Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables

This assignment delves into the numerous health advantages associated with consuming fruits and vegetables. It examines scientific evidence supporting their role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and obesity. The analysis also explores the impact of vegetable/fruit consumption on mortality rates and provides insights into factors influencing fruit and vegetable intake.

Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Research Proposal- “Promoting good health and prevention of chronic diseases by improving the
intake of fruits and vegetables young among adults between 30 and 40 years”
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Table of Contents
1.0 Research Proposal Title.............................................................................................................3
2.0 Research Problem......................................................................................................................3
3.0 Background................................................................................................................................4
4.0 Gaps in knowledge....................................................................................................................7
5.0 Research question......................................................................................................................7
6.0 What needs to be known............................................................................................................7
7.0 Project aims and expected benefits............................................................................................9
7.1 Project aims...........................................................................................................................9
7.2 Expected benefits...................................................................................................................9
8.0 Research Methodology............................................................................................................10
8.1 Design..................................................................................................................................10
8.2 Setting..................................................................................................................................11
8.3 Sampling description and sample size.................................................................................11
8.4 Sampling method.................................................................................................................12
8.5 Sampling method, recruitment and retention.......................................................................12
8.6 Measures and materials........................................................................................................13
8.7 Procedures............................................................................................................................13

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8.8 Data analysis........................................................................................................................14
9.0 Ethical considerations..............................................................................................................15
10.0 Scope and limitations.............................................................................................................16
10. 1 Scope of the research study..............................................................................................16
10.2 Limitations of the research study.......................................................................................16
11.0 Budget....................................................................................................................................17
12.0 Timeline.................................................................................................................................18
References......................................................................................................................................19

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
1.0 Research Proposal Title
“Promoting good health and prevention of chronic diseases by improving the intake of
fruits and vegetables young among adults between 30 and 40 years”
2.0 Research Problem
Intake of fruits as well as vegetables is essential part of healthy diet along with it is linked
to supply optimistic health outcomes. Those results included of lessen risk for the chronic
diseases furthermore benefited towards weight administration. As fruits and vegetables are
provided health benefits to the customers, therefore its intake are highly recommended. In 2013,
“The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization
(WHO)” suggested that the population can consume of about 400g of fruits on standard basis
(Torre et al., 2015). The problem is that higher number of people is suffering from chronic
diseases due to eating of fruits as well as vegetables in the diet. Both fruits and vegetables are
considered as important part of the human nutrition, therefore they are believed as vital causes of
nutrients in addition to nutritional fibre. It is uncertain whether potential of chronic diseases are
lessened by rising consumption of both fruits plus vegetables by the public (Ferruzza et al.,
2016). Approximately 10 million of aged people are suffering from poor health because of poor
intake of diets. It is investigated that broccoli has stronger protective effects from chronic
diseases, still lower percentage of public are recording minimal intake of vegetables in their diet.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
3.0 Background
In this research proposal, the researcher examined that factors which can contribute to
lower intake of fruits as well as vegetables in the diet. Nguyen et al., (2016) examined that there
are independent and dependent variables which are measured such that independent is intake of
fruits as well as vegetables and dependent is poor health as well as chronic diseases. The search
terms for this project report are fruits, vegetables, chronic diseases, broccoli, unhealthy habits
and young adults. The aim of the organization is to prevent diseases like cancer, diabetes plus
obesity. Wang et al., (2014) carried out the research study on higher intake of vegetables and
fruits for the aged people as it is analyzed that there is less consume of fruits as well as
vegetables which result into poor health in addition to chronic diseases. It is estimated that 6.7
million of deaths are attributed to insufficient consumption of fruits as well as vegetables.
Elevated blood pressure as well as cholesterol is the factors for heart diseases plus stroke (Nihtila
et al., 2016). The potassium which is provided by fruits as well as vegetables is demonstrated to
low blood pressure. Dietary fibre is used to reduce the blood pressure.
Consumption of eight dissimilar types of fruits and vegetables are effecting into reduction
of disappearing from diseases plus cancer with 31 percent in addition to 25 percent respectively.
Bauer et al., (2014) suggested that when consumption diet is low in fat, salt plus sugar, then
fruits and vegetables are helped to prevent unhealthy weight gain. Lippmann et al., (2014)
investigated that links between consumption of fruits as well as vegetables and type 2 diabetes
affect on the body weight. Dietary fibre is helpful for regulation of insulin that impact the threat
of type-2 diabetes with superior water content of fruits as well as vegetables help to lessen risk
related to overweight plus obesity. Antioxidants play a key significant role into reduction of

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cancer by prevention of oxidative damage to body cells (Members et al., 2014). Determinants of
consumption of fruits as well as vegetable among the children are parental consumption of food
and ease of use of fruits and vegetables at the home. Chomistek et al., (2015) estimated that 2.7
million of lives of people are saved each year if consumption of fruits and vegetables are
increasing. Bertoia et al., (2015) cited that vegetables such as broccoli and cauliflower are useful
for prevention of cancer.
Kunnumakkara (2015) researched that vegetables are more effective in reduction of
chronic diseases as compared to fruits. Fresh vegetables are more effective for reduction of the
heart diseases and cancer and reduces morality rate by 16 percent per portion. May et al., (2013)
argued that fresh fruits consist of stronger protective effect which is small as compared to fresh
vegetables. Due to lacking of diet, it leads to chronic diseases. Rekhy and McConchie (2014)
demonstrated that intake of fruits, vegetables and rate of morality for cancer is not
understandable to the audiences. Into developed and lower developed countries, cancer moreover
heart diseases are the reasons of death. This research study is agreed out on consequences of
fruits as well as vegetables on types of cancer plus chronic diseases. Wang et al., (2014) studied
the association between occurrence of chronic diseases, cancer and morality rate as compared to
intake of cooked and raw vegetables. In most of the research study, it is analyzed that raw
vegetables are protective as compared to cooked vegetables. Deierlein et al., (2014) carried out
an in-depth research on cooking process and observed that it provides effect on nutritional
characteristics of vegetables. Intake of raw and developed vegetables and fruits have no major
relationship to occurrence of chronic diseases among young, adults and aged people.
Nguyen et al., (2016) concluded that intake of raw vegetables provide positive effect and
reduce chronic diseases as contrasted to intake of ripe vegetables. Intake of uncooked fruits and

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
vegetables lessen blood pressure and lower stage of cholesterol. Sarafino and Smith (2014) stated
that WHO is planned to carry out promotion of fruit as well as vegetable into framework of
proposed strategy on the diet and health. Policies related to food as well as nutrition promote
food based dietary guidelines in order to lessen health disparities. Throughout targeted
campaigns, WHO is aimed to raise consumption of fruit and vegetables among the public (Kim
et al., 2016). Fruits as well as vegetables consist of higher anti-oxidants which minimize damage
to DNA and reduction of cancer. The research study shows that diets are included of fruits as
well as vegetables that have higher impact to reduce mortality rate. Chapman et al., (2016)
argued that each portion of fruit juices as well as frozen fruits is contributed to 17 percent
increase of death from the chronic diseases. It is observed that canned fruits juices as well as
frozen fruits are consist of higher level of sugar which contribute to overweight as well as
obesity, that causes major factors for the heart diseases (Covolo et al., 2017).
From the findings of the research, it is been seen that higher intake of diets into fruits as
well as vegetables improve health and prevention of heart diseases and chronic diseases. The
fruits as well as vegetables are significant diet for the human nutrition; therefore their higher
portion of intake is also required (Lee et al., 2015). Most of this particular research is based in
addition to focus on relationship between intake of fruits and vegetables which prevent from
diseases. It is also observed that fruits are less preventive as compared to vegetables. From the
recently published report of WHO expert consultation on diet and nutrition recommended that
intake of 400g of fruits as well as vegetables per day will assist to stop heart disease, cancer,
obesity plus chronic disease into less developed countries (Malik, Willett & Hu, 2013).
Therefore, it is seen that promotion of good health and preventing commencing chronic diseases
improves intake of fruits along with vegetables young between adults of 30 and 40 years.

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4.0 Gaps in knowledge
This particular research is based on prevention of heart and chronic diseases due to intake
of more fruits and vegetables. Ferruzza et al., (2016) examined that there is limited research on
intake of specific vegetables and fruits which help in prevention of diseases. Most of this study is
focused on association between ingestion of fruits such as apple, pears and vegetables such as
carrots while there is ignoring of cruciferous vegetables. There is a gap into knowledge
happening how cruciferous vegetables; broccoli as well as cauliflower avoid various types of
cancer. Those types of vegetables have dietary values which offer included nourishment. There
is incomplete information on how to assist in prevention of cancer.
5.0 Research question
Following is the research question for this particular research study:
1. What is the impact of consumption of broccoli on liver cancer among young adults
aged between ages of 30 and 40 years?
6.0 What needs to be known
In order to fill the gap into knowledge, it is necessary to recognize present consumption
routine of vegetable such as broccoli amid the target group between ages of 30 and 40 years.
Doctors, nutritionists and cancer patients are regular habitant into consumption of broccoli
(Chen, Wallig & Jeffery, 2016). It is required known about the cooking process of broccoli,
whether it is cooked thoroughly, streamed as well as consumed raw. In this particular study,

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sampling method as well as sample population is selected as simple random sampling or
stratified sampling method. This particular research study shows that broccoli offers protection
against the liver cancer. The researcher observed that consumption of this vegetable 3-5 times in
a week lower the risk of different types of cancer (Chen et al., 2016). this study shows that
include of broccoli in the diet of people help to defend against liver cancer and aid to oppose
development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It causes malfunctions into the liver
in addition to leads towards hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is a liver cancer with higher
mortality rate.
Egner et al., (2014) mentioned that vitamins as well as phytonutrients are the nutritional
profiles of the vegetable, broccoli. This type of vegetable has medical value as it helps to prevent
of liver cancer. As per recommendation from WHO, intake of 500-600g of fruits as well as
vegetables will fill the research gap. It is required to recommend portion of broccoli for regular
consumption of vegetable. Armah et al., (2015) argued that obesity enhanced the risk of
spreading of liver cancer; however, there is risk of 5-fold greater risk of liver cancer when people
are overweight. Abdull, Ahmad & Noor (2013) investigated that most of the population are
eating diet consists of saturated fats and sugars. When they are stored into liver, it converted into
body fat. Consumption of higher fat, higher sugar and excess amount of body fat leads to liver
cancer. Liu et al., (2014) suggested that broccoli contains of bioactive compounds leads to
accumulation of fat into liver. Chen (2015) interested into impact of broccoli on formation of
tumors into the liver. When this vegetable is additional to the diet of people, then amount of
nodules is reduced.
Lin et al., (2017) stated that broccoli decreased the fatty liver and stopped uptake of fat in
the liver by reducing uptake as well as increasing output of lipid from liver. The researcher

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
showed that eating of broccoli by freshly chopped and evenly steamed is considered as accurate
technique to acquire to vegetables cancer fighting composite such as sulforaphane. Li and Zhang
(2013) recorded that cancer is caused 1,231,220 deaths and it is the most significant chronic
diseases into less developed counties. Therefore, its prevention is mostly required.
7.0 Project aims and expected benefits
7.1 Project aims
The aims of this particular project study are to recover rate of consumption of broccoli
and classify of how broccoli facilitate to avoid of liver cancer. The aim of this study is to explore
of impact of consumption of broccoli on liver cancer among public. It is required to increase into
consumption of fruit as well as vegetable by means of 1 portion per day and decline of
proportion of fat on energy drinking by sum of 8 percent.
7.2 Expected benefits
Due to consumption of broccoli, it reduces prevalence of the liver cancer among the
young adults and aged between 30 and 40 years age. It helps to identify the nutritional benefits of
the vegetable, broccoli. It also reduces mortality rate from the occurrence cancer and chronic
diseases. It reduces the cost to treat of liver cancer. The significance is regarded to fruits and
vegetables consumption and the results are obtained from observational study. There are no
effects on risk of cancer when there is small difference into consumption of broccoli. Even
brassica vegetables such as cauliflower have the same effect as broccoli. This vegetable is not
impacted the weight loss and bring fat under control into the liver which makes the liver
healthier.

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8.0 Research Methodology
8.1 Design
This particular research study examined the intake of fruit plus vegetables in the middle
of young adults and aged between 30 and 40 years of age. Reported sources of intake of fruit as
well as vegetable are predictable by evaluating percentage of intake from category of food at the
population stage as contrasted to sum intake of population (Lin et al., 2017). Use of proper
design reveals pattern and source of collecting data are required to complete this study. In this
particular study, descriptive research design is used which offer description of the events while
focusing on research timeline and impact of the selected research topic. This design evaluates the
key factors which impact the consumption of broccoli on liver cancer (Malik, Willett & Hu,
2013). Consumption of fruits as well as vegetables in this range is being associated with
reduction of risk for cancer and type-2 diabetics. It is useful to maintain of weight loss.
In this study, it is demonstrated that higher consumption of fruits in addition to
vegetables recommendations at high caloric requirements be in contact to low percentage of
persons with higher recommendations achievement (Sarafino & Smith, 2014). Evidence based
rules are used to prevent of nutrition related diseases such as cancer, obesity and others chronic
diseases (Bauer et al., 2014). There is allocation of cross sectional study as the design is not
showing connection between nutritional factors in addition to diseases. Based on the key factors
impact consumption of broccoli, the prevention steps of liver cancer are identified.

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8.2 Setting
Further research is conducted to identify the efficient interventions as well as policy
approaches to develop ease of use in addition to accessibility of both fruits and vegetables with
increase into its consumption in lower and middle income country settings (May et al., 2013).
This setting consists of young among adults between 30 and 40 years of age. The cross sectional
study is showing of positive associations among consumption of vegetables as well as fruits into
different locations. Various studies are conducted into high income countries for accessing
success of behavioral involvements designed to raise consumption of fruit as well as vegetables
(Kaczmarek, 2016). Improvement into food system will impact consumption of fruit as well as
vegetable on large scale. Data from the policy reviews stated that low and medium income
countries are designed policies in order to raise accessibility of fruits and vegetables. It targets
promotion of home, school gardening and initiatives towards urban agriculture.
8.3 Sampling description and sample size
Sampling is considered for studying “promotion of good health and prevention of chronic
diseases by improving the intake of fruits and vegetables.” It also studied the impacts of broccoli
on prevention of liver cancer which suit with the criteria of this research study. The sample
population is simple random probability where no criteria for selection are considered. The
targeted population is young among adults between 30 and 40 years of age. The doctors are
considered as non-probability of the sampling techniques. With use of online survey, the cancer
patients and doctors are being surveyed. The sample size is being divided into two forms for both
qualitative and quantitative techniques. For conducting quantitative research, 30 patients are
considered and 5 doctors are interacted while conducting of qualitative technique. Therefore, the
total sample size is 35, comprised of both qualitative and quantitative forms.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
8.4 Sampling method
In this particular study, simple random sampling is used where cancer patients are
probability sampling while doctors are non-probability sampling. This sample is random as the
employee has equal chance of selection. The researchers generate of simple random of sample
with use of couple of methods. Each of the members of population is being assigned number
after the numbers are being selected at random. Selection of random sample from larger
population needs of computer generated process by which the research methodology is used.
Using this particular sampling method, a sample is selected from larger population as each
population has equal change to get selected.
8.5 Sampling method, recruitment and retention
Most of the researcher involves with recruitment of individuals to take part into research
study. Those individuals is engaged, participated and collected of information from specific
points on time. Following are some of the considerations which are taking into account to work
with selected target population:
Recruitment: The process of recruitment is simple, but it requires providing information
to the researcher and collecting of information. The individuals are informed about next steps
into the research process. It is easier for the researcher to stay into touch on daily basis in order
to strengthen interest into program. When the new individuals are going to join ongoing classes,
then they receive full information about the research study.
Retention: The individuals are engaged into study once they enroll for a research
program. The responses from the participants for few exit questions provide program as well as
evaluation of the staff’s ideas about how to change the program to make it accommodating. It

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means there may be changes into location and changing of hours at which the program is
meeting. The participants those are drop out of the research are not able to see program meets
with the requirements.
8.6 Measures and materials
In this particular research study, survey data collection method is used to collect and
gather of data related to selected research topic. Survey is used to gather information into
comprehensive way. Online questionnaire is used to collect data. Online survey is a key
significant research tool for different research fields. It provides information regarding all types
of public information as well as research fields. It is made up of sample (full population), method
of collecting data (questionnaire) in addition to individual questions which become data that are
analyzed statistically. Survey research is always supported on the sample of people. In this
particular study, cancer patients and doctors are the sample of population those are providing
their own feedback on prevention from chronic diseases due to intake of fruits and vegetables.
This survey methodology is a scientific field to recognize the principles related to sample design,
instruments regarding data collection, statistical adjustment of the data, processing of data and
final analysis of the data to generate random survey errors. The researcher performs the survey
involves to make larger set of decisions about the individual’s features of thee survey to develop
it.
8.7 Procedures
In order to collect data from the population through use of online survey, at first a target
population is selected for the research study. Here, the population is patients those are suffering
from cancer and chronic diseases. Therefore, they are selected for taking their feedback if intake
of more fruits and vegetables can help to cure diseases among the young adults and aged

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
between 30 and 40 years. The doctors are also provided their feedback about providing
suggestions about consumption of broccoli for prevention of liver cancer. The online survey is
conducted to make sure if it is really significant to intake of vegetables for prevention from
diseases. An online questionnaire is prepared based on 10 questions to take feedback from the
customers if promotion of high-quality health plus avoidance of chronic diseases by improving
the eating of fruits and vegetables young amongst adults between 30 and 40 years. After the
survey is done, then those collected data are analyzed to achieve the results which help to meet
with research requirements. The data are organized in such a way that it is easier to work with
them.
8.8 Data analysis
With use of both quantitative and qualitative data analysis, the data are analyzed which
help in increasing the quality of information and perform better analysis regarding selected topic.
The researcher performs the analysis in implementation of theoretical knowledge into practical
application. It also involves of complexities as well as limitations. Prevention of chronic diseases
is evaluated with help of feedback from the respondents. The researcher gains information
related to selected research topic and analyzes the findings to validate the data collection process.
The respondents those are considered for data analysis are patients and doctors so that detailed
information is being extracted with specific research work. The patients those are suffering from
cancer is considered for the quantitative analysis such that the researcher can understand the
consumption of broccoli for prevention of liver cancer. The numbers of respondents involved
into quantitative analysis are 30 patients and others are not properly filled, therefore they are
discarded from the sample of this research study. 5 doctors are interacted while conducting of
qualitative technique. The doctors are taking personal interview and then the records are

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
collected for data analysis. Qualitative study allowed a detailed analysis on prevention of chronic
diseases which help in enhanced penetration of this research study. This research study provides
a relationship between the choice of the patients and suggestion of the doctors. The study
describes response of patients and doctors at two levels such that promotion of good health is
explained properly.
9.0 Ethical considerations
At the time of gathering and analyzing the collected data, the researcher should concern
on codes of ethics for conducting this research study as discussed:
Legal access: The researcher has utilized information and data related to prevention of
cancer and chronic diseases. The reports are protected by strict codes. They are accessed to
different online data respiratory for gathering of sensitive data. They ensured that they have legal
access to that information. The researcher followed of detailed policies for handling of this study.
Data application: The raw data are obtained from the survey of the doctors and cancer
patients which result into violation of anonymity. Access of information related to this study is
based on primary sources which safeguard the research study. The data as well as information in
this study is not commercially utilized and the data are limited for academic research only.
Data implication: There are different implications among participants and researcher
conducted into research study. While gathering of data through survey, the author selected
doctors and cancer patients to determine the impact of fruits and vegetables consumption on
people. It helps to reduce different type of cancer along with the chronic diseases among people.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
10.0 Scope and limitations
10. 1 Scope of the research study
Comparative study is enhanced chances to observe different steps applied in the research
study. Due to restrictions into the research study, scope of this study is not exploited to proper
potential level. The selected research topic is developed with study of cauliflower for prevention
from liver cancer as its benefits are similar to same as broccoli. Constructive feedbacks from the
customers help to enhance the promotion strategy of good health furthermore avoidance of
chronic diseases through consumption of fruits plus vegetables. It will add value to the intake of
vegetables and fruits that will increase recognition of the benefits of intake of diet.
10.2 Limitations of the research study
This particular research is limited to the consumption of broccoli on liver cancer among
young adults aged between ages of 30 and 40 years. The time is also a limitation which does not
allow larger sample size of population for better analysis of the data. The researcher is not
getting accurate information due to shortage of time. Financial budget is also a restriction in this
research study which limits the quality of the research study. Therefore a proper project timeline
in addition to budget is prepared for meeting with time and cost of the research study.

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Expenditure Description Funds Required ($)
A. Personal services
Research coordinator 30,000
Research analyst 50,000
B. Suppliers and services
Office supplies 1000
Journal articles 1500
C. Travel and meetings
Travel for the project lead 2500
Travel to present of the literarure review 2000
D. Equipments
Laptop and computer 1500
Printer 700
E. Direct cost
Publication cost 2000
Consultation services 2500
User fees 3000
F. Indirect cost
Accounting and legal expenses 1800
Salaries of the administrative 2500
Office expenses 2000
Telephone expenses 2000
Rent 1000
Total: 106,000
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
11.0 Budget
Table 1: Budget Plan

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Main activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7
Research topic
·
Sources of the research study
· ·
Research layout is developed
·
Analyzing the literature review
·
·
·
Research plan is formeed
·
·
Performing the research
technqiues
·
·
Collecting of data using survey
and intervew ·
·
Data analysis ·
·
Conducting the research study
·
Research proposal draft
·
·
Submission of draft in the
university
·
·
12.0 Timeline
Table 2: Gantt chart of the research study

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
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