Diplomacy in the Modern World

This assignment delves into various aspects of modern diplomacy, encompassing public, economic, and parliamentary diplomacy. It explores historical examples and contemporary trends in diplomatic practices, such as the arms trade, environmental negotiations, and nation branding. The analysis draws upon scholarly sources, including journal articles and books, to shed light on the evolving role of diplomacy in international relations.

DIPLOMACY
AND
STATECRAFT
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION :- .......................................................................................................................3
ASSIGNMENT ...............................................................................................................................3
Who makes foreign policy...........................................................................................................9
Role of Parliament in Diplomacy..............................................................................................10
Role of government in Diplomacy.............................................................................................11
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13
References .....................................................................................................................................14
2

TOPIC – Bilateral and multilateral diplomacy requires, technical, career and political diplomats.
INTRODUCTION :-
Diplomacy is explained as a tool in the negotiation that is used in international
governance for managing common affairs. Diverse conflicting interest are resolved by diplomats
and it aids in managing peace and harmony in nation. Diplomats are individual who are
appointed by government with objective to conduct diplomacy with other countries. Present
assignment describes about significance of technical, career and political diplomats in
conducting Bilateral and Multilateral diplomacy. Along with this, it easily assists in analyzing
the current situation of diplomacy within the Libya. In addition to this role of foreign ministry,
role of parliament and role of different actors of diplomacy has been mentioned.
ASSIGNMENT
According to Kitchen and Kelley, (2016) diplomats play a crucial role in representing
their nation at international platform. They work for making strategic agreements with other
diplomats that represent their nation. A person appointed by state to represent their respective
country nation is known as diplomat. They represent their country in administrative and political
platform and they conduct their nation's relations with other countries.
Official posting is given to diplomats and they are expected for doing negotiation to
resolve diverse range of conflict interest. Seligmann, (2015) has mentioned that negotiating skills
of diplomats should be good so that they can perform their assigned duty and accountability in
effectual way. Promotion of information and data related to trade and commerce is done by
diplomats and they play a significant role in signing treaties and conventions. It is crucial that
negotiating skills of diplomats should be effective so that better and effective judgments can be
taken for enterprise.
Current situation in Libya
With the deposing of Dictator that is Moammar Gadhafi after five year it mainly results
in worsening the security within the region, engaging in economic crisis as well as political
deadlock. US Embassy in Tripoli was leading to build relationship with the Libya through which
they can engage in increasing the employment opportunities. In the year 2006 USA exchange the
3

diplomat that state the upgrade of US in the region. In order to seek the violent conflicts within
the country that is Libya United State Institute of Peace (USIP) engage in the activities that
support the country in stabilizing their position during all these transition. The different work of
USIP within Libya include alliance of Libyan facilitator through this they may offer training to
the professionals as well as leaders, lawyers so that they may easily maintain and resolve the
conflicts situation. Another work of USIP include policy planning that enable US and
international engagement within the Libya so that they may engage in the actions that promote
justice, peace as well as security within the Libya.
Atkins, (2013) has mentioned that Major mission of diplomats is to stand for the interest
and policies of their representing nation. Changes in political events and other conditions in
nation affect the working of diplomats. Terms of treaty and conventions are decided by
diplomats and they play an important role in managing international relations. Diplomats within
the Libya are also accountable for making contacts and interaction with officials and other
diplomats that are representing their parent nations. Policies, regulations, cultures and norms of
state are presented by diplomats and economic and political interest of parent country are
represented at international platform. Growth and development of host country that is US are
ensured by hard and appropriate work done by diplomats. They work as participating agents that
play a crucial role in negotiating to identify peaceful resolution of conflicts.
Under negotiation process bilateral and multilateral are two methods that are used for
doing negotiations. Diplomats generally work in an embassy and they are skilled for managing
the conflict and difficult situations in other countries. Rothman, (2015) has mentioned that
diplomacy is an art for doing negotiation with other representatives and diplomats. International
relations are managed and trade and commerce related activities are supported by them. Snow,
(2016) has defined that globalization has opened way for organizations to sell their products and
services in international market area. Large number of business enterprises are taking advantage
of this opportunity for enhancing their financial revenues and profitability. Therefore, Libya
would get positively impact by these activities as it benefit the economy in their own sense.
Diplomats play a crucial role in enhancing trade and commerce related activities and economic
growth of host country is supported by them.
4

International and domestic policies of nation play a significant role in managing
international relations of organization. Globalization has paved way for developing an
international system where movement of people, commodities and finance is made possible
among diverse country nations. Diplomacy within the Libya is explained as procedure that is
conducted for managing official and administrative relations between the government of
independent nations. However, Susskind and Ali, (2014) has mentioned that diplomats are
bounded by territorial boundaries. It is vital that modifications should be made and innovative
methods should be adopted for integrating traditional diplomacy with modern diplomacy. Major
functions which are performed by the Libya diplomacy includes representation of interest,
conducting negotiation process and making communication with other diplomats. Holmes,
(2015) has mentioned that complex economical and political environment has enhanced
responsibilities on diplomats within the Libya region as it support in protecting the interest and
region from the conflicting situation.
There are various challenges that are faced in diplomacy and it includes needs for making
changes in existing policies, norms and rules so that better negotiating process can be made
possible so that Libya can easily sustain in the marketplace. Globalization has made it essential
that diplomats should work appropriately and legally for representing interest of their host
country. Government of nations needs to develop strong and positive international relations for
ensuring growth, development and success of countries. Bilateral and multilateral approaches are
used under diplomacy. Bilateral approach gives focus on doing distribution of powers and a
certain pattern of principles is followed under multilateral diplomacy. Majority of nations are
nowadays giving more focus on adopting multilateral diplomacy. Within the Libya bilateral
diplomacy has been used for maintaining the stability within the region by the EU. with the EU
diplomat it results in effective trading that is exporting from EU to Libya and importing into EU
from Libya.
However, Pamment, (2014) has criticized that bilateral diplomacy is more rewarding as
compared to multilateral diplomacy. It is considered that bilateral diplomacy within the Libya
region is less time consuming as compared to multilateral diplomacy and benefits associated
with bilateral diplomacy are more high. On the other hand Woolcock and Bayne, (2013) has
mentioned that bilateral diplomacy render limited scope and due to that imbalance of power
5

occur between participating states. It is easier for making bilateral negotiations and it is a less
time consuming process.
Multilateral diplomacy process takes place among more than two states and it requires a
systematic approach for conducting multilateral diplomacy. More complex environment is
observed under multilateral diplomacy and it is needed that Libya government of one state
should deal with government of multiple nations. However, both the approaches are used for
accomplishing a specific objective that are associated with national interest. Negotiations and
arguments takes place in bilateral and multilateral diplomacy and a organized approach is used
for concluding a final decision. Ministers of foreign affairs, government of nation and parliament
exercise their rights in diplomacy. Government appoint diplomats as ambassadors for
representing the nation and right are assigned by state.
Bjola and Holmes, (2015) has described that parliamentary diplomacy is linked with
parliamentary control. It is also mentioned as significant activities undertaken by the Libyan
government for developing strong relation with other nations. It supports in providing assistance
to each other for enhancing democratic legitimacy. Two or more than two parliaments of diverse
nations involve in the procedure of discussing key issues faced by them. Role played by
parliament in developing state relations with other countries' comes under this category. Bilateral
and multilateral approaches supports for determining terms of negotiations. Deighton, (2015) has
described that Changing global scenario has made it essential that skills, competence and
capabilities of diplomats should be enhanced and modified to meet with the challenges that
occurs due to economic, social and financial impact of global business environment.
Parliamentary diplomacy within the Libyan state also provides a medium for resolving the
differences and conflict issues among diverse nations. Parliament adopts some ways to get
engage in diplomacy and one significant way is by influencing foreign policy. In addition to this
parliaments are empowered to work as a representative bodies that represent regional and
international organizations. It is assertive that diplomats within the North African region should
posses technical, career and political diplomats. Career diplomats play a crucial role in ministry
of foreign affairs and they helps in rendering better educational facilities for people. They assist
in framing foreign affair policies and diverse foreign service legislation are also formed by them.
Career diplomats works in foreign service of enterprise and it is vital that for becoming a career
6

diplomat foreign service examinations should be passed. Career diplomat needs to be aware
about business practices, country's economy and other financial and banking systems that are
followed in the nation.
Kiehl, (2016) has described that Government is an actor who takes part in diplomacy
procedure and some other actors are state, international organization and other international
actors that assists the Libyan region to avoid the situation of conflict and disputes that arises in
the economy. Policies are formed by government and foreign ministry and all the rules,
regulations and norms formed by government are implemented by public servants and diplomats.
Foreign policy formed by state are executed and implemented by positive efforts of political
diplomats.
It is assertive that government should be aware about economical, social and other
financial aspects of nations as well as technical diplomats within the Libyan government
provides assistance to government on various technical related issues. If government will be
starting a new activity to purchase new machinery for enterprise than technical diplomats can
provide better guidance and instructions to them. If a new project is started for improving
technical advancements in nation than technical diplomats will also provide assistance to
government and give suggestions for executing the project in effective way. Parliamentary
democracy within the Libya renders efficient and effective mediums for managing good
administration within the nation in terms of managing the political stability within the region.
Transparency and equality is managed in the nation and it conflicts and other matters can be
resolved among different nations. Multilateral diplomacy supports for managing the functions in
effective way.
Complications that might stem from the division of the country into two representative
governments in the east and west (tripoli and benghazi)
World is getting highly interdependent and traditional foreign policies are failing in
meeting the challenges and threats that are created by 21 st century diplomacy. Earlier major aim
of foreign policies was to promote, pursuit and defense the national interest. It has been
described by Bjola and Holmes, (2015) Market place for Libya diplomacy has become highly
congested and mutually reinforcing explosion has occurred in total number of actors that are part
of diplomacy. Moreover, increase in travel and tourism activities by diplomats and career
7

diplomats are playing a significant role in providing better education programs to people. Along
with this, Rashid (2013) has also stated some other complication that might stem from the
division of Libya government in Tripoli and Benghazi include assessing the social impact that is
the internal division among the government affected Libyans families. With the division of
country in east or west families found themselves torn. Along with this the division of
government also impact on the social relations among the neighbours.
It also has provided medium for people to move in foreign countries in search of
relaxation, leisure and recreation. It has increased pressure on the Libya diplomats for rendering
better services to people. Some other issues which are faced by diplomats consist of nuclear
proliferation and global warming. Some new actors in diplomacy have occurred and many
intergovernmental and governmental organizations have increased like United nations, Amnesty
international, Greenpeace and IPCC (Eriksson, 2016). Areas which are related to diplomacy also
has enhanced and some new elements which have been included are science to technology.
According to Pamment, (2014) Education, law and arts. Diplomats are now supposed for
using various effective methods for doing negotiations, representing their nation on international
platform and making public relations. With the help of this diplomats may easily sustain and
accept the Libyan government to ensure managing the conflicting volatile environment of the
region. In addition to that they are also responsible for cultural exchange programs and reporting
to respective government of their host country nations. In addition to that functions of diplomacy
also have expanded and more people are needed for supporting ministry of foreign affairs. It has
also become assertive that high skills should be learned by diplomats so that they can perform
their assigned functions in effective way. Moreover, it has become necessary that diplomats
should become more versatile and acquire new competence so that they should represent their
country on international platform effectively. In the present context Libyan government also
needs to be more supportive and various departments of government also needs to be effective so
that better international relations can be developed with foreign country nationals.
Did diplomacy failed or succeed in Libya
with the constant changing nature within the Libya the government has accepted the plan that is
framed by an African Union mediation in order to attain the intellectual accountability. However
the plan cannot be implemented successfully within the region as the opposition leaders were
8

insisting the Gaddafi regime to overcome the situation of their power. Along with this it has been
also stated that government as well as opposition both have not been seen in the pressure position
or level for attaining the level of peace. Along with this, there is alternative diplomatic that may
be used by the Libyan government through which they can manage the international relation
among the different region through negotiation (Triponel and Williams, 2014). Along with this,
Uganda president has also critique the engagement of western powers within the violent
environment in Libya that is initiating among the Tripoli and rebel movement.
Who makes foreign policy
In order to improve the relationship between the two nations so as to facilitate trade and
other operations foreign policies are formulated. Williams, (2004) states that, However these
policies and practices are decided and formulated at the domestic level but it is assumed to made
by the political regimes. These includes the globalizing challenges in form of technologies and
communication, considering opinions of public, transnational forces and integrative tendencies.
With the passage of time, the process of foreign policy in Libya has significantly changed. Since
there were two government being found in the country such as Tripoli and Benghazi which are
representatives of eastern and western parts of the concerned nation. therefore, the intervention
of both the political regime has been significantly found in foreign policy formulation which in
turn further influences the development and protection of the respective nation (Crystal, 2015).
Furthermore, it has been ascertained that officially outsiders expertise and ministers are deemed
to formulate these policies after successful evaluating the past decisions and institutional position
as well as assessing the informed decision on the following subject. These formulated policies is
further interpreted by the official agents and thereafter implemented in regards to desired
outcomes. In addition to the above, Wang, (2006) states that these policies sometimes needs to
be sold to different audiences either in abroad or in the domestic nation. The process of
formulating, interpreting, implementing and presenting is the intrinsic part of making foreign
policy. Sometimes it becomes difficult to judge wherein the process has started from and ended
to. However, the number of persons engaged in formulating the policies of Libya includes the
official agents, both the east and west governance, professionals, external agencies may vary on
the type of issue that needs to be resolved.
9

According to the Wang and et.al., (2012), the varied kinds of personnel involved in the
following process comprises of government officials and varied expertise that has remained the
part of foreign regime along with the members of non governmental organizations. Some of the
most imperious people that are present at the time of formulating foreign policy includes,
President, cabinets, ministers, juntas, Prime ministers, inter agency groups, parliaments,
coalitions and politburos. The impact of these policies on the country would be quite crucial in
removing the indifference's between both the region that aroused due to the formation of political
regime.
Role of Parliament in Diplomacy
Parliamentary diplomacy can be defined as an association which is engaged in
improvising the relationship with the foreign nations through the means of mutual understanding.
Several beneficiary activities is undertaken by the parliament corporation. In the view point of
the Williams, (2004), it helps in addressing the foreign issues the parliament is involved in
analyzing the current political, legal, economical, cultural and social aspects of the country. In
regards to the opinion of Noulas, (2011), in the current era, the international relationships is
governed and monitored by superfluity non state and state players. The leading role of
parliamentary diplomacy can be analyzed in the two broad concept which occurs at institutional
and diplomatic level. The foremost comprises of the three agendas or processes. Herein, the
legislative is engaged in making collective decisions and confirmation of international treaties. It
encompasses of decisions regarding security and sovereignty of the state. Furthermore, meetings
are conducted so as to ascertain the budgets to be allocated for varied activities.
Currently, the political situation of Libya has been very devastating due to the formation
of two governmental parties. This in turn is further affecting its economies of scale due to crime
prevailing in the nation. Moreover, citizens of the respective nations needs to make long hauls in
order to cross shores and domestic boundaries. However, the main role of parliament in devising
the foreign policy of respective nation includes improving the political relations of the country.
For this purpose, Leon has been making significant efforts over the past years to reconcile the
two regimes that is Benghazi and Tripoli (St John, 2004). Therefore, it can be stated that
parliament play a decisive role so as to ensure safety in nation and reconcile the operations.
As per the Emerson and et.al., (2011) states, that the role of parliament in multilateral
diplomacy is through the means of delegating the responsibility at lower levels so as to get over
10

the regional issues along with the accomplishment of the bilateral constraints that has been
discussed above. The major topic on which the parliament places a light includes human rights,
organized crimes, etc. It has been assessed that the role of executives of Ministry of Foreign
affairs in Zimbabwe is to ensure that implementation and coordination of foreign policy.
Role of government in Diplomacy
In order to induce any new policies for the betterment of the nation and its citizens
Libyan government has played a decisive role in the following area. Within the help of this they
are able to manage their conflicting environment. Its main function is to put forwards the issues
that the government is currently facing in the agenda meetings. According to the view point of
Woolcock, (2013), solutions regarding the same shall be proposed there an then so as to make a
clear description and overview of the respective topic and undertake necessary actions to
minimise the same. Apart from proposing problems and solutions in the agenda meeting, the role
of both the government that is Tripoli and Benghazi is wide and it needs to implement the new
designed policies and practices for the up-liftment of the Libya economy. For this purpose, it
needs to gain the loyalty and trust of the public so as to convince them. The designed strategies
by the diplomats of Libyan it and can only be implemented in a proper manner if the people of
the respective nations agree to the same (Wang and et.al., 2012). Therefore, through the means
of effective campaigns, speeches and other activities the citizens can be convinced. Therefore,
Wang, (2006) denotes that maintaining public relation is the most prominent imperative function
or role of government in implementing foreign policy.
Rights of ministers of F.A :- According to Atkins, (2013) Ministers in foreign affairs
are provided many rights and they are accountable for making foreign policy for the nation.
Ministers of foreign affairs play a significant role in managing international relations of nation.
They play a crucial role in managing relations with other international organizations. They
represent the interest of republic of nation and promotes interest of country in foreign country
nations. Cooperation is provided by ministry of foreign affairs to people that are living outside
the nation. Nation's political and diplomatic missions are supervised and organize by ministry of
foreign affairs. In addition to that responsibility and competence of ministry of foreign affairs are
also decided and they deal with matters in fields of international cooperation and development of
human resources of nation.
11

Ministry of foreign ministers also works for public and cultural diplomacy and new
policies are formed by them for promoting interest of nation in countries situated abroad. Foreign
ministers are also responsible for diplomatic duties and they are in-charge of state's foreign
policy and managing other relations. Moreover, rights are assigned to ministry of foreign affairs
for making foreign policy and marginal role is played by them in determining foreign policies of
nation. Foreign ministry is also accountable for ensuring protection rights of their host country
nationals.
Parliamentary Diplomacy and Cultural Constraints :- Parliamentary diplomacy supports
for influencing government policies and other regulations that are formed by government.
Consultation between different Libyan governments and various committees is also made and
effective steps are taken for forming foreign policy in the enterprise. Monitoring of Libya
government activities is also done for managing international affairs of nation and mandatory
ratification are made in the treaties and conventions that are made by parliament. In addition to
this regular meetings are organized among committees of foreign affairs and other ministries that
are working in the nation.
Committee hearing meetings are also organized with government representatives and at
the time of need special committees are also established for monitoring the work that is
performed by a particular organization. It has been mentioned by Rothman, (2015) Parliamentary
work groups are also formed that assist the organization on international matters. Parliamentary
activities also overlooks the implementation of policies that are formed by government and
officers employed by government acts as liaisons with the member of parliament. Dissemination
of information is also done and parliamentary information sharing sessions are also organized.
Information service department of parliament renders professional services to different members
and committees. On the other hand Libyan citizen's involvement is also taken in decision making
process of parliament and road shows and regional workshops are also organized for enhancing
involvement of people and involving them in the policy formulation process.
Futures of diplomacy :- Future for diplomacy is versatile and it is vital that diplomatic
practices should be practiced appropriately. Numbers of actors ion diplomacy are enhancing at
faster pace and globalization also has improved scope for diplomacy. In addition to that it is also
providing medium for supporting developing better international relations with foreign country
nations. However, the above proposed action of Leon, the president of Libya to reconcile two
12

governmental regimes so as to get a better and prospering nation. For this purpose, the respective
person intents to take one member from the Benghazi region as a representative of new
government. The purposeful action will help in minimizing the wars and UN-united region into
a united one. The economies of scale will grow, if the foreign policy of concerned nation is
devised in appropriate manner (Jentleson and Whytock, 2006). Furthermore, it creates possibility
to minimize political instability from the nation thereby leading to a highly developed countries
of the world. Reconciliation of both the government may reduce the amount of terrorist attacks
and wars currently prevailing in country. More expertise and methods have been provided by
Diplomats and it is supporting in resolving the conflicts and issues in nation. More better of
doing negotiation and resolving conflicts have been identified and it has supported for managing
peace and harmony in the enterprise.
CONCLUSION
Summing up the present assignment it can be concluded that Technical, career and
political diplomats play a significant role in managing International affairs of Libya region. It has
been also assessed the current situation of Libya and the effective ways that are rendered under
diplomacy for resolving conflicting interest and negotiating terms and conditions of commerce.
However, globalization has created challenges for modern diplomacy and it has become
essential for diplomats to adopt versatile skills so that they can perform their tasks and assigned
responsibilities in effective way. Actors in diplomacy are also increasing and many governments
and non government organizations are also becoming part of modern diplomacy. Strong and
positive international relations have been developed.
13

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Atkins, M., 2013. Informal empire in crisis: British diplomacy and the Chinese customs
succession, 1927-1929.
Bartram, L. and Sullivan, J., 2015. Education Diplomacy in Action: Touching Lives: Education
Diplomacy in Service to Others. Childhood Education. 91(2). pp.156-159.
Bjola, C. and Holmes, M., 2015. Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Routledge.
Crystal, S. H., 2015. Coercive Diplomacy A Theoretical and Practical Evaluation. Glendon
Journal of International Studies/Revue d'études internationales de Glendon. 8(1-2).
Deighton, A., 2015. Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill and Eden in the Cold War
by David M. Watry (review). Journal of Cold War Studies. 17(4). pp.212-214.
Emerson, M. and et.al., 2011. Upgrading the EU's Role as Global Actor: Institutions, law and the
restructuring of European diplomacy. UPGRADING THE EU'S ROLE AS GLOBAL
ACTOR, CEPS Paperbacks.
Eriksson, M., 2016. A Fratricidal Libya: Making Sense of a Conflict Complex.Small Wars &
Insurgencies. 27(5). pp.817-836.
Hallion, R., 2015. Storm Over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War. Smithsonian Institution.
Holmes, M., 2015. Diplomacy after Policymaking: Theorizing Hyper-Empowered Individuals.
International Studies Review. 17(4). pp.708-710.
Jentleson, B. W. and Whytock, C. A., 2006. Who “won” Libya? The force-diplomacy debate and
its implications for theory and policy.
Jurková, J., 2015. Still searching for a cultural diplomacy. International Journal of Cultural
Policy. 21(4). pp.509-511.
Kiehl, W.P., 2016. New Books for February 2016. American Diplomacy, p.1.
Kitchen, N. and Kelley, R., 2016. Review roundtable: naked diplomacy: power and statecraft in
the digital age by Tom Fletcher. LSE Review of Books.
Ma, R.I., 2015. Cultural Diplomacy in ASEAN: Collaborative Efforts. International Journal of
Social Science and Humanity. 5(4). p.394.
Munro, D.G., 2015. Intervention and dollar diplomacy in the Caribbean, 1900-1921. Princeton
University Press.
Pamment, J., 2014. The mediatization of diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. 9(3).
pp.253-280.
Rashid, S., 2013. Preventive diplomacy, mediation and the responsibility to protect in Libya: a
missed opportunity for Canada?. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal. 19(1). pp.39-52.
Rothman, E.N., 2015. Afterword: Intermediaries, Mediation, and Cross-Confessional Diplomacy
in the Early Modern Mediterranean. Journal of early modern history. 19(2-3).pp.245-259.
Seligmann, M.S., 2015. Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the
Ottoman Empire before World War I. International Journal of Turkish Studies. 21(1/2).
p.204.
Snow, N., 2016. Understanding Public Diplomacy in East Asia: Middle Powers in a Troubled
Region. Edited by Jan Melissen and Yul Sohn. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 283
pp. $99.00 (cloth). Journal of East Asian Studies, pp.1-2.
St John, R. B., 2004. “Libya Is Not Iraq”: Preemptive Strikes, WMD and Diplomacy. The
Middle East Journal. 58(3). pp.386-402.
14

Susskind, L.E. and Ali, S.H., 2014. Environmental diplomacy: negotiating more effective global
agreements. Oxford University Press.
Triponel, A. F. and Williams, P. R., 2014. Teaching Notes for CHAPTER 17: Military
Intervention and Diplomatic Engagement in Libya: A Collage of Policy, Force And Law.
Wang, C. and et.al., 2012. Exploring the role of government involvement in outward FDI from
emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies. 43(7). pp.655-676.
Wang, J., 2006. Localising public diplomacy: The role of sub-national actors in nation branding.
Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. 2(1). pp.32-42.
Woolcock, S. and Bayne, N., 2013. The new economic diplomacy: decision-making and
negotiation in international economic relations. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..
Woolcock, S., 2013. European Union economic diplomacy: the role of the EU in external
economic relations. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..
Online
Diplomacy. 2016. [Online]. Available through
<https://diplomacy.state.gov/discoverdiplomacy/diplomacy101/people/170366.htm>.
[Accessed on 7h January 2016].
Noulas, G., 2011. The Role of Parliamentary Diplomacy in Foreign Policy. [Online]. Available
through: <http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/10/22/the-role-of-parliamentary-
diplomacy-in-foreign-policy/>. [Accessed on 7th January 2017].
Williams, P., 2004. Who's making UK foreign policy. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.jstor.org/stable/3569478?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>. [Accessed on
7th January 2017].
15