The Kurds in Iraq: A Study

This assignment examines the complex political and social landscape of the Kurds in Iraq. It involves a thorough review of academic literature, data collection and analysis to understand the factors contributing to instability in Kurdistan and the broader Middle East. The study also analyzes potential impacts of the unrest and assesses the likelihood of Kurdistan emerging as an independent state. Finally, it evaluates the role of the Kurdish government in mitigating these challenges.

WILL KURDISTAN BE ABLE IN THE TROUBLESOME
MIDDLE EAST, EMERGE AS A STATE?

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................4
1.2 Background of the study........................................................................................................4
1.3 Research rationale..................................................................................................................4
1.4 Aims and objectives...............................................................................................................5
1.5 Research questions.................................................................................................................5
1.6 Significance of the study........................................................................................................6
Figure 1: Structure of Dissertation...........................................................................................6
1.8 Summary................................................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Literate Review..............................................................................................................8
Figure 2: Kurdistan and estimated population according toBruinessen’s study in 1975......14
Chapter 3: Methodology................................................................................................................15
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................15
3.2 Research paradigm...............................................................................................................15
3.2.1 Justification for positivism philosophy.............................................................................15
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................15
3.3.1 Justification of deductive research approach....................................................................16
3.4 Research Design...................................................................................................................16
3.4.1 Justification of descriptive research design......................................................................16
3.5 Data collection process........................................................................................................16
3.6 Population and sampling......................................................................................................17
3.7 Data analysis methods..........................................................................................................17
3.7.1 Justification.......................................................................................................................17
3.8 Ethical considerations..........................................................................................................18
3.9 Accessibility issues..............................................................................................................18

3.10 Limitations.........................................................................................................................18
3.11 Validity and reliability.......................................................................................................18
3.11 Timeline (Refer to Appendix 1).........................................................................................19
3.12 Summary............................................................................................................................19
Chapter 4: Analysis........................................................................................................................20
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................20
4.2 Findings and analysis...........................................................................................................20
4.3 Summary..............................................................................................................................25
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................26
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................26
5.2 Linking with objectives........................................................................................................26
5.3 Recommendations................................................................................................................27
5.3 Research limitations.............................................................................................................30
5.4 Future scope.........................................................................................................................30
References......................................................................................................................................31
Appendices....................................................................................................................................35
Appendix 1: Timeline (Gantt Chart)..............................................................................................35
Appendix 2.....................................................................................................................................36

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
The current issue in the countries in Middle east have attracted the mind of the people in the
society of the world. It is evident that the rises in the problems of the Middle East country have
grown to be affecting a lot more than the country itself but a more of the world both
economically and politically. In this chapter the background of the problems will be discussed in
accordance to the problems they are facing now and the significance of the study.
1.2 Background of the study
In modern context there has been huge change in the operation of the organisation. The supports
of the country government have not been in up to mark for the better reduction of the problems
in the Middle East. The conflicts and the issues in the middle east have resulted in the slow
growth of the of the economy Khorshid and Thiele-Bruhn (2016, p.1171). It is essential to
understand that the rise in the problems of the society in the state of Kurds have been through a
lot. The support of the government of the company have resulted in vain as there has been no
better leader in the country to lead the youth of the country to peace in mind.
In relation to the rough patchy growth of the country, the government of the state of Kurds and
the UN Security Council has attempted to deliver resolution which marks the rise in the
betterment of the situation of Kurdistan but have not influenced much in the betterment of the
society. However, a series of assassination in the country have resulted in the falling of the
economic stability and the peace in the country Gunter, (2016, p.684). The rise in the problems
in the safety of the Kurds is further making issue in the better development of the state in the
current state.
1.3 Research rationale
Why it is an issue?
The gradual growing of instability in the society of the Kurdistan have resulted in the fall of the
economic and the political state of the country. The fall in the political state of the country is
further affecting the smooth operation of the organization in the country. The development of the
society in Kurdistan is directly related to the growth in the society, and thus the hindrance in
development in the country is the instability in the political base and social conflict. It is more of
an issue as the operation in the Kurds and the life of the people in Kurdistan are being
endangered and made to pass in fear.

Why it is an issue now?
The conflict in Middle East is an age old problem. To focus on the problems caused due to the
change in the power in Kurdistan, there have been large numbers of entry in the country by the
anti social agents, Taliban and ISIS. The problems caused by the ISIS and the Taliban have led
to the halt in the proper development of the society. It is evident that rise in the growing
instability in the political situation. The life in Middle East is covered by dark cloud of uncertain
death and harm. The Problems in relation to the availability of food and resources in the country
is also a current issue in the context to the problems in the Middle East.
What could the research shed light on?
The above research will help in the better understanding of the situation of the Kurds. The
support of the research would leave evidence of the situation that helps in the better development
of the country. The availability of the information through the research work would result in the
better understanding of the situation that causes the major issue in the country. The work would
also further help in the gaining of knowledge regarding the situation that is prevailing in the
country and the hindrances caused by the unstable political situation of the organisation.
1.4 Aims and objectives
The support of the research is to be based and on the better understanding of the situation of
Kurdistan. The research work is for the better understanding of the situation that will mark the
development in the country and emerging of the country as a state from the troublesome state of
Middle East.
Research objectives
● To understand the cause behind the unstable political and social situation of the country
● To get proper view on the effect caused by the unstable situation in middle east
● To be able to derive the chances of Kurdistan of emerging as a state
● To be able to understand the response of government and international bodies.
1.5 Research questions
● What is the prime cause behind the unstable situation in Middle East?
● How the instability does affect the places in middle east?
● What are the chances of Kurdistan in terms of emerging as a state?
● What actions do government and internal bodies are undertaking to deal with the
situation?

1.6 Significance of the study
The objective of the research work is to understand the views on the change in the political and
social issues in the country. The researches work in based on the understanding of the cause
behind the unstable condition of the country. It is important to understand the cause to make
proper amendment in future in dealing with the changes in the social and the political issues. The
objectives of the research are also to understand the effect of the political instability in the
middle east. The aspect of the research project is based on the prime aspect of making clear
conclusion on the situation that the people of Kurdistan are facing. The situation of Kurdistan
can be well evaluated by the research by the completion of all the research objective. It is evident
that from the support of the study will be in long term basis as the study will act as the resource
in understanding the changes in the society of Kurdistan and the chances that the place have to
emerge as a state from the troublesome situation.
1.7 Structure of Dissertation
Figure 1: Structure of Dissertation
(Source: Researcher)
1.8 Summary
The above chapter have made proper inclusion of the aims and the objectives of the research
work in relation to the better understanding of the situation of Kurdistan due to the unstable

situation in Middle east. The aspect of the above chapter has been the beginning the research
work in proper direction towards the research topic.

Chapter 2: Literate Review
The Middle East is one of the most important regions in the world economically, geopolitically,
commercially and archaeologically. In addition, the Middle East is the cradle of many
civilizations, such as the Somers, the Assyrian, and the Babylon and many more that have risen
and disappeared from the surface (Siengkhene, 2012). Furthermore, many strategic wars have
taken place, particularly when Alexander the Great attacked and destroyed the Persian Empire in
331 BC, (Eyewitness to History.com, 2000) and the Mongol’s conquest had changed the region
fundamentally by capturing Baghdad and setting fire to everything they encountered (anon,
2000). In summary, the Kurds were part of that history, their roots originating from waves of
Indo-European tribes around the second millennium BCE(McDowall and McDwell, 2003, P. 8),
though, from time to time their role diminished or was systematically ignored because they have
been dominated by the surrounding states.
In this dissertation, the history of the Kurds will be explained as much as relevant to the context
of the nature of this research. However, Kurds as explained by Taj Aldienare one of the most
homogenous of the inhabitants of the Middle East and their literature is small and
disproportionate even in comparison to the smallest nation like Kuwait with a population of half
a million people (2000). They actively participated in the political and social life in the past and
formed strong-hold groups and ruled over territory autonomously. Furthermore, Kurdish people
are the descendants of the Med Empire which lasted between (612-549 BC), but the Empire had
crushed by Cyrus the Great (Taagepera, R, 1979, p. 115). Consequently, the Kurds remained a
stateless nation and their fate was decided by the cycle of events and new-comers, specifically
after the advent of Islam and the Turks to the region ever since (Gibson, G.R., Taylor, N.L.,
Lamo, N.C. and Lackey, J.K., 2016, p.10). Nevertheless, the Kurds have ruled among
themselves with an element of freedom or relative independence alongside the Iranian and the
Ottoman Empire, as claimed by McDowall “The Kurdish tribes had been an important element
in the Sassanian empire, between 639 and 644. Once it was clear that the Empire was doomed,
the Kurdish chiefs one by one submitted to the Arab armies and to the new religion” (2003, p.
21)

Language plays an important role in the nationalistic formation of every nation, as Heywood
concedes “Language is often taken to be the clearest symbol of nationhood”(2012, p.
173).However, the Kurdish language is perceived to be one of the Iranian languages according to
Van Bruinessen’sstudy(1992), but McDowall rejects that notion and argues the Kurdish is an
independent language and considered to be an Indo-European family. Moreover, the two major
dialectics are Kurmanji and Sorani and each dialectic is attributed to a geographic area, while the
north of Kurdistan speaks Kurmanji and the south (Iran and Iraq) mainly speak Sorani.
Furthermore, the Iraqi Kurdish has gained a cultural right in Iraq to read and write in their native
language, therefore Sorani become a written language too and a substantial amount of their
literature is also produced by this dialectic. In addition, the effect of the divisions among four
authoritative states that preceded the colonisation policy impacted the Kurdish language. for
instance, the difference between Kurmanji and Sorani is as big as German and English,
McDowall reports (2003, p. 9). Moreover, the Arabic Islamic language has influenced not just
the Kurdish language, but the whole nation of languages who accepted Islam as a new religion in
seven centuries; for example, without a doubt 1/3 of the Persian and Turkish language are
borrowed from the Arabic language. Besides, the Kurdish language was affected by the
dominated nations in each part (Yildiz and Blass, 2004).
The Kurdish language faces another dilemma in Turkey, because it is completely forbidden to
use Kurdish in the public sphere, as Turkish authority denies the existence of any other nations
apart from the Turks within its borders and President CevdetSunay overtly declared “those who
are not Turks may go away from Turkey” (Bengio O, p. 140) Ultimately, Kurdish does not have
a unified language and work has not been done towards that, as they are not in the position to
develop a ground to achieve that. In conclusion, the Kurdish nation has a mountain to climb to
revive and close the gap for redeveloping a cohesive language.
The modern state emerged after the treaty of Westphalia in 1648, as Mingst acknowledges
“Contemporary pundits often cite Westphalia as the political big bang that created the modern
system of autonomous state” (2008, p. 144) but its shortcomings and challenges are reflected, in
terms of border conflicts and perpetual rivalries among new established nation states on the
international stage. Whereas the Islamic world came under the influence of the Westphalian
model, especially when the Ottoman empire was defeated in Syria and Mesopotamia in 1915 and
the need for a new system became indispensable. In spite of the fact that Kurdistan as an

independent state never existed, but the past Kurdish Emirates (autonomous Kurdish rulers),
such as Bidlis, Ardallan, Botan and Beban shared many characteristics of the state, as Martin
Van Bruinessen emphasized the existence of Kurdish emirates in the Ottoman empire was a fact
until the nineteenth century, however the turning point began when modernisation in the broken
empire sought to establish effective central control and abolish these emirates. (1991, p. 161)
The foreign relation between the Safavid and the Ottoman Empire was based on the approach of
realpolitik. In fact, the relentless rivalry was server between them over owning the bigger piece
of the cake had triggered many conflicts andwars, with each side supporting the enemy of the
other side as the Savafid encouraged the qizelbash (red headed) to rise against the Ottoman in
east Anatolia, thus direct clashes were unavoidable from time to time(Jenkins, 2012, p. 10).
The sheer resentment reached its peak at the Chaldiran war in 1514, when SultanSalim I defeated
the Persian army, caused both sides to reach an agreement in 1639 at Qasiri Shirin, and they
signed the Zuhab Accord (Lapidus and Berkeley, 2014, p. 336). However, itwas at this
occasion, they divided Kurdistan formally, and allocated their boarders. The second blow added
more tensions and complexities to the current Kurdish question is presented in a secret
arrangement between British and French diplomats, that is known as the Sikes-Pico treaty (Al
Jazeera English, 2016). Nevertheless, the arrival of the European powers after the industrial
revolution to the region with the search for natural resources, particularly oil manifested a new
agenda, which reflected in the divide and rule policy. Ultimately the Kurdish territory was at last
given to four states, Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. Consequently, the Middle East countries
curved out and the life of millions of people influenced regardless of
their nationality, ethnicity and religion just entirely to serve the interest of the imperial West, as
Hyacinth Mascarenhas claims “The two men created uncomplicated, immaculate straight-line
borders that would cater to the needs of Britain and France”(2014). In brief, those two
fundamental events impacted on the prospect of the Kurdish statehood in the past, and to make
the matter worse Kurdistan was the biggest stateless nation of the world with the population in
accordance by Martin Van B. research estimated Kurdish people at 27 million people in 1975
( 1991, P. 15), left to defend for themselves against four authoritarian states in the region and
their existence has not been recognised as a distinct ethnicity.
With regard to Turkey, the Kurdish people had been living under the Ottoman Empire on the
basis of sharing the same religious doctrine, but this shortcoming proved to be catastrophic as

soon as the new Turkish far right policies caused the country to abandon its old ways of
governance. Subsequently, the Kurds came under the mercy of the nationalist movement, which
has proved to be lethal for their future. In effect, modern-day Turkey has redrawn its national
borders undoubtedly under the leadership of Kemal Atatürk. Indeed,
the path to Turkey as it currently stands took many steps. It is initially started with the process of
eradicating all the Christian Armenians in 1915, as Martin emphasises the atrocity was carried
out by Turkish and Kurdish soldiers (1991, p. 25).In addition, the second important phase in
redrawing Turkey’s borders was the forced acceptance by the Kurdish tribes and individuals of
the Turkish nationalist movement’s newly envisioned policy. The new era in Turkey, meant the
Caliphate state replaced by a secular state based on ultra-nationalism. Thus, changed the social
structure and political relations dramatically in the diverse long-lasting empire as Wagner
argues, “For the Kurds, this meant a loss not only of their limited Islamic status, but also of their
cultural identity, of their reliance on local government and local systems of administration- a
threat to the way of life they had experienced for centuries” (2002, p. 49). In Iran, the rights of
Kurds and other minorities is denied. If there was an attempt at resolving
matters, it could contribute a tactical response to the regional crisis and to international
politics overall.
However, in Iraq and Syria, the situation is far more gruesome and ugly in terms of handling the
rights of the Kurdish and other ethnic minorities within their borders Gibson, G.R., Taylor, N.L.,
Lamo, N.C. and Lackey, J.K., 2016, p.9). Both countries came under the rule of the Ba'ath party
in the early 1970s, a party whose ideology is based on pan- Arabism. Ironically, both Syria and
Iraq have ceased all diplomatic relations, due to their desire for greater power and dominance.
Moreover, even common interests and enemies did not help to re-establish relations between the
two nations until the 2003 removal of Saddam Hussein from power. Subsequently, the drive for
pan-Arabism pushed both countries to carry out atrocities and harsh treatment, which resulted in
killing thousands of innocent people. By one account, as Bird unpack the Al-Anfal operations
and observes in one small region in Iraq took the lives of more than 182,000 people within six
months. Its ultimate aim to destroy their rural way of life was successful, as in total of 4,655
Kurdish villages about 4,000 were razed to the ground (2004, P. 57). Indeed, similar policy in
Syria has been adopted to abolish any ideological, sectarian and nationalist movement. For
example. In Syria, citizenship privileges have been withdrawn from the Kurds, and the Syrian

government viewed them as gypsies, which in simpler terms means the right-less people. In
addition, the Syrian regime has no regard for its own first class citizen, for instance, Hafiz Al
Assad committed horrific crimes in the city of Ham-mat in 1982 which brutally killed more than
15,000 civilians within three weeks simply because the city fallen to Muslim brotherhood at that
time which resulted into direct combats in the city (Al Jazeera, 2013). Thus, the policy of zero
tolerance and instant killings implemented against anyone or groups who standing on the way.
After all, the bitter history of suppression partially attributes to the Kurds themselves, as they
have failed to unify themselves into a single revolutionary voice with an incorporated socio-
political structure. Fawcett acknowledges, “The Kurds luck unity of purpose, leadership, and
organisation, and historically this has been a key factor behind the failure of any Kurdish state
to emerge” (2001, p. 118). However, tribalism and the socio-political structure in Kurdistan help
the hosted country to be able to crush most Kurdish revolts far more effortlessly and
relatively smoothly than colonialist powers elsewhere (Bengio O, p. 63).
This research uses nationalism as an analytical framework, although nationalism is considered as
a half-formed ideology rather than a political doctrine, as claimed by Heywood (2012).
Despite the many complex forms of this ideology, there are two types of nationalism that fit the
purpose of this dissertation. Firstly, Turkey's and Iran's efforts to expand and control regions
beyond their borders is an example of expansionist ambitions with the application of nationalism
and the nostalgic of past empire. This form of nationalism is based on aggressive and militaristic
behaviour and ultimately stands against belief in equal rights and self-determination
doctrine (Heywood, 2007, p. 119). However, for the Kurdish political movement, anti-colonial
nationalism was the preferred response but not merely the last solution as a means of
emancipation because the Kurdish struggle demonstrated violence and non-violence form of
activities. Furthermore, the down of the multi-ethnic Ottoman empire and the new reform
conducted by Kamal Ata Turkensued the mobilisation and politicisation of the Kurdish struggle
in the region (Yavuz, M. 2001). Notwithstanding, the declarations of human right and the
entitlement of every nation for self-determination after WW1 affected and inspired the quest for
nation building statehood, externally.
Since the end of World War I,the Middle East has experienced intense conflicts in the form of
interstate, intrastate, and insurgency wars due to the proliferation of many political actors that
previously run by a single religious power. Indeed, many of these conflicts stem from the call of

nationalism. In brief, the rights of all nations acknowledged in the Treaty of Sèvres, signed
between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire at the end of WWI, foresaw a partitioning of
Ottoman lands (Bengio O, 2016, p. 171). Conversely, nations like Poland and Yugoslavia took
great advantage of it and emerged as nation-states, but for the Kurds, the new secular state in
Turkey wasted no time and reacted rapidly as Turkey won few strategic wars following the
Turkish war of Independence from 1919 to 1923 (Bengio O, 2016,p. 137) and established
herself firmly as a new political system and abandoning all the rights of all non-Turkish speakers
in this new state.
Under the Montevideo Convention every nation is entitle to create a state provided identified
these four fundamental characteristics; owning a territory with a population, subject to a control
of a government and lastly the ability to conduct international relations (EPPS, V. and
WILLIAMS, 2012). However, the Kurd lucks the capacity to conduct international relations
because the distribution of Kurdistan across Turkey, Iran, Iraq as illustrated on the map proves
that Kurdistan geopolitically surrounded by the countries that divided and conquered its land.
Whereas It’s crystal clear this is a strategy planned and executed , not to just exert a long-lasting
dominance but it is a slow killing machine to distract and prevent international attention to the
matter. Furthermore, the significant key areas and principle district of the Kurdishcities which
hold Kurdistan together have been broken and transformed demographically, for instance,the city
of Kirkuk in Anderson, l. ‘s book reports that according to “Qamus- al-A’lam” published in 1897
by Shamsaddin Sami the Ottoman chronicler, three quarters of the inhabitants were Kurdish
(2009, p. 18), of course, way before the oil to become an important source of energy but today
that number has diminished by more than half.Consequently, its territory is under constant threat,
neglectionand deterioration by its coloniser.

Figure 2: Kurdistan and estimated population according toBruinessen’s study in 1975
In conclusion, the Middle East is a troubled place, due to many political, social, and geopolitical
causes. Nonetheless, the majority of the states in the Middle East were shaped by European
imperialists after WWI. Unquestionably the rise of nationhood states is an irreversible fact
now. As Heywood sums up, “Only three of the current 65 states in the Middle East and Africa
existed before 1910, and the fewer than 107 states have come to being since 1959” (2007, p.
123). Furthermore, the Middle East states do not conform or work well together mainly because
these states have been built on the account of other
minorities. As a result, this nationhood become compressed states rather than coherent
ones that serve the people. The artificial lines between them have been drawn
according to where the natural resources are, instead of according to the durability of their future
perspectives. Consequently, these inclinations and tendencies fuel the region into chaos,
religion, and ethnicity wars. The hope and common interest for peace and
stability contrasted with the continuation of traditional state behaviour towards the demand of the
minorities will inaugurate further tensions and wars in the region for years to come.
Kurdish Population within:
Turkey; 7.5 Million
Iran; 3.5 Million
Iraq; 2.5 Million
Syria; 0.5 Million

Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The methodological chapter deals with revealing the strategies and methods to be used while
proceeding with the research. The appropriate research philosophy, research design, methods of
data analysis had been used in the research. This chapter portrays that researcher would conduct
an authentic research with effective research strategies and methods and also states the ethical
considerations.
3.2 Research paradigm
Research philosophy basically deals with nature, development and source of knowledge obtained
from the research. Generally, there are four prime research philosophies which are also termed as
research paradigms. They are - pragmatism, positivism, realism and interpretivism. According to
the observations of Cohen et al. (2013, p. 66), pragmatism philosophy is taken up when there is
mixed or multiple sample and under both quantitative and qualitative research methods.
Positivism, on the other hand, M is applied over highly structured data and data set with large
samples as well as can be used both for qualitative and quantitative research methods. Realism
implies that kind of philosophy where the methods chosen for conducting the research must fit to
the subject matter and can be used either on quantitative or qualitative within a research
dissertation. Interpretivism is applied for small sample sized data and for qualitative
investigations.
3.2.1 Justification for positivism philosophy
For the concerned dissertation, the suitable research philosophy had been found to be positivism
since, this particular philosophy adheres to gaining up of factual knowledge obtained through
observation. In the words of Knobe and Nichols (2013, p.34), it consists of an ontological and
atomistic view of entire world as including observable and discrete elements which could be
interacted in a determined and regular way.
3.3 Research Approach
Usually, two types of research approaches are used in the research studies which are- deductive
research approach and inductive research approach. Both of the research approaches are suitable
for different types of researches. As per the findings of Smith (2015, p.56), deductive research
approach is used for testing validity of the assumptions whereas, for inductive research approach,
contribution towards emergence of innovative generalisation and theories is to be ensured. In a

deductive research approach, conclusions that could be derived are generally true when the
premises are true whereas, under inductive research approach, known circumstances and
premises are being used for generating untested conclusions.
3.3.1 Justification of deductive research approach
Deductive research approach is suitable for this research study, since the data collection is used
for evaluating hypotheses and propositions in terms of any existing theory. In the views of
Bryman and Bell (2015, p.43), the deductive approach is favourable since it is typically
concerned with development of a hypothesis depending upon an existing theory and testing up of
a hypothesis. Effective conclusions could be derived from using this deductive research approach
since it works upon real premises.
3.4 Research Design
Three most important research designs are used in any research study for bringing more
effectiveness in the research. The three preliminary research designs include- explanatory
research design, exploratory research design and descriptive research design. Explanatory
research design is carried upon for just explaining out the pros and cons of the research.
According to the words of Marshall and Rossman (2014, p.56), exploratory research design helps
to explore the research study in a better way for getting the research enriched with authentic facts
and explanation. Descriptive research design emphasises on explaining the research study in a
descriptive way.
3.4.1 Justification of descriptive research design
Descriptive research design is used by the researchers since it depicts participants in a more
accurate way. It is suitable for the research since it puts much effort on describing, determining
and identifying establishment of analytical research. In words of Rea and Parker (2014, p.68),
descriptive design is more associated with the observational studies and research findings could
be conveniently validated through using deductive research design. It is also useful to carry out
the research with large variables and sample size.
3.5 Data collection process
Since the research study that is conducted by the researchers qualitative hence- mainly two basic
types of data is being collected throughout the research. The qualitative research analysis is
considered since it would be a descriptive research study and qualitative Both primary and
secondary data analysis has been conducted to analyse relevant findings from the researches. In

the suggestions of Wright et al. (2016, p.2240), considering primary data, interviews would be
conducted on the politicians to gain effective knowledge about the settlement of Kurdistan as one
of the states among the Middle East countries. An interview questionnaire has been designed for
carrying out the interview session with the politicians of the emerging state.
In order to carry out the secondary research analysis, thematic analysis had been conducted
where distinct and authentic themes had been considered to analyse the main content of the
research study. Under the thematic analysis, the themes are taken over based on the literature
review and objectives of the research. Through analysis the themes being explained by applying
case studies and journals, the thematic analysis is being taken up for the concerned research
study.
3.6 Population and sampling
Sampling is basically a method which is being applied by the researchers for inferring
information about a population size without feeling the need to investigate each and every
individual. According to the opinions of Thompson (2013, p.45), sampling typically refers to
selecting few respondents out of the whole population involved in the case, who would be
surveyed or interviewed. It is done since it essentially reduces workloads and cost for conducting
the interview. Basically three types of sampling methods are being used in the research study
which are- Simple random sampling, systematic sampling and stratified sampling methods.
In this particular research study, simple random sampling had been used since each member who
has been interviewed is being provided with equal chance and probability of getting selected and
answer to the questions. The taken up sample size for the interview is 5 which implies 5 of the
politicians had been interviewed for receiving fruitful answers regarding the selected case. On
the other hand, for conducting the thematic analysis, 4 themes have been selected based on the
research objectives to draw the necessary and relevant conclusions on the findings.
3.7 Data analysis methods
The methods used for collecting data for holding out the qualitative analysis had been interviews
for collecting primary data whereas, for the secondary data collection, relevant websites, case
studies, journal and articles had been accessed. According to the suggestions of Acharya et al.
(2013, p.24), more effectiveness and fruitfulness of the research had been brought about through
using these methods and tools.
3.7.1 Justification

The mentioned tools and methods had been suitable and favourable for conducting the research
since; it would help to derive more authentic data and information about the inferred topic.
Relevant information had been gathered in order to analyse the findings and draw necessary
conclusions on it.
3.8 Ethical considerations
During the research being conducted by the researcher, there had been some notable ethical
considerations or issues which are being stated. Among the ethical considerations it had been a
major area o0f concern that many politicians were not ready to deliver their answers to the
imposed questions. It was quite problematic to convince the president and vice president of the
country to give an interview. Conducting the research had been pretty much expensive as well as
labour oriented including the time constraint. The research encountered many difficulties in
searching out of the case studies and articles for enriching the research with validity and
reliability.
3.9 Accessibility issues
While conducting the thematic analysis, it was highly troublesome for the researcher getting an
easy access to the relevant journals and articles required for the research. Many journal articles
asked for subscription charges and signing up criteria prevented the researcher from excluding
those relevant journals. Several significant articles had been also found to be in other foreign
languages which were unable to read through by the researcher. Few of the website links did not
reveal the main content and irrelevant contents were being displayed which affected the time of
the researcher.
3.10 Limitations
Ample limitations could be projected while conducting the research study. This is a qualitative
research analysis, yet quantitative research analysis could also be carried out which could have
brought more accuracy and effectiveness to the analysis. The researcher could also bring about
effective analysis using statistical tools and techniques in the analysis had the sample size been
large enough to conduct quantitative research analysis. The frequency of the respondents could
be easily derived through their opinions and perspectives which would have brought a clearer
analysis of the concerned research.
3.11 Validity and reliability

In relating to the reliability and validity issues, it could be stated that researcher used authentic
journals and articles and there is no content of bias within the research study. Researcher had
ensured that no irrelevant article has been accessed into for searching out necessary facts
regarding the concerned topic. The qualitative analysis ascertained the enrichment of the
research study by conducting an authentic research by using appropriate case studies and
excluding the irrelevant ones.
3.11 Timeline (Refer to Appendix 1)
3.12 Summary
Through the methodological chapter, it could be summarised that the researcher had chosen
deductive research approach and positivism philosophy for conducting the research. In order to
bring more effectiveness in the research, the researcher had efficiently chosen descriptive
research design. The ethical considerations and accessibility issues of the research study had
been also provided in the study.

Chapter 4: Analysis
4.1 Introduction
This chapter helps in the better understanding of the situation with the help of the interviews and
thematic analysis on the current topic of the research. It is evident from the data analysis part that
the data collected will will be reviewed to deduce conclusion that would support the research
topic.
4.2 Findings and analysis
Interview Questionnaire to president and vice president of the ruling political party in state of
Kurdistan
Question1: What according to you is the prime cause of the unstable situation in Kurdistan
and whole of Middle East?
Answers: On receiving the question on the current topic related to the unstable situation in
Kurdistan, the vice president and the president of the ruling party showed no such anxiety, as if
they knew what question will be projected. The president of the ruling part with opause in word
said that beyond the amenities problems in the society there has been huges changes in the
operation of the society,. The president interrupted the vice president and managed to speak out
unrest condition due to the battle among the regional powers of the society. The leadership in the
Turkey, Iran Israel and the other contenders of the society were also included by the vice
president for the cause behind the unrest in the society. The activities of the militant group in the
society were inferred by the president as the prime cause behind the unstable situation of the
organisation. The president added that the opportunity of the country are deteriorating because of
the conflicts in the society among the militant and the military of the country all the time . the
vice president after long pause said that the war for the resources in the society of Kurdistan also
lays impact over the smooth operation of the country. President however, with voice of alarm
said that the cold war with the superpower like USA, Russia also affect the growth of the country
and influence the unrest situation in the country.
Question 2: What do you think could be the prime effect due to the unrest in Kurdistan
and middle east?
Answers: On receiving the direction in relation to the effect of the instability in the country of
Kurdistan the president of the ruling party mentioned the prime effect of scarcity in the resources
in the society. The decrease in the resources in the society leads to the further unrest in the soul

of people in the society, was included by the vice president. The president showed his concern in
the growing rage among the people of Kurdistan due to the change in the situation of the
Kurdistan and the middle east region. The president said that the rise in the instability have also
resulted in the fall of the tolerance level of the society. The improper levels of militancy in the
country have marked in terror among the life of the Kurds. President showed his concern in the
slowing of the economic development of the country, Terrorism act as a catalyst to the unstable
situation of the country and thus the vice president inferred that the terrorism have led to the fall
in the value of the money in the economy. The president of the ruling party inferred that the fall
in the international relation is due to the rise in the instability in the political as well as the social
condition. The vice president of the ruling party stated that the literacy rate have also fallen a
significant amount due to the instability in Middle East.
Question 3: What according to you are the chances of Kurdistan in emerging as a state?
Answers: The president of the ruling party was excited on receiving a positive question
regarding the success rate of the country and the chances that the country have in emerging as a
developed state in the world. The support of the president views was provided by the vice
president with critical information regarding the steps that the country and the other associates
have undertaken. The president said that the world's major powers are allying in for the
eradication of the threat of ISIS from the face of Kurdistan. The support of the army from the
super powers is appreciated by the president and the vice president of the ruling party in
Kurdistan. The vice president mentioned that the country have huge aspect through which they
can emerge as a new state in the face of world map with the proper implementation of the
success stories on to the mind of the youth. The achievement of the people in the field of sport
was also highlighted by the people in the president of the ruling party. The vice president
included that the decision making power in Kurds are inborn and they play a major role in the
managing of the resources in Iraq and Syria. The hydro petroleum and other petroleum reserves
are well understood by the Kurds and thus according to the president of the ruling party, the
kurds plays an important role in the building of the confidence among the worker of the Middle
east. The president of the ruling party inferred the people of Kurdistan as the knight and not as
pawns. The vice president came back to the discussion regarding the reserves the country poses
and inferred that the country is well capable of emerging as a state upcoming days with proper
allocation of resources and betterment management in the country.

Question 4: Do you think the government is playing its role in order to mitigate the
situation?
Answers: On receiving the question the president of the ruling party seemed excited as he began
to elaborate the success of the ruling government in the managing of the situation faced in daily
basis by the Kurds. The vice president expressed his dissatisfaction in the better understanding of
the people of the society in Kurdistan. The president of the ruling party, however, did mention
that the government of Kurdistan have allied with the powers of the world in the better
mitigation of the problems in the society of Middle East. The improper conduct as identified by
the vice president of the ruling party was in terms of the people related anti social group. The
aspect in the work of the people in relation to the antisocial group gives much more problem in
the smooth operation of the company. It is evident that the rise in the operational success can
only be possible in accordance to works of the president of the ruling company is through the
better management of the resources of the country and the government is doing the same for
achieving the required result. The vice president of the ruling party added that the government
have undertaken various means of education for the children and adults in Kurdistan, as
education helps in the better mitigation of the problems the Middle East companies are going
through. The support of the government in decreasing of use of firearms in the habited society
was appreciated by the president of ruling party in Kurdistan. According to the president and the
vice president of the ruling party in Kurdistan there has been a large development in the situation
of the Kurd people through the better availability of water and other amenities resulting in
meeting the satisfaction level of the people.
Theme 1: Identifying root cause of the political instability of Kurdistan and rising social
issues
In context of the PDF “Borders, People and the Kurdish Political situation in Syria” it is evident
that the rise in the conflict is mainly due to the change in the border issues of the country. The
support of the country is mainly through the help of the people in the country. As supported by
van Gils and Yörük (2017, p.131), the growing dissatisfaction among the leaders of the terrorist
group creates the prime problems in the organisation It is evident that the rise in the conflict is
mainly from the border dispute. The support of the country is also dependent upon the smooth
availability of the success in the country with the proper dedication of the leaders of the
organization. However, as argued by Root, (2016, p.19), the border dispute is not the prime

reason behind the dispute and conflict in the country. As per the pdf it is seen that the
opportunity among the workers of the country and the other people in the country are not in
parity and thus creates a chance of receiving problems. As supported Weede (2016, p.216), the
dissatisfaction among the people of the country and the leaders of the country leads to the rise in
the instability in the operation of the country. As per the case study “Borders, People and the
Kurdish Political situation in Syria” there has been huge dissatisfaction among the people of
Kurdistan regarding the running of the government schemes and other policies. However, as
argued by Root, (2016, p.20), the prime reason behind the change in the stability of the country
is not because of the dissatisfaction level of the country people but the lack of resources in the
country. In words of Weede, (2016, p.217), the cause behind the improper form of stability is
also for the conflict between the terrorist group and the other common people including the army
of the country. However as argued by van Gils and Yörük (2017, p.132), rise in the conflict is
because of the growth in the population in the society without proper resources to make them
feel well.
Theme 2: Economic impacts and dilemmas of Kurdistan which prevented growth of
Kurdistan as a stable state
From the case study of ‘Assessing the Economic and Social Impact of the Syrian conflict and
ISIS’ it could be observed that initially, in the year 2012, along with the influx of refugees from
Syria and internally displaced persons (IDPs), the economic situation of the Kurdistan had turned
up into a global humanitarian crisis. Almost 28% of the population had increased between the
years 2014 and the beginning of 2015. The entire population of refugees along with IDPs has
resulted in a total addition of 1.5 million of Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). As suggested by
Alsaba and Kapilashrami (2016, p.15), adverse impacts had been notified through this
revolutionary change in the entire population along with high emergence of stabilisation costs for
the overall economy of Kurdistan. Higher impacts on the social and productive sectors had been
projected due to an effect on the huge losses of fiscal transfers from the economy.
As inferred by Gibson et al. (2016, p.15), total imports of KRIs were anticipated to be $20.8
billion whereas the exports had accounted for $88 billion in the year 2013. The share of KRG in
determining the annual budget had been around $12 billion each of the accounting year. As
supported by Gibson et al. (2016, p.13), the issues regarding the ISIS (Islamic state of Iraq and
Syria) group had led huge impacts upon the domestic economic activities as well as international

investment and trade. Apparently, though the share of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has
eventually increased fro the past years, yet Kurdistan lags behind in terms of its market share and
other economic issues. The Kurdistan ministry had borrowed around $1.5 billion from domestic
private sector as well as from the international suppliers and companies of selling the oil product.
Hence, it could be stated that the economic conditions of other Middle east countries had adverse
impacts on the development of Kurdistan which let him deprived of enjoying independence.
Theme 3: Analysing regional factors affecting the political stability of Kurdistan
The analysis had been done from the case study named ‘Iraqi Kurdistan independence: Effects
on Regional Stability’. Kurds had been the oldest people whose history has spanned almost 2500
years. The basic problem emerged with the Kurdish people have been mainly their inability to
gain their own state and ruling authority in this modern world. As supported by Fonk (2016,
p.106), Kurds had been often engaged in conflicts with their neighbouring countries such as Iraq,
Iran and Syria situated within the Middle East region. For example, one of the evidences stated
that Kurds gave their utmost support to the Ottoman Empire in the conflict of Persia and ottoman
and they had been significantly under the influence of Turks. As asserted by Khosravi et al.
(2016, p.169), after the World war I, the Ottoman empire was divided and a treaty had been
prepared for giving Kurds their independence, but this could not happen since the Treaty of
sevres in the year 1920 was not being followed. Kurds were typically denied of their rights over
the land of Iraq by Saddam Hussein during his rule.
As supported by Mansour (2014, p.1182), the delicate relationship among Iraq, Syria, Turkey
and Iran would have been hugely offset by addition of Kurds. Emergence of terrorist and
antisocial power in the Middle East nations had eventually affected the receipt of independence
by Kurds. Greater autonomy of Iraqi Kurdistan had been a major hindrance to the assurance of
independence by Kurdish nationalism. As argued by Fonk (2016, p.107), the stability achieved
within the South Sudan country had shown deliberately negative effects on the social, political
and economic instability within the Kurdistan region. Hence, the stability in other nations had
drastic impacts on the development of the emerging state of Kurdistan.
Theme 4: Scope and opportunities for improvement of Kurdistan as a modern state among
Middle east countries
The support of the country's government plays an important role in the betterment of the
situation and the betterment of the people in the country. As supported by Smets, (2016, p.753),

the rise in the better situation of the people in the society of Kurdistan is only from the proper
availability of the leaders in the country judging the better way for the gaining of the success and
peace in the country. The support of the countries is however needed to be channelized in a
proper manner. The support of the government for the people of the country in betterment of the
society and the mentality can be only possible through better managing of the lawes and the
ideas. On the other hand, as argued by Makhzoumi, (2016, p.469), the rising of the opportunity
can be only possible with the help of the better implementation of the laws and the policies can
bring in opportunities in the country. As per the Pdf ”The success of economic regionalism in the
Kurdistan region” the proper allocation of the resources and the optimum utilisation of the
resources in the country will also lead to the better improvement of the Kurdistan as a modern
state among Middle east countries. A supported by Makhzoumi (2016, p.464), the use of the
country success can be only possible with the better use of the human resources in the society.
However as argued by Smets, (2016, p.754), the human resource management needs to be
specified by the better availability of education system in the society. In Addition to the above
the pdf also suggest that the operation of the better relation with the powers of the world gives
ample chance and responsibility in the process of development of Kurdistan as a modern state of
success and opportunity.
4.3 Summary
In the above chapter it is well supported that the development of the country requires support of
the government and awareness of the people of Kurdish. The chapter mostly deals with the
analysis of the data and the better development of the Kurdish state.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Through the above analytical chapter, it could be deduced that due to the conflicts and extreme
lack of resources, the region of Kurdistan could not achieve independence and her emergence as
a state was restricted. It could be also stated that the political and economic stability of other
states had greater influence on the development of the region of Kurdistan. Even huge population
and refugees resulted in reduction in the availability of enough resources to fuel up the
development of Kurdistan region. Lack of government initiatives had been observed to be one of
the potential reasons for the Kurdistan lagging behind in terms of regional instability. Rapid
decisions were made after the World War I which resulted in lack of equality among the Middle
East countries.
5.2 Linking with objectives
Linking with Objective 1: To identify the cause behind the unstable political and social
situation of the country
Objective 1 had been fulfilled in the data analysis section as well as literature survey which
stated that the root or the preliminary cause of the political instability as inferred in the study has
been excessive population and lack of resources to expand the region. The lack of military power
also resulted in the economy to lag behind. Various other regional and political factors such as
government’s inattentiveness and Saddam Hussein’s political reign affected the region from
becoming a state.
Linking with Objective 2: To assess the effects caused by the unstable situation in Middle
East
The second objective had been successfully met from the section of the data analysis which
stated that excessive poverty and famine have been observed to emerge due to the situation of
unrest within the country. It has led to sustain potential and drastic impacts upon the military
power and strength of the region and due to the rise of terrorism within the region, survival of the
people residing in Kurdistan had been observed to be difficult. There had been a remarkable and
sharp fall in the international trading relations due to the political as well as regional instability in
the country.

Linking with Objective 3: To recognise the probable chances of Kurdistan of emerging as a
state
The fourth objective had been also met from the analysis section of the dissertation which stated
that probable chances had been noticed in the context of emergence of Kurdistan as a state.
Major powers of the world had been utilised to eradicate the threat of ISIS on Kurdistan. With
proper implementation and enactments of rules and regulations, the government could efficiently
ensure the emergence of Kurdistan as one of the ruling states.
Linking with Objective 4: To understand the response of government and international
bodies
The fifth objective is also met by the section of the analytical chapter which focused on the ways
to mitigate the problem of this political and economic instability of the country. The
government’s response had been much low in eradicating the social problems from the region of
Kurdistan. Apart from these, eminent support had been received while reducing the use of
firearms within the inhabited society by the government. Availability of resources had increased
in value which resulted in meeting the level of satisfaction of the people.
5.3 Recommendations
SMART Recommendation 1: To enhance communication with the government
Specific This would be considered as a specific recommendation since the
recommendation had a specific action plan that had been designed below which
implies it contains specific goals and objectives.
Measurable The impact of applying this recommendation in bringing improvements of the
political condition of the state proves it to be measurable.
Achievable The recommendation is achievable if taken effective steps or actions to meet it
by the decided time duration.
Realistic Definitely, it is realistic and could be effective for facilitating authority and
power to the Kurdistan region natives.
Timely In order to fulfil the recommendation, a definite time horizon shall be set which
makes it timely. It might take almost 2 months to reach to government.
Table 1: SMART Recommendation 1

Action plan
1st
week
2nd
week
3rd
week
4th
week
5th
week
6th
week
Take the initiative to interact 
Make time for meeting higher
authorities
 
Plan for placing the facts to the
authorities
  
Implementing strategies to
convince the authorities
 
Receive passess and aiuthority to
meet government
 
Heading to meet government
members
 
SMART Recommendation 2: To avail adequate amount of resources for the local people
Specific This recommendation is eventually specific since it has a specific aim and
objectives for improving the regional and political conditions of the country.
Measurable This is measurable as the effects and impacts of applying this recommendation
would be easy and convenient to assess.
Achievable Achievability is determined through the meeting of this recommendation which
is ensured through the recommendation itself.
Realistic It turned out to be realistic since it can be met easily and is based on real
assumptions.

Timely It is a long term recommendation and shall need much longer time to be
fulfilled. Almost 3 months shall be required to meet this recommendation.
Table 2: SMART Recommendation 2
Action plan
1st
wee
k
2nd
wee
k
3rd
wee
k
4th
wee
k
5th
wee
k
6th
wee
k
7th
wee
k
8th
wee
k
9th
wee
k
10th
wee
k
11th
wee
k
12th
wee
k
Put the
issue to
higher
authority

Make
plans for
consultatio
n with the
authorities
 
Devise
effective
strategies
   
Implement
the
strategies
   
Ensuring
availabilit
y of
resources
   
5.3 Research limitations

While conducting the research, it had been found that the research ha encountered enough of
obstacles including time constraints and financial constraints. Had the researcher been able to
receive more time extension, the research would have been phenomenal and more constructive.
Facing accessibility and ethical issues and considerations, much time had been consumed which
if was there, the research would have been more fruitful and productive.
5.4 Future scope
The research study contains much scope to for future since, further analysis could be conducted
on this political topic. Other researchers can derive a quantitative analysis as well on determining
the macroeconomic factors and impacts of Middle east countries on the political instability of
Kurdistan. Conducting analysis through collection of quantitative data and using descriptive and
inferential statistics on holding out a survey on the residents of Kurdistan would be much more
productive and beneficial. The study reveals a precise conceptual idea about the regional and
political instability of Kurdistan determined through several factors.

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Appendices
Appendix 1: Timeline (Gantt Chart)
1st
week
2nd
week
3rd
week
4th
week
5th
week
6th
week
7th
week
8th
week
9th
week
Selection of topic
Construction of
literature
Setting of research
goal
Collection of data
Data Analysis
Recommendation

Appendix 2
Transcript
Question1: What according to you is the prime cause of the unstable situation in Kurdistan
and whole of middle east?
President of the ruling party: “According to my opinion unrest condition is due to the battle
among the regional powers of the society. The leadership in the Turkey, iran Israel and the other
contenders of the society are also included”
Vice-president of the ruling party: “According to me the war for the resources in the society of
Kurdistan also lays impact over the smooth operation of the country.”
Question 2: What do you think could be the prime effect due to the unrest in Kurdistan
and middle east?
President of the ruling party: “According to me prime effect of scarcity in the resources in the
society.”
Vice-president of the ruling party: “I think, literacy rate have also fallen a significant amount
due to the instability in Middle East.”
Question 3: What according to you are the chances of Kurdistan in emerging as a state?
President of the ruling party: “According to me the world's major powers are allying in for the
eradication of the threat of ISIS from the face of Kurdistan.”
Vice-president of the ruling party: “According to me country have huge aspect through which
they can emerge as a new state in the face of world map with the proper implementation of the
success stories on to the mind of the youth.”
Question 4: Do you think the government is playing its role in order to mitigate the
situation?
President of the ruling party: “According to me government of Kurdistan have allied with the
powers of the world in the better mitigation of the problems in the society of Middle east. “
Vice-president of the ruling party: “According to me government have undertaken various
means of education for the children and adults in Kurdistan, as education helps in the better
mitigation of the problems the middle east companies are going through.”