Internet of Things (IoT) Concepts and Applications

This assignment delves into various aspects of the Internet of Things (IoT). It includes questions about defining IoT, comparing it with Cloud Computing, analyzing the impact of device security, calculating time savings from application redesign using publish/subscribe model, explaining Nelson's Law in relation to Moore's Law, and discussing the implications for IoT development. The assignment tests understanding of core IoT principles and their practical applications.

Running head: INTERNET OF THINGS 1
Internet of things
Name
Institution Affiliation

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Q1) what does the statement "the best interface for a system is no User Interface"? When
might this apply and provide two examples.
This statement means that the interface complicates on the lives of individuals, rather than
making them better. An example, lays out how we got to this app-obsessed point and how we
could turn things and ensure that one is using the best tool for the job. This may or may not be an
app on your smartphone (Atzori, Iera & Morabito, 2010). Many companies as well as the
designers are defaulting to using of the screens and the apps when they are actually making the
task you are trying to achieve more difficult. Moreover, the statement could relate to the aspect
that organization are fighting harder to keep the users in their ecosystem. This would be better on
the company shareholders, but not on the users experience (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic &
Palaniswami, 2013). The user experience should not be applicable to everything but rather an
option on the table when individuals are solving problem. Individuals should focus more on
something alluring other than the apps (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic & Palaniswami, 2013). The
attitude of there is an app for everything has ruined the design. It is important to embrace on the
actual situation, and not just what works on the screen. It is important to stop designing the
interface rather than solving the user problems.
2. Compare the bandwidth, distance, interference rating, cost and security of a) twisted
pair cable, b) coaxial cable and 3) fibre optic cable.
Twisted pair
It is the lowest priced in addition to the most in-demand guided transmission medium. It comes
with the two insulated copper wiring organized in the normal spiral patterns. The wire generally
acts as the individual communication link. Over the longer ranges the cables could contain

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numerous pairs.
When it comes to interferences the twisted cable are likely to reduce the cross talk between the
adjacent pairs in the cable (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic & Palaniswami, 2013). The neighbouring
cable have bundle which have distinct twist sizes to decrease on the crosstalk inference. On the
long distance links, the twist length varies from 5 to 15 cm and the thickness of the wire is from
0.4 to 0.9mm. The transmission of the signal are required about every 5 to 6 km.
Twist cables are categorized as follows:
Category 3: This is a UTP cable along with the connected linking hardware whose transmission
features are particular up to 16MHz. Category four is the UTP cable and associated connecting
hardware whose signal function up to 20 MHz The last is category five that is a cable and
associated connecting hardware transmission around 100MHz (Kopetz, 2011).
Figure 1: Shows the untwisted and twisted pair
Coaxial cable
It is similar to the twisted pair consisting of two conductors, but it is constructed differently in
order to permit it to operate over wide range of the frequencies.

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There are two types of coaxial cables which are the thinnet and thicknet. Thinnet is the flexible
coaxial cable of around a quarter of an inch in thickness. It is used for short distances. Thicknet
is thicker cable than the other. It is about half an inch in thickness can support the transmission
of data over longer distances (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic & Palaniswami, 2013). The bandwidth of
the coaxial cable is 10 Mbps. On the aspect of interference they are resistant to the effect of
attenuation up to a certain length of up to 100 meters (Weber & Weber, 2010). In terms of the
cost it is more expensive than the twisted cable and less than the optical cable.
Fibre optical cable
These uses the optical fibers which hold the data signals in the form of the modulated pulses of
the light. There are basically two types of fibres single mode fibre and Multi-Mode Fibre (Weber
& Weber, 2010). The single mode fibre utilizes the single ray of the light in carrying
transmission over the lengthy ranges (Kopetz, 2011). Multi-Mode fibre employs the multiple
rays of light simultaneously with every ray of light running to the numerous reflection angle to
hold the transmission over short ranges .The multimode fiber optic could deliver the rates of data
up to 1 Gbps. It operates on the wavelengths of 85p nm and 1300nm (Kopetz, 2011). When it
comes to the bandwidth of 100 m or less the bandwidth is unlimited. The cost of this cable is
higher than the rest. On the interference rating the rate is much lower than the coaxial and the
twisted pair.
Question 3: compare these technologies Sensors, RFID and video tracking.
Sensors
Advantages
 They have a high current capability

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 They have a low cost
 They are resistant to harsh conditions
 They are very predictable
Disadvantages
 They requires physical contact with the target
 There is the issue of the distance limitations
 There is the aspect of the environmental changes.
 Examples of the application are the level sensing, web brake and the level control
sensors.
RFID
Advantage
 RFID technology is versatile in nature and thus smaller and the large RFID devices are
available per application.
 The technology is used for the security and the attendance purpose.
 Are able to hold more data than the barcodes
Disadvantages
 They have a high cost
 Some of the materials could create signal problem
 There is issue of the interference
Applications

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This application has been used for the tracking of the language and monitoring health history of
the patients when it comes to the hospitals (Kopetz, 2011).
Video tracking
 There is a shorter matching time which is based on the good detection rate especially in
the target detection.
 It addresses on the object tracking of in the motion, or the illumination as well as
appearance change
Disadvantages
 There are various hardware as well as special programs required to obtain and process the
data.
 The capture system could have specific requirement for the space to which it is operated
in.
4. Discuss the issues associated with security and privacy in the context of the Internet of
Things
In the IOT privacy issues there are as follows; one of them is too much data. The sheer amount
of information which the IOT devices could generate is staggering. On the second issue is on the
unwanted public profile, the organization could utilize the data collected which the consumers
willingly offered to make employment decisions (Xia, Yang, Wang & Vinel, 2012). There is also
the issue of the eavesdropping where the manufactures or perhaps the hackers are able to use the
connected devices virtually to invade on individual homes.

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When it comes to the security issues there is the public perception. In case the IOT will definitely
take off there is certainly need to be the first issue which the manufacture might deal with. An
additional concern is on the vulnerability to the hacking (Bonomi, Milito, Zhu & Addepalli,
2012). The researchers have been capable of hack into the real, to the market devices with plenty
of time and energy. An additional issues are on the true security aspect. Securing the IOT devices
signifies more than one securing on the actual devices themselves.
Question 5 budget time saved by redesigning the application to use the publish.
Total time taken is 2+12+3= 17ms
Changes after 1 s
Therefore; 60ms is equivalent to 1 sec
17ms will equal how many seconds
17/60=0.28
Thus 1-0.28=0.72 s
Time saved 0.72s
Question 6: Describe Nielson's Law. How does it relate to Moore's Law? What are the
implications for the Internet of Thing?
Nelson’s law states that the high end users connection speed can grow up by fifty percent per
year. This law of the broadband connectivity lags the Moore law of the computer processing for
some strange reasons (Bonomi, Milito, Zhu & Addepalli, 2012). The observation made by
Nelson were based on the Moore law which often mentioned the observation to which the
computer process can doable every eighteen months.

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His law relates to that of Moore law in that the observation which he did was based on the Moore
law, which states the computer double in the capabilities in every eighteen months, which
correspond to sixty percent of the annual growth. Moore law for the computer speed, the
bandwidth grows at a slower than the computer power (Xia, Yang, Wang & Vinel, 2012). The
reason for the slow growth of the internet bandwidth is more of the business realities than the
technological limitations. The implication of the internet of things is that there is wide spread of
the adaptation of the IOT devices and other product which will use the same broadband
connection, and the technology will be available for Nelsen’s law.

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References
Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2010). The internet of things: A survey. Computer networks,
54(15), 2787-2805.
Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., & Addepalli, S. (2012, August). Fog computing and its role in
the internet of things. In Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile
cloud computing (pp. 13-16). ACM.
Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision,
architectural elements, and future directions. Future generation computer systems, 29(7),
1645-1660.
Kopetz, H. (2011). Internet of things. In Real-time systems (pp. 307-323). Springer US.
Weber, R. H., & Weber, R. (2010). Internet of things (Vol. 12). New York, NY, USA:: Springer.
Xia, F., Yang, L. T., Wang, L., & Vinel, A. (2012). Internet of things. International Journal of
Communication Systems, 25(9), 1101.