their political donations (Weil, 2015).
Growth is Exceptional
According to the scholars, generally entrepreneurs are not so good in managing a
large business. But there are some exceptions like Bill Gates or Steve Jobs, who showed their
inability to switch to executive mode earlier in the procedure of business development in
comparison to other entrepreneurs (Hamm, 2002). Mark Zuckerberg is also included in these
types of entrepreneurs who are able to switch from the entrepreneur mode to the manager
mode. Moreover, at the starting phase of the Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg was working as an
entrepreneur but now has is working under the executive mode as he the chairman of the
company. This is possible because Mark not just has the programming or computer
knowledge but has the managerial capabilities that can be used to manage the business.
Where many people would believe that invest his most of the time over thinking how to run
Facebook, but it is not true. The management style of Zukerberg is a charismatic and

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transformational manager. His company is majorly based on high communication level such
that objectives can be achieved effectively and timely (The Economic Times, 2019).
In addition to this, Hamm (2002), claims that there are two types of personality that
are executive personality and entrepreneurial personality, hence, the skills and habits that
helps in making successful entrepreneur can weaken their capability to lead a huge company.
Mark Zuckerberg is one of the technical founders of the business, due to which he
understands complete details and takes care of the business more than anyone else. Mark with
the entrepreneurial personality introduced a business model for the Facebook and searched
for the resources as well as investment that are needed by the venture to start. In the initial
phase, Facebook was developed as a program for messaging for the Harvard student which
later became the leading used social network site. The motive of Facebook was to provide a
platform to people to interact with their friends. Due to this only Mark generated the feeling
of introducing a business and therefore later he formed a company that is Facebook.
Hamm (2002), highlighted four “tendencies” that obstruct entrepreneurs to scale up.
The first tendency that is presented is the “loyalty to comrades” this says that loyal CEO of
the company is the best friend but is the growing worst enemies of the business. That fault is
comprehensible enough, after all, team loyalty meaningfully adds to the success of the
company. But, the time leaders fairly see and react to the weakness of the team member, they
place the company at high risk. Second tendency is “task orientation”, according to this
tendency, executive that focuses on the job at hand- specifically those that have excelled in
product development, finances, or operations are considered to be the weight lifter in the
world of business. They implement radiantly with difficult short-term assignments, but long-
term plan is every so often beyond them. The third tendency is “single-mindedness” talks
about the devotion of a leader that can hamper or damage a growing business. An isolated
leader who do not interact or listen to his employees with different perception can end up

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losing their loyalty. The fourth tendency is “working in isolation”, which states that a
developing idea ask for protection, in fact, the gestational growth itself is thrillingly private.
But, after the introduction of the idea or product, the internal concentration should shift, in
case it impedes receptiveness to the demand of the market for the final product. But,
entrepreneurs who take learning from these tendencies are proficient enough to be a manager
and lead a huge business in comparison to a start-up. Hence, leaders scale since they take
careful steps to challenge their inadequacies and be those leaders that are required by their
business. Well, Mark has never been task oriented and focused on his long term objective of
establishing a social networking site that can be used by people to interact with their friends
staying all over the world. With the introduction of Facebook, Zuckerberg has concentrated
on being the boss of Facebook. He desired for the newest innovations and wanted to present
them quickly than anyone else can think of it. He has worked very hard, took huge risks, and
reacted on impulse. Zuckerberg successfully kept more than 25% of the share of the company
before it introduced its initial public offering. Mark Zuckerberg had a vision that he wanted to
achieve, even for at the risk of losing money. In the initial phase the company get an extreme
amount of scrutiny, but late it started flourishing as the wildest dreams.
As a business grow, it moves through number of phases which is comprised of
number of elements too. These elements involve size and age of the business, its revolution
and evolution stages and the rate of growth of the industry. Greiner (1972), states that the first
element that is organization age is the most essential dimension for the development model.
History reflects that the same practices of the organization are not used for the entire life
span. The out-dated policies becomes makes it tough for the management to predict the
behaviour of the employee. The size of the organization dimension reflects that problem of
the company and its solutions are inclined to change decidedly as the employee’s number and
sales increases. Coordination and communication issues enlarge, new operations are

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introduced, management levels in the hierarchy multiply, and jobs become interrelated.
Hence, time is not just considered as the determinant of structure, in fact, businesses that are
not becoming large can experience the same issues of management and practices over the
long period. The third dimension is stages of evolution. This says that the many developing
businesses do not expand only for two years and then get into the contract for one; in its
place, those businesses that successfully deal with the crisis typically enjoy five to eight years
of unceasing growth deprived of any key economic hindrance or major internal disturbance.
The word evolution is suitable that can be used to describe these quiet periods since only
diffident alterations appear to be essential for upholding growth in the same management
pattern. The fourth dimension is stages of revolution. This dimension talks about the
turbulent times since they display a thoughtful disturbance of the practices of management.
The final dimension is industry’s growth rate. This highlights the phases of revolution and
evolution that are related to the environment of the industry.
According to Greiner (1972), a series of development phases is experienced by a
business as they grow. Every phase starts with an evolution period, with stable progress and
constancy, and finishes with a revolutionary period of considerable organizational turmoil
and change. Then, all the evolutionary period is considered by the leading style of
management utilized to attain the growth and every revolutionary period is considered by the
dominant management problem that needs to be resolved before growth can last. Some of the
guidelines are presented by the author for the managers of the developing and growing
businesses. They must first check their position in the development sequence. Then, they
must identify the limited number of solutions; and third, to identify that whether these
identified solutions strain new problems or not.
Facebook has gone through the evolution as well as revolution time that enforces
Mark Zuckerberg to think differently. Mark always wanted a huge growth for his business

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due to which he has always been disappointed with the growth. He had a feeling that the
rapidly evolving communication channels that have already covered the market are the
biggest challenge for the company. In 2008, when one of Mark’s friend asked he said that
“Facebook is still under work in progress”. In the late 2008, Mark took number of initiatives
that were focused to get more users who can exchange their data or information with each
other. In the same year after the celebration of the 100 million users, Facebook got involve in
reorganizing profile pages in a manner many found jarring. This invention of the company
admire wink to Windows 95 which is one of the operating system of Microsoft (Kirkpatrick,
2011). After this, Facebook started delaing with competition from Twitter which is little
similar to FB. This is because noth provide major emphasis on the quick information hsaring
between users. However, Twitter do not allow people to become friends as it provides one
way communication to the users. Twitter gained increased praises in the market, in fact Mark
Zuckerberg in the Web 2.0 conference revealed that he is very impressed with the elegant
model of Twitter (Kirkpatrick, 2011).
In 2009, Facebook again made some of the huge changes in its model which is co-
opting Twitter. Again in August 2009, the company got into the acquisition of the FrindFeed
for $50 billion which is by far the biggest acquisition of the company. With this, in June
2010, company announced its 25 million new users every month (Kirkpatrick, 2011). In all,
the impact of the Facebook continus to become wider, both politicaly and socially. For
instance, Egyptian politics transformed by the activism of Facebook. Further, with the
introduction of Whatsapp messanger, Facebook again started experiencing increased
challenge which was then planned to overcome with the acquisition of Whatsapp in 2014 at
the price of $16 million.
Miller and Friesen (1984), presenyed five main stages of the life style of the business
that are birth phase, growth phase, maturity phase, revival phase, and decline phase. Under

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the birth phase, business try to find a niche for themselves by the product innovation. The
second phase that is growth phase is considered as the quickly developing business
expanding its nich in the industry and growing with the formalized struture of the
organization. At the maturity phase, the company have efficiency and stability as their
objective, their innovation level declines and highly bureaucratic structure for the business is
adopted. The revival phase is the diversification of the product market and adoption of the
divisionalized market-based in place of structure based on function, high innovation level is
maintained and focus is given to the utilization of the formal controls. In the end, the decline
phase is that where company start stagnating as markets dry up and product lines become old-
fashioned.
The introduction of the Facebook by Mark Zuckerberg marked as the new revolution
in the social networking industry. Later, with the introduction of the several other social
networking sites, the growth of the company started reaching to the maturity stage. Here, it
the life cycle analysis of Facebook that is explained with five crucial stages:
At the introduction or birth phase where there is introduction of new service for the
users and where new users start registering themselves for availing the service. Through
networking, users can invite their relatives, friends and followers to make use of the service.
Facebook was introduced by Mark Zuckergerb during his college times but, this social
networking site was started gaining the praises and increasing number of users in the year
2008. In college when Mark introduced this site for the college students with the motive to
allow them interact with each other easily is considered to be the introduction stage of
Facebook. Growth is the second stage where the social networking sites start incorporating
new and innovative features but does not experience the similar rise in the number of users
which was seen in the introduction stage. In the year 2008, the number of users of Facebook
were rising and company was being competed by Twitter. Till, 2011, Facebook and Twitter

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were placed at the growth stage. The time the social networking site touches the maturity
stage, there is very limited number of users resgistration and there are number of users who
quit the site or close their accounts (Mayrhofer, 2012). Facebook has gained the increased
number of user registration at its growth stage and at the maturity stage it experienced huge
competition from number of social networking sites due to which the number of users and
restrations declined. In the end, when the social network get into the decline stage, the
registration of the new user becomes less than the proportionate to the users who quit the
network. Facebook is presently at the decline stage where the number of registration is less
and also the number of users are at fact pace quiting the site as they are involved in using
other competitive social networking sites.
Growth is Intentional
Although growth can be considered as the start-ups natural path and moreover the
natural objective of the entrepreneur some busineses do not growth with time (Reich, 2001).
There are signs that number of managers of the small busines purposely cease from misusing
opportunities for the expanding their business. But, the original plan of Mark Zuckerberg was
to develop a site that can follow a natural path.
Therefore, the attitude of the entrepreneur for the growing drives the growth such as
Mark. According to Winklund (2003), under the case of behavioural beleifs, the object is
considered to be the behaviour of interest and the linked attributes are the predictable
consequences of that specific behaviour. Consequences could be bad or good depending on
the changing magnitude. One of the most interesting finding of the paper is that concerns that
are non-economic are essential in comparison to the possibility of the personal economic loss
or gain. Under this, the major importance is given to the employee’s well-being, which
perhaps includes concerns for the environment of the work of the small business. Executives
or managers who believe that the environment of work will enhance because of the growth

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inclined to have very positive attityde towards the development and growth. On the other site,
managers who anticipitate that growth will depreciate the environment of work inclined to
have a negative attitude towards growth. The focus of Mark Zuckerberg has always been
towards the growth and customer, but he has never avoided his workforce or employees who
are considered to be the key resource of the business. For instance, according to the reviews
of the employees at Glassdoor it was identified that the employees love working at the tech
giant perks, mission, culture and with Mark Zuckerberg. According to the interview
conducted over the two employees of the Facebook that are Spencer Burns (prototyping
engineer) and Caitlin Kalinowski (product design engineering director). As per their review,
Facebook does not ask its employees to follow the daily routine at their work like other
companies do. They also added that they are successfully able to maintain their work life
balance and they work for the reasonable hours (Business Insider, 2019).
Though, it is conceivable for the managers of small-business to impact the
atmosphere of work to evade possible negative consequences. Thus, if handled properly
growth could be linked with the new barriers and opporutnities of development for the
workforce in place of loss of the direction or estrangement. The employees of Facebook are
allowed to purchase the shares of the company (Eldon, 2008).
The main reson of growing a business can be diverse from the reaons for starting one.
There are number of reasons for the entrepreneur to initiate a business like “need for
approval”, “need for personal development”, “tax reduction and indirect benefits”, “need for
independence”, “follow role models”, “welfare considerations”, and “perceived
instrumentality of wealth” (Birley & Westhead, 1994). Bur, according to the conclusion
presented by the authors, new business are introduced by people with meaningfully diverse
motives to start-up, the time new business is introduced these causes have a limited impact on
the new venture’s growth and on the wealth and job creation potential. Certainly, they will

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look to be impacted by the factors of industry, product line diversity, and the capability to
vend products to huge customer base, from which many are at the outer bounder of the local
region of the company. Mark Zuckerberg had several reasons to start Facebook that are
college interation, sharing information, privacy concerns, and business. The Facebook’s
original concept was to provide a social experience to the college students. Mark always
desired to make an atmosphere that can support the students of college to interact with each
other. Besides this, Facebook was created to allow people to share their information with
each other. Facebook has allowed the freedon to share data or information with other people.
Mark Zuckerberg desired to create route for the usesrs to uphold their privacy too. In addition
to this, Facebook was created by Mark because he always believed that it can be a feasible
business (Arthur, 2019).
According to the analysis presented by Birley and Westhead (1994), Mark Zuckerberg
can be a Tax Avoiders and the community from the seven clusters for the entrepreneurs that
are presented by them. The seven clusters are the insecure, the followers, the status avoiders,
the confused, the tax avoiders, the community and the unfocused that holds little leading
characteritsc in the reason taken by the entrepreneur to initiate a business and also while
sharing the information. But, there is no relationship among any of the clust and with the
following business growth.
It is very much clear that an entrepreneur introduce a new business with the intention
that is comprised of the growth plan. But, this can alter with time as the new venture evolves.
If the entrepreneur introduce new business with the recognized growth intention, at this point
os majorly ambitious, and is not considered to be the envisioned strategy (Dutta & Thornhill,
2008).

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As per the analysis conducted by the Dutta and Thornhill (2008), identified that at the
time when the competitive situations are expected to be favorable in comparison to the
originally predicted, holistic entrepreneurs reread their intention of the growth considerably
upwards. In the similar manner, the time competitive situations are less favorable, holistic
entrepreneurs decrease their intentions of the growth suggestively downwards. In contrast to
this, the analytic entrepreneurs are inclided to be objective while assessing their personal
contact with the environment and accept a incremental approach as it is related to the
revisions linked with the targets of the growth. Analytic entrepreneurs remain closer to their
intentiosn of the intial growth that are disposed to comparatively small changes with time.
Mark Zuckerberg is a holistics entrepreneur who that smears to the daily life on and off the
job. It impacts how the person takes decisions and related to others. Mark was committed
towards establishing a successful site that can help people to communicate freely due to
which it established the business on the internet technology. In order to attain success, Mark
has established goals and moves towards achieving them by introducing new features in the
Facebook.
In addition to this, the cognitive style can be a pertinent parameter for considering
while choosing the top management for the new venture. This is essential to evaluate the
advantages of following a holistic versus analytic thinkers in the team of the management to
attain the objective of the business. For this, it was essentialial for the Mark Zuckerber to hire
execitives with the same type of holistic thinking such that Facebook can grow.
Growth by Design
Bergin, (2001), recommends that early connection with the venture capitalist and
consumers form the development of young ventures. These forces are the major reason that
takes a ventures towards a more flexible procedure and distributed hierarchical structure. In
the similar way, the promises that Mark Zuckerberg did from its investors and shareholders to

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grow the business helped him in focusing on the growth (Harper, 2008). However, to follow
this growth Mark Zuckerberg presented an organizational structure so that the employees of
the company follow a organized and structured system that meet all the guidelines. The
organizational structure of Facebook can be determined as hybrid and syndicates some of the
divisional and hierarchical structure of the organization. With around 12600 emplotees at
world level, Facebook successfully manages a hierarchical structure of the organization
combining multiple commands level from the CEO that is Mark Zuckerberg to normal
designers and programmers. On the other side, there are divisions in the business on the basis
of product and global teams that concentrate on particular products like Instagram, Oculus,
Facebook, Messenger, and WhatsApp. Teams based on the product also get involve in the
enhancement and developmebt of the broad variety of services provided by the business. For
instance, services like Messenger, Events, Newsfeed, Profile, and Groups provided by the
Facebook the social networking site is the outcome of the efforts exerted by the product
based divisions.

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Source [(Dudovskiy, 2017)]
In the year 2016, it was identified that the company was working on planning to
redesign the structure of shares to allow Mark Zuckerberg higher control even as the founder
plan of the social network vend maximum of the company’s stake. In the earlier phase of the
same year, Mark Zuckerberg had declared his promose to contribute his 99% of the wealth in
the charity for the treatment of number of diseases and impact due to climate change.
Therefore, the new structure of the share to be launched by the Facebook which is planed to
confirm that Mark recalls his 60% of the power of voting even when he gets leaves with his
99% of the shares from the Facebook (Dudovskiy, 2017). Same kind of initiative was
introduced by the main competitors of the company that is Google, in which the founders of
the company that are Sergey Brin and Larry Page were capable to maintain the company’s
control by adopting stock restructuring.
Further, other than product based divisions, Facebook also has some other features in
the corporate sturtcure that are corporate function based teamns and geograohic divisions.
Facebook handles corporate teams depending on the functions of the its business in handling
the operational activities in the organization structure. This characteristics is depending on
different requirement of the online social media. For instance, the business require
technology resource and development. Due to the corporate structure, few of the teams based
on the function have diminished the boundaries with the product based and geograohic
divisions in the business. On the other side, regional divisions are considered to be the main
feature of the organizational structure of Facebook. Geograohic location is considered to be
the main determinant of the structural characteristics. The business make use of these
divisions due to existence of the differences in the market of online advertising and social
networking. This organizational structural characteristic highlights the changes that are
presente in the behaviour of the people and the advertisers when they use Facebook as the

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application and website. For instance, advertiser of Latin America is inclined to make use of
the social media services of the company inversely, in comparison to the way advertisers of
Europe use Facebook.
Scholars have proposed a research related to the factors that impact the start-ups that
are successful of new companies from the three diverse perspectives. The first entrepreneurial
perspective concentrates in the background as well as characteristics of the promoter and
founder of the new business (Van de Ven, Hudson & Schroeder, 1984). The second is
organizational perspective that talks about the situations where a business is planned and
procedures followed in the initial development have significant consequences on the
performance and structure. The last is ecological perspective that consider the entire
organization population as the unit of analysis and inspects the economic, political, and
structural situations that results in the development of the new forms of organization, and is
concerned with the industry’s success. Similarly, Mark Zuckerberg with his knowled as the
venture promoter established the above specified organizational structure.
Numerber of scholars have presented their views related to the growth in the business
and have presented diverse venture stages. A specific approach has been presented by the
Kazanjian and Drazin (1990), under which they represented four stages by through a new
business based on technology moves. The first stage is “conceptual and development stage”
this is the time duration when the fundamental focus is on the development and invention of
the service or product, and key concerns are to introduce the business to create a prototype
and searching for the funds. The second stage is “commercialization” under which the focus
is to learn how to let product work properly in the market and how to manufacture it beyond
the pattern of issues like initiating the procedure of manufacturing and marketing,
difficultires in engineering, and create a managerial team. The third stage is “growth” under
which there is an increasing hierarchy, the arrival of functional specialism, and the shift

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toward more skilfully qualified and knowledgeable workers. Under this stage, the business
venture should prudently balance the profits for the future growth. The leading concerns
comprises manufacturing in volume upholding competence and high quality, establishing
market share, and handling the workforce issues linked to the growth. In the end, the finacla
stage is “stability under which the formal structure has been introduced with the guidelines
and standard process. Facebook has gone through the growth stage under which its number of
users and registration was increasing and the profit of the company was increasing. In fact, in
the year 2008 the company celebrated its 100 million users. However, with the arrival of new
ventures in the business like Twitter, Instagram, etc. have impacted the profits and number of
users of the company due to which company was enforced to introduce new features in the
system.
Growth through teams
Efficiency has become the major requirement of the modern day firms. It is seen that
in modern day organisations there is a need of team work in most of their operations and
activities. This is because team work allows the companies to do their work in a better
manner. Leaders all across the globe is promoting team culture within the firms (Kirkpatrick,
2011). This is necessary for enhancing the overall performance of the organisation. The
major reason for performance enhancement due to the team culture is the fact that team
culture allows the company to have a better coordination and allows employees to support
each other in their time of poor performance (Ensley, Pearson & Amason, 2002).
Mark Zuckerberg also started the Facebook with the help of effective teams. This can
be understood in terms of the fact that Zuckerberg needed larger numbers of IT experts that
can help them in building an infrastructure or platform that can handle more than a billion
people in the network. He started membership from the Harvard College and then to all the
people students from different colleges. He believed that without team efforts Facebook

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cannot be as big organisation as it is today. Since it is a platform where everyone can interact
hence without team efforts it is not possible to grow at a faster rate (Meister & Willyerd,
2010). There is also a need of enhancing the skills of each and every individual which again
could not have been possible without the help of team.
He understands the value of small team as he states that there are faster teams are
more efficient and at the same time it enhances the speed of the delivering through processes.
Collective team also improves the capacity of the overall organisation (DiVall & Kirwin,
2012). In the start-up phase when Facebook was at the development stage, it had become
essential for them to make better team that could lead to resolve the problems that might arise
in the development of the Facebook. Even the development of Facebook was done by the
company in a team where Zuckerberg collaborated with his college roommates and fellow
Harvard University students Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, Chris Hughes and Andrew
McCollum (Miller, 2011). This was basically an entrepreneurial team in which there are
group of entrepreneurs who had the common goals to develop Facebook into a website that
will be able to provide access to the people that can interact with each other in an appropriate
manner. The roles and responsibilities were distributed from the time the team was formed.
The expertise area was the major reason for ensuring that which member will do what
particular job role. Nobody was senior or junior in the team however since the main
framework was designed by Zuckerberg hence the company is known by the name of Mark
Zuckerberg. This was basically a managerial team that allowed them to have more control on
the operations (Jenness, 2011).
The team work allowed them to have more diversity in the work-process. This is
because an individual’s approach to managing any situation or activity is limited while the
team helps an organisation to make sure that they have multiple ideas to deal with any
situation. It is the team’s ability that defines the success of the venture (Boxall, 2012). In

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Facebook till today there are smaller teams designed by the Zuckerberg who have defined
roles. Each and every decision is taken in the team. This ensures that company will not fall
short in terms of the taking quick decisions and also avoiding conflicts that might have at the
individual levels. There is a free and open interaction culture at Facebook that allows them to
make decisions that are not infringed by ethical concerns. Since a large amount of personal
data is stored by the Facebook of the people from all across the globe hence it has become
critical for the companies like Facebook to make sure that they do not fall short on any terms.
For making the team effective, Facebook creates a special bond with the staffs hence
creating social staff. This is done by making the strong personal connection that helps them to
contribute in the success of the firm. They are organising parties to ensure that there is social
bond within the firm as well where they are doing family-friendly environment and activities
are also done in a manner that they increasing understanding about each other (Edosomwan,
Prakasan, Kouame, Watson & Seymour, 2011). While hiring graduates as well they have a
special training program for them that improve their retention capacity. Zuckerberg figures
that there is a need of team so as to enhance the skills of each and every employee. This can
also be done with the help of team learning where everyone teaches others about their
expertise area which also helps them in figuring out the lag in the competencies of the team
members and also accordingly they teach each other’s (Chan, 2014).
Facebook has also made teams beyond the company’s boundaries. This can be seen in
the case of Facebook collaboration with software developers all across the globe. They have
also collaborated with the companies like Atlantic Council which is also a NATO-affiliated
think tank. Recently they have also made the team with Amazon where they are using the
Amazon’s Alexa to enhance the quality of their messenger (Taplin, 2017). Facebook
understands that they do not have all the technologies with them hence they need to make
more partners that could support their venture in other nations as well. All the strategies at the

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Facebook is also made through the help of teams since there is an increasing need of making
ethical decision that can help the company to manage the ethics in the decision making
process. At the same time it has also helped the firms to achieve corporate social
responsibilities. Mark Zuckerberg also focuses on teams where he has a focus on developing
entrepreneurial team that is capable of adding new ideas in the Facebook so that they can
provide better business solution to all their members (Cameron & Quinn, 2011).
Growth through duplication and franchising
Businesses create numner of strategies for the growth and repetition of one of them.
Replication is a strategy adopted by the business which is the procedure that is comprised of
regime of examination under which the model of the business is designed and refined, tailed
by an exploitation phase under which the business model is steadied and leveraged through
the replication at large scale (Winter & Szulanski, 2001). The authors argue that replicators
design value by determining and purifying a model of business, by selecting the essential
mechanisms to duplicate that model in appropriate geographical locations, by emerging
competences to routinize information transfer, and by upholding the model in the process the
time it has been replicate. Growth through replication requires a formula for the ability to re-
form complex, incorrectly unspoken, and partially inferred productive procedures in
prudently designated sites, with diverse human resources.
According to the definition, replication is the excellently lucrative when the true
Arrow core is surely executed. The word “Arrow core” is the ideal informational donation for
a replicator of a specific model of the business. The Arrow core comprises every outlet-local
information that has potential of creating value of the business model the time it is leveraged
through replication (Winter & Szulanski, 2001). The business model of Facebook cannot be
franchised since there is no possibility of the geographical expansion of the bisiness because
of the availability of the internet across the world by default and relocation of the operational

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understanding would means competitors creation. Besides this, the Arrow Core of Facebook
as Mark Zukerberg has discussed is the customer experience and theor loyalty. It is obvious
that there is one Facebook in the market that could not be replicated.
Franchising of the business format is a form of organization that is dependent on the
lawful agreement between the domestic outlet and parent business for the selling of services
or product with the utilization of the name of the brand created and hold by the franchisor.
This is the hybrid alternative because the franchisor gain the level of authority as well as
ownership over the utilization of the trade name, operating processes, and the outlet locations
and agreement with the self-governing entrepreneurs to run the division (Shane, 1996).
According to Shane, (1996), businesses can overcome their management level
limitations to the growth of the business and can increase the probability of long-term
survival and growth through expansion of the contractual organizational forms such as
franchising. But, this hydrib alternative is not the option for Facebook. Facebook makes
money through different sources as per its business model. The company has an advertising
business model that is the major source of the company’s revenue. In 2018, the revenue of the
company broaken into:
Advertising – It is majorly comprised of displaying ad services or products on
Instagram, third-party, Messenger, and Facebook. Advertisement offer 98% of the revenue of
the company (Cuofano, 2018).
Other fees – It is comprised of the fee received from the developers
The business model of Facebook is very simple and is dependent on the
advertisement. The company is able to unlock the business balue from its operations that has
become the most profitable technology giant and comopeting with Amazon, Apple, and

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Netflix. The business of the company is based on the five pillars that are Facebook,
Instagram, Messenger, WhatsApp, and Oculus (Pahwa, 2019). Facebook allow people to get
into tough, share and discover many thrings on their personal computers and mobile devices.
There are number of ways to get involve with the people on Facebook platform. Instagram is
considered as the community that is available for sharing the stories in the visual form
through videos, direct messages, and photos. Instagram is a place for people to get connected
with the communities according to their interest level. Messenger is the application of
messages that makes everything easy for the user to get connect with other groups,
businesses, and people over different devices and platforms. WhatsApp is considered to be
the fastes, reliable, as well as sinple application for messages that is utilized by people across
the world to get connected privately and securely. In addition to this, Oculus is the virtual
reality technology and also the content platform that enable people to get intop the interative
environment to learn, play, connet, consume, and train with others.
Growth through internationalization
Internationalization refers to the process of introducing involvement of companies in
the international market. The process of internationalization increases the activities of
globalization in the environment (Barringer & Greening, 1998). In the process of
internationalization, an organization focuses on entering in diverse markets apart from the
domestic market in which the organization is working. Internationalization strategy helps the
organization to work in multiple countries and attract more people in the target segment. The
process internationalization increases the opportunity for the business to attract people
beyond their geographical boundaries and serve them products and services as well. The
companies perform such actions by branching out in the international markets. The
internationalization activity is implemented in the environment by making adequate use of
given knowledge and resources to expand (Zuckerberg, et. al., 2016).

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Relating the activities of internationalization with the company Facebook and
activities conducted by Mark Zuckerberg, it should be noted that in today’s environment
Facebook plays the lead role in helping the companies to implement internationalization
strategy in the business environment. Zuckerberg’s strategies help people in connecting with
each other and implementing business communication as well, resulting in which
internationalization occurs in the business environment. So, it can be said that the
internationalization strategy implemented by Mark for Zuckerberg helped the organizations
present in the worldwide market to go in the international market as well. According to
Hoffmann, Proferes, & Zimmer, 2018, an aim to implement international business
development strategy, Mark aimed to develop a plan that would help them to attract more and
more people present in different parts of the world. Mark’s plan involved clear idea to make
Facebook an international organization by boosting the marketing activities of the company
in prospective nations like Australia, India, and Europe etc. When Mark introduced Facebook
in the environment, at that time, not many people were making effective use of technology in
the environment. Resulting in which, he faced struggle in convincing people to use internet
because people can access Facebook only after they use internet (Tran, Yonatany, & Mahnke,
2016).
Therefore, it was important for Mark to spread the access of internet first and its
importance in the nations. People would acknowledge the use of Facebook only after they
attain the benefits of using internet in the environment. Therefore, Mark initially
implemented the marketing strategy of Facebook in the markets in which internet was present
and use was limited. International expansion became the top priority of Mark because he
believed that the business could grow only if the company focuses on taking it international.
The organization implemented several activities in the business environment so as to push
Facebook in the global market (Kashimba, 2019).

ENTREPRENEURSHIP 24
The management of Facebook used high-tech air balloons, drones etc. to let people
know about the company in the market. As the organization is a web based platform so it did
not require any kind of infrastructure development in the new location. The company can
easily access the international market by making use of innovative technology and internet
connectivity present in the environment. Mark called internationalization as a great historic
opportunity for the companies to increase their brand reputation and productivity as well. The
company introduced Internet.org that is now called Free Basics that helps the organization to
connect to the globe internationally (Chen, 2019). However, while implementing the
internationalization strategy in the environment, the free basics was blocked by several
companies, as they did not wanted Mark to enter in their country and increase connectivity
using Facebook. While all such activities were prevailing in the international environment,
Mark was still consistent for his dream to make the organization Facebook. Mark took his
first step towards internationalization at an early age due to which it struggled more and
gained more issues as well. For the purpose of expansion of his brands and skills, Zuckerberg
aimed to Microsoft and AOL but he was turned down by them. Further, he got into Harvard
with an aim that it will provide him global exposure as well (Choudhury, 2018).
With the organization of The Facebook on Harvard, Mark started getting more
investment from prospective people and companies who motivated him to expand the scope
of business and convert the organization into global organization. Full time focus of Mark on
Facebook helped him to gather attention of Australian and New Zealand college students as
well. Mark went global with the organization in the year 20006 when he opened the site for
everyone. Development in the application on a regular basis helped Mark to increase the
number of users for the application. He made use of innovation and technology strategy in the
environment to increase the satisfaction of people. Mark presented the details about the
company and its features in such a way that both business professionals and personal users

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were attracted in the environment. The advertisement strategy helped Mark to let people
know about the company and make them curious about the services offered by them (Rosso,
2019).
Differential and innovative features were regularly updated on the website due to
which people also started downloading the application to check that what does the software
do. Mark also used his knowledge related to psychology in making the people addicted
towards the use of software resulting in which the presence of people on Facebook increased.
In the year 2009, Facebook achieved a milestone by registering 350 million users from the
worldwide environment. The company became the most popular web domain in the world
and all this happened because of tactical and innovative of Mark in the business otherwise the
organization would not have been internationalized. Thus, talking about the growth of Mark
and his organization in the perspective of internationalization, it should be noted that he
implement such strategies in the environment that helped him to attract attention of people
towards the new feature in the environment. Mark consistently upgraded the software with a
hope to make it accessible for people so that people belonging to all age group and cultural
background can easily make use of it. In this way, the internationalization strategy of Mark
worked in the business environment.
Growth through business development
The strategy of diversification is limited which reflects that business focuses on the
single industry with the limited opportunities to leverage the resources and capabilities across
the different divisions. The company do not have multiple businesses due to which they do
not enjoy the scope economics. Kollmann & Hensellek (2016), states that in contrast of
limited diversification, the related diversifiers become involved in the different industries
with the companies that are capable to tap a mutual pool of the corporate resources. Majorly,
related to the diversifiers it leads to the operational synergies by forming a portfolio of

ENTREPRENEURSHIP 26
company that are equally reinforcing. Meanwhile, Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart & Wright,
(2017), it is linked in such a way that units are able to share resources or else increase the
income by bundling of the product. It also includes enjoying the windfall from the positive
brand reputation.
Mark Zuckerberg formed Facebook (which include mobile app and in-app browser)
and their core product include messenger through which the person across the world can
connect easily. In the growing social interaction, Facebook messenger has brought the new
way of communicating with each other at a distance. The rise in technology made Facebook
to bring the new products, which include Portal-branded devices, Bonfire, Facebook
Mention, Audience Network and many others. Facebook major product include the Facebook
Business Tools that are used by the owners of website and publishers, app developers,
business partners also their clients who support the services of business and information that
get exchange with Facebook like social plugins and APIs. Facebook started out as a college
re-union social network with all the games and evolution of all-purpose destinations that is
replacing the otherwise the unconnected multiple sites.
According to views of Swadesh (2017), it is determined that moderate levels of the
diversification lead to the higher level of performance than either extensive or limited
diversification and the performance that improves as the company shift from the single-
business strategies to the aligned diversification. However, performance reduces as the
company change from the aligned diversification to the unrelated diversification.
Facebook Company had almost 2.3 billion people as their monthly active users that
are 1/3rd of the world’s population. Over the long decade existence, Mark Zuxkerberg
becomes successful in forming the something that can spread like wildfire. The company
product as messenger presented an easy way to remain connected to people and brought a

ENTREPRENEURSHIP 27
way to enhance the influence (Elleray, 2014). However, the business lacks critical aspect that
is diversification as it is required for the company to keep an innovative and divulging into
diverse markets. Facebook has tried and failed to diversify the platform into the photo sharing
and messaging. Mark Zuxkerberg formed the strategy of growth through business
development through acquisition.
A good growth plan can capture the vision for expanding the business. It
acknowledges the product and combinations of the company that proposes to follow the size
it hopes to accomplish in the set period. The organisational structure will provide the support
in diversification and expansion of the business. As per the views of Johnson (2016), it is
concluded that businesses must combine the growth strategies with the explicit strategies for
learning. There is need of the base for their strategies on their market opportunities and
capability then form their company to acquire and to form the specific knowledge related to
the new customers, industries, and technologies. Learning is essential for Mark Zuxkerberg
and for Facebook. Mark Zuxkerberg learning includes the understandings about the social
interaction before introducing the Facebook and their major product messenger. Learning is
one of the key factors that lead to the growth of the business and development. The learning
has brought the new mission of the company that is to give people the power to form the
community and to bring the world closer together.
The basic strategies for the growth that business could make use include scaling,
duplication and granulation. In this scaling is considered as the simplest as business get the
learn how to do more of what is already does. On the other hand, duplication is more
complex as it needs company to learn way to apply and what it know about new market of
different geographical (Thompson, Strickland & Gamble, 2015). The most demanding in
terms of acquisition of knowledge as the strategy of granulation need business to collect the
required details leads to the new product, competitors and opportunities. Growth through

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business development made Mark Zuxkerberg to adopt the strategy of business acquisition
that can help to grow. The major interest of Facebook is in diversifying their sources of user’s
base growth instead of diversifying their sources of income.
Facebook acquisition of WhatsApp is one of the smart moves as there is need of being
very popular service that is used by the millions and increasing every day. Facebook does not
need to make the investment in the research and development, marketing and other. Value of
the WhatsApp will automatically help the company by adding the value towards their brand
(Elleray, 2014). Diversification strategy contributes in enhancing the market presence of
Facebook and tap into the knowledge and recognized brands to reach to next level. Strategic
acquisition have been the key for Facebook’s success and growth as since its formation in
year 2004 they have acquired more than 50 companies. The innovation has become the basic
need of the company that helps them to improve their growth. Facebook acquires the
companies both with the technologies and with their teams, which has changes the traditional
social networking. The continued success of Facebook is a result of forming the diversity as
well as convenience of the people’s activities as well as online needs in the one place.
Entrepreneurial Exit: Divestment and career choices
According to DeTienne (2010), entrepreneurial exit is the procedure through which
the private firms founders leave the business in which they were involve in its creation, thus
eliminating themselves, at different level, from the ownership as well as structure of the
decision making procedures of the business. In addition to this, Detienne (2010), says that the
entrepreneurial procedure, that starts with the promising entrepreneur, is imperfect deprived
of understanding the finishing stage in the procedure that is entrepreneurial exit. The decision
related to leaving the business is not the liquidity event but can be considered as the
psychological implications for the fbusiness founder. In addition to this, the psychological
ownership and amount of equity differ with time and with diverse kind of ventures.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP 29
Entrepreneurial exit is considered to be very important not just for the entrepreneur, but it
also have the major impact on the business, the economy, and the industry. Furthermore, the
creation of the exit strategy will augment the capability to exit and enhance the number and
the exit quality.
There are two types of personality that are executive personality and entrepreneurial
personality, hence the skills and habits that helps in developing an entrepreneurs successful
can weaken their capability to lead the business. It is considered to be a conventional belief
that the time quickly developing businesses outstrips the managerial competencies of the
founder. The founder of the company should step aside in the favor of or be substituted by the
“professional managers” if the performance of the company is to be enhanced or maintained
(Willard, Krueger & Feeser, 1992). Few of the reasons for that are: the organization’s
complexity and the decisions important to maintain the achievement under the high-growth
situations increase. The necessary critical skills mix shifts abruptly and the founder-managers
are incapable to adapt (Willard, Krueger & Feeser, 1992). Considering the case of Mark
Zuckerberg, there is no requirement of the entrepreneurial exit as he is successfully able to
maintain the business with revenue even after dealing with intense competition from the
competitors like Twitter. Besides this, the analysis of the paper representes that the
personality of Mark Zuckerberg is the combination of executive as well as entrepreneurial
personalities under which he is successfully able to invent new features and pillars for the
business and managing the business through his CEO position. Furthermore, the skills and
competencies of Mark Zuckerberg has supported him to effectively manage the business by
being an entrepreneur as well as executive of the company.

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Conclusions
From the above report, it can now be concluded that Mark Zukerberg has contributed
significantly to strengthen the social relations among people from all over the word by way of
its great invention on the social media platform i.e. Facebook. The innovative thinking and
ideas of Sir Zukerberg has brought the most popular networking page on the theme of rating
one-another's photo so as to enable them in knowing about each other in the better way.
In the current era, Facebook which was founded in 2004 has now become an
incredible source of enhancing social connectivity by different ways such as introducing its
messengers as its supporting application. Apart from this it has also recently acquired a most
renowned chatting application which is known as Whatsapp. The functionality and features
of Facebook has allowed people making social circles of their own choices and preferences
from all over the world. With Zuckerberg's antics and the profits had made him the youngest
billionaire of the world and with his wealth generated through Facebook, Zukerberg has
contributed majorly to the social welfare by way of charity.
However, in the world of intense competition Facebook is suffering at its declining
stage due to introduction of various other innovative concepts such as Twitter, Sanpchat,
Instagram and Google. Amazon has become the new rival for Facebook. The rapidly growing
online shopping and advertising application called Amazon has casted a threat for Facebook.
Besides this Youtube is giving tough competition to Facebook and all these competitors have
become detrimental to Facebook's growth.
The work culture at Facebook allows the employees to work freely without any
restrictions which are generally not found in other companies in the current times. The
culture that Facebook maintains is commonly recognised relaxed start up style and hence it
has become one of the most exciting tech corporates in the globe where people aspire to

ENTREPRENEURSHIP 31
work. The company works on the idea that by being open to the innovative ideas and
activities of its employees it can operate more successfully and achieve its goals and
objectives in a better and advanced ways and with idea the company has come a long way by
far.

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